Zgoda labour camp

Zgoda (Polish pronunciation: [ˈzɡɔda]) was a concentration camp,^[1]^[2]^[3] set up in February 1945 in Zgoda district of Świętochłowice, Silesia. It was controlled by the communist secret police until its closure in November of the same year.^[4]

Between 1943 and January 1945 during World War II, the camp in Świętochłowice operated by Nazi Germany as Arbeitslager. It was a labour subcamp (Arbeitslager Eintrachtshütte) or the Eintrachthütte concentration camp of the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz. After the NKVD transfer of the facility to MBP, Colonel Salomon Morel became the commander of the renamed Zgoda camp on 15 March 1945.^[4]^[5]

Zgoda Labour Camp operation

The Nazi German camp was evacuated by the Germans before 23 January 1945. However, its infrastructure was left intact and after a few weeks the camp was restored by the NKVD, disinfected, and repopulated in February 1945 with Silesian prisoners from Kattowitz/Katowice, Bielitz/Bielsko and Neisse/Nysa.^[4] It continued to be used until November of the same year, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Security of Poland. It was one of several camps of this type in Silesia, the main one being the Jaworzno concentration camp (but Jaworzno outside of Silesia).^[6]

Following World War II, the communist authorities of Poland decided that the Silesian Volksdeutsche from the German DVL groups I and II were to be considered ethnically German. They were believed to have willingly collaborated with the Nazi regime in Upper Silesia during the war and were the subject of the judiciary.^[6] People who signed or were compelled to sign the Nazi lists III and IV were freed from this procedure providing they swore an oath of loyalty to the Polish state.^[6] The decision to treat Silesian prisoners as Germans were motivated by prior dealings with the Volksdeutsche from the Nazi General Government, and did not take into account local conditions under which the population found themselves on DVL lists, often unwillingly.^[6] The policy was changed in 1946, and the criteria were no longer based on Volksdeutsche list number, but on specific actions of individual prisoners during the Nazi occupation of Poland.^[6]

About 6,000 persons were imprisoned at the Zgoda camp, 1/3 of them Germans (1,733 in August 1945 along with those from Upper Silesia).^[6]^[7] The first inmates were sent there by militia, security services and the Soviet NKVD.^[6] Some families took children with them to the camp,^[6] but such cases were marginal and concerned a few mothers who did not want to leave their children alone.^[8] Statistics and witness statements speak of about 2 mothers with children below 1 to 5 years of age and perhaps 2 or 3 children 6 or 7 years old. This was a violation of a directive by the Security Department that forbade admitting prisoners along with children below 13 years old, who were ordered to be handed over to state care instead.^[8]

Most camp inmates were over 40 years old.^[8] The majority consisted of Silesians from the Volksliste category I and II as well as ethnic Germans, with some ethnic Poles and at least 38 inmates of other nationalities.^[6] Women made up 17% of the camp prisoners in June 1945, but their number went down later (from 716 to just over 300).^[7]^[8] There was also a large group of people above 60 years old.^[8] Among the incarcerated were former Nazi Party members, including those with the rank of Ortsgruppenleiter,^[8] for instance several dozen Nazis from Prudnik and Głubczyce.^[8] Some inmates have been sentenced by the courts for criminal acts during Nazi occupation of Poland, one was sentenced for four years for oppressing the Polish population during the war.^[8]

Death toll

Documented figures show that 1,855 prisoners lost their lives at Zgoda camp from February until November 1945. Most died during the typhus epidemic, that reached its highest death toll in August,^[6] claiming 1,600 victims.^[9] No medical help was offered to prisoners, and no action taken, until the epidemic spread across the entire camp. The bodies of the dead were being piled up on carts at night and taken outside the camp to hastily dug out mass graves. Eventually, a medical team was sent in, which vaccinated the remaining population.^[6]

The inmates were systematically maltreated and tortured by the guards including by Morel himself, who used to make pyramids of beaten prisoners (up to six layers high) causing suffocation.^[6] The camp was one of the cruelest Stalinist detention facilities in Silesia where communist crimes recognized by international law as crimes against humanity were being committed against the Silesian prisoners under the command of only two men, Aleksy Krut, and Salomon Morel who was running the camp alone from June 1945.^[6] He did not inform his superiors about the typhus epidemic until the news of the situation was reported by the local newspapers.^[8] He notified the local prosecutor, who in response ordered that no new prisoners be sent to the camp.^[8] For his negligence and for allowing the epidemic to take its toll, as well as for the failure to uphold his duties as commander of the camp, Morel was punished by a three-day house arrest and temporary reduction of pay by 50%.^[8] In his defence, Morel claimed that the camp was overcrowded and most of the inmates arrived already sick and that the camp administration left him with no means to stop the disease. His statements, however, were contradicted by official records.^[8] He was also reprimanded by the prosecutor for failing to send back to prison detainees who had arrest warrants issued against them, and instead keeping them in the camp.^[8]

The Zgoda camp was closed in November 1945 based on general order of the Minister of Security Stanisław Radkiewicz, issued 15 September 1945. The paper instructed to resolve all cases of detention of persons without prosecutor sanctions issued upon them.^[8] According to Morel, the camp was no longer needed.^[6] Almost all the remaining prisoners were released.^[6] However, they first had to sign an oath, under the penalty of prison, to never disclose the events witnessed in the camp.^[6] For years, the history of the camp lived exclusively in the memories of its former prisoners and their families, carefully hidden for fear of repressions for revealing how the native people of Silesia were treated.^[6]

Legacy

The 2017 Polish film Zgoda [pl], directed by Maciej Sobieszczański, is set at the concentration camp. The same year, Polish journalist Marek Łuszczyna [pl] published a book, Mała zbrodnia. Polskie obozy koncentracyjne ("The little crime: Polish concentration camps") about Zgoda and other Polish concentration camps that operated after the war.^[10]

Maciej Świrski of the Polish League Against Defamation brought a lawsuit against Newsweek.pl for a 2017 article reviewing Łuszczyna's book in which it referred to Zgoda as a "Polish concentration camp". Świrski argued that, because the camp was initially established by Soviet authorities, it should be described as a "communist labor camp". In 2018, a court ruled in his favor and Newsweek.pl had to publish an apology stating that there was no such thing as Polish concentration camps.^[10]^[11] However, Zgoda is described as a concentration camp by Gazeta Wyborcza,^[12] Die Zeit,^[13] Deutschlandfunk,^[14] and other sources.^[3] The guards at the camp were mostly Polish and they forced non-Polish speaking prisoners to learn Polish songs and Catholic prayers.^[10]^[15]

References

^ Zygmunt Miloszewski (2012). A Grain of Truth. Bitter Lemon. pp. 247–. ISBN 978-1-908524-02-7.
^ Michna, Ewa (2020), Michna, Ewa; Warmińska, Katarzyna (eds.), "The Silesian Struggle for Recognition. Emancipation Strategies of Silesian Ethnic Leaders", Identity Strategies of Stateless Ethnic Minority Groups in Contemporary Poland, Migration, Minorities and Modernity, vol. 5, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 145–173, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41575-4_7, ISBN 978-3-030-41575-4, S2CID 219011342, retrieved 2020-12-23
^ ^a ^b Gruschka, Gerhard (1998). Zgoda - miejsce grozy: obóz koncentracyjny w Świętochłowicach (in Polish). Wydawnictwo "Wokół nas" Rafał Budnik & Marek Kusto. ISBN 978-83-85338-74-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c The Polish Institute of National Remembrance Bulletin: "Salomon Morel and the camp at Świętochłowice-Zgoda", including Index of articles, copies of IPN documents and notes. Publication date: 21 July 2005. (in English)
^ Dr. Adam Dziurok, Obóz Pracy Świętochłowice-Zgoda. Archived June 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2010
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q (in Polish) "Historia Obozu Pracy w Świętochłowicach" (History of the Labour Camp in Swietochlowice") Archived 2017-04-28 at the Wayback Machine The Institute of National Remembrance (Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, web site, accessed 2009-04-29.
^ ^a ^b Salomon Morel and the camp at Świętochłowice-Zgoda. Archived June 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Response by the State of Israel to the application for the extradition. Publication date: July 21, 2005. Institute of National Remembrance. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Salomon Morel i obóz w Świętochłowicach-Zgodzie The Institute of National Remembrance, web site accessed 2010-07-28
^ Marek Klecel, "Dziedzictwo Auschwitz i Gułagu." Based on: Bogusław Kopka, Obozy pracy w Polsce 1944 - 1950. Przewodnik encyklopedyczny. Niezależna Oficyna Wydawnicza Nowa, Warszawa 2003.
^ ^a ^b ^c Majmurek, Jakub (18 February 2018). "Spójrzcie na polskich katów" [Take a look at Polish executioners]. KrytykaPolityczna.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 20 October 2020.
^ Gliszczyńska, Aleksandra; Jabłoński, Michał (12 October 2019). "Is One Offended Pole Enough to Take Critics of Official Historical Narratives to Court?". Verfassungsblog. Retrieved 19 October 2020. A highly problematic trend has emerged just recently, creating a precedent in the Polish legal doctrine. In January 2017, the Polish edition of Newsweek magazine published an article by Paulina Szewczyk entitled "After the Liberation of Nazi Camps, Did the Poles Open Them Again? 'The Little Crime' by Marek Łuszczyna". The author of this article stated that after 1945 Poles reopened the Świętochłowice-Zgoda camp, a branch of the former Auschwitz-Birkenau camp. A lawsuit against Newsweek's editor-in-chief was brought by Maciej Świrski, the president of the Polish League Against Defamation (RDI), based on the press law provisions. In January 2018, the court decided in his favour, ordering the editor-in-chief to publish a corrigendum admitting that the assertion of the existence of "Polish concentration camps" created by Poles is false. This initial ruling was subsequently upheld by the Court of Appeal and eventually the Supreme Court, the latter finding Newsweek's last resort appeal (cassation) to be unfounded.
^ "Wyborcza.pl". Retrieved 19 October 2020.
^ "ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl". www.zeit.de. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
^ "- "Wir wollen eine tief gehende Dezentralisierung"". Deutschlandfunk (in German). Retrieved 19 October 2020.
^ "Wyrok dla "Newsweeka" za "polskie obozy koncentracyjne". Znając badania IPN, trudno się z nim zgodzić". wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

Zgoda labour camp