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Voiceless velar plosive

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Voiceless velar plosive
k
IPA number109
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)k
Unicode (hex)U+006B
X-SAMPAk
Braille⠅ (braille pattern dots-13)

The voiceless velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨k⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is k.

The [k] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain [k], and some distinguish more than one variety. Most Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindi and Bengali, have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain [k]. Only a few languages lack a voiceless velar plosive, e.g. Tahitian and Mongolian.

Some languages have the voiceless pre-velar plosive,[1] which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as front as the prototypical palatal plosive.

Conversely, some languages have the voiceless post-velar plosive,[2] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as back as the prototypical uvular plosive.

Features

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Features of the voiceless velar stop:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
  • Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Varieties

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IPA Description
k plain k
kʰ aspirated k
kʲ palatalized k
kʷ labialized k
k̚ k with no audible release
k̬ voiced k
k͈ tense k
kʼ ejective k

Occurrence

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Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhaz ақалақь/ak̇halak̇h' [ˈakalakʲ] 'the city' See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe Shapsug кьэт/k′ėt [kʲat]ⓘ 'chicken' Dialectal; corresponds to [t͡ʃ] in other dialects.
Temirgoy пскэн/pskėn [pskan] 'to cough'
Ahtna gistaann [kɪstʰɐːn] 'six'
Aleut[3] kiikax̂ [kiːkaχ] 'cranberry bush'
Arabic Modern Standard[4] كتب/kataba [ˈkatabɐ] 'he wrote' See Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[5] քաղաք/ k'aġak'/k'aghak [kʰɑˈʁɑkʰ] 'town' Contrasts with unaspirated form.
Assamese কম/kom [kɔm] 'less'
Assyrian ܟܬܒ̣ܐ [[[Syriac alphabet|ctava]]] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help) [ktava] 'book' Used in most varieties, with the exception of the Urmia and Nochiya dialects
where it corresponds to [t͡ʃ].
Basque katu [kat̪u] 'cat'
Bengali কম/kom [kɔm] 'less' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian как/kak [kak] 'how' See Bulgarian phonology
Cantonese 家/gā [kaː˥]ⓘ 'home' See Cantonese phonology
橋/桥/kìuh [kʰi:u˨˩] 'bridge'
Catalan[6] cors [ˈkɔ(ɾ)s] 'hearts' See Catalan phonology
Chuvash кукка [ku'kːɑ] 'mother's brother'
Czech kost [kost] 'bone' See Czech phonology
Danish Standard[7] gås [ˈkɔ̽ːs] 'goose' Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɡ̊⟩ or ⟨ɡ⟩. Contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨kʰ⟩ or ⟨k⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch[8] koning [ˈkoːnɪŋ] 'king' See Dutch phonology
English kiss [kʰɪs]ⓘ 'kiss' See English phonology
Esperanto rakonto [raˈkonto] 'tale' See Esperanto phonology
Estonian kõik [kɤik] 'all' See Estonian phonology
Filipino kuto [ˈkuto] 'lice'
Finnish kakku [kɑkːu] 'cake' See Finnish phonology
French[9] cabinet [kabinɛ] 'office' See French phonology
Georgian[10] ქვა/kva [kʰva] 'stone'
German Käfig [ˈkʰɛːfɪç] 'cage' See Standard German phonology
Greek καλόγερος / kalógeros [kaˈlo̞ʝe̞ro̞s̠] 'monk' See Modern Greek phonology
Gujarati કાંદો/kaṃde [kɑːnd̪oː] 'onion' See Gujarati phonology
Hebrew כסף / kesef [ˈkesef] 'money' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hiligaynon kadlaw [kad̪law] 'laugh'
Hindustani काम / کام [kɑːm] 'work' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Hokkien 歌/koa [kua˧˨] 'song' See Hokkien phonology
區/区/khu [kʰu˧˨] 'district'
Hungarian akkor [ɒkkor] 'then' See Hungarian phonology
Italian[11] casa [ˈkäːzä] 'house' See Italian phonology
Japanese[12] 鞄 / kaban [kabaɴ] 'handbag' See Japanese phonology
Kagayanen[13] kalag [kað̞aɡ] 'spirit'
Khmer កម្ពុជា / kâmpŭchéa [kampuciːə] 'Cambodia' See Khmer phonology
Korean 감자 / kamja [kamdʑa] 'potato' See Korean phonology
Lakota kimímela [kɪˈmɪmela] 'butterfly'
Luxembourgish[14] geess [ˈkeːs] 'goat' Less often voiced [ɡ]. It is usually transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɡ⟩, and it contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed ⟨k⟩.[14] See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian кој [kɔj] 'who' See Macedonian phonology
Marathi कवच [kəʋət͡s] 'armour' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology
Malay kaki [käki] 'leg' Unreleased in syllable codas in some words, See Malay phonology
Malayalam കഥ/kada [käd̪ʰä] 'story' See Malayalam phonology
Mandarin 高/gāo [kɑʊ˥]ⓘ 'high' See Mandarin phonology
烤/kǎo [kʰɑʊ˨˩˦] 'roast' (v.)
Nepali केरा [keɾä] 'banana' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali phonology
Norwegian kake [kɑːkə] 'cake' See Norwegian phonology
Odia କାମ/kāma [kämɔ] 'work' Contrasts with aspirated form.
Pashto كال/kal [kɑl] 'year'
Persian کارد/kārd [kɑrd] 'knife'
Polish[15] buk [ˈbuk]ⓘ 'beech tree' See Polish phonology
Portuguese[16] corpo [ˈkoɾpu] 'body' See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਕਰ/کر/kar [kəɾ] 'do' Contrasts with aspirated form.
Romanian[17] când [ˈkɨnd] 'when' See Romanian phonology
Russian[18] короткий/korotkiy [kɐˈrotkʲɪj]ⓘ 'short' See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[19] кост / kost [kȏːs̪t̪] 'bone' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak kosť [kɔ̝sc] 'bone' See Slovak phonology
Slovene kost [ˈkôːs̪t̪] 'bone' Aspirated before close vowels. See Slovene phonology
Spanish[20] casa [ˈkäsä] 'house' See Spanish phonology
Swedish ko [ˈkʰuː] 'cow' See Swedish phonology
Sylheti ꠇꠤꠔꠣ/kita [kɪt̪à] 'what'
Tamil கை/kai [kəɪ̯] 'hand' See Tamil phonology
Telugu కాకి/kāki [kāki] 'crow' Contrasts with aspirated form.
Thai ไก่/kị̀ [kaj˨˩] 'chicken' Contrasts with an aspirated form.
Turkish kulak [kʰuɫäk] 'ear' See Turkish phonology
Ubykh кауар/kawar [kawar] 'slat' Found mostly in loanwords. See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian[21] колесо/koleso [ˈkɔɫɛsɔ] 'wheel' See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese[22] cam [kam] 'orange' See Vietnamese phonology
Welsh calon [kalɔn] 'heart' See Welsh phonology
West Frisian keal [kɪəl] 'calf' See West Frisian phonology
Yi ꇰ / ge [kɤ˧] 'foolish' Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Zapotec Tilquiapan[23] canza [kanza] 'walking'

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
  2. ^ Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".
  3. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
  4. ^ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
  5. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  6. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  7. ^ Basbøll (2005:61)
  8. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  9. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  10. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  11. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  12. ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  13. ^ Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
  14. ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
  15. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  16. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  17. ^ DEX Online: [1]
  18. ^ Padgett (2003), p. 42.
  19. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  20. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  21. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  22. ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  23. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.

References

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  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
  • Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J. III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296, S2CID 38504322
  • Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505, S2CID 13470826
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
  • Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266, S2CID 243640727
  • Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
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