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Yulia Tolopa
Tolopa interviewed by Voice of America in 2021
Native name
Юлия Толопа
Nickname(s)Valkyrie
Born1995 (age 28–29)
Podkumok, Stavropol Krai, Russia
AllegianceUkraine
Service / branch
Years of service2014–2019
Unit
Known forRussian female volunteer fighting for Ukraine
Children1

Yulia Tolopa (call sign "Valkyrie"), (Russian: Юлия Толопа, "Валькирия"; Ukrainian: Юлія Толопа, "Валькірія"; born 1995) is a Russian-born female volunteer who fought for Ukraine in the Russo-Ukrainian War.

Tolopa grew up as a Russian nationalist and Cossack and at the age of eighteen became a Russian Federation champion of hand to hand combat. She went to Kyiv to see the 2014 Ukrainian revolution firsthand. Joining the Ukrainian volunteer Aidar Battalion, she fought against some of her former friends. Her family and Russian media declared her a traitor, and the Russian government threatened her with imprisonment. After a year she left the military to give birth to a daughter. Afterward, she returned to fighting, first with the Donbas Battalion, then with the 16th battalion of the 58th Independent Motorized Infantry Brigade of the Ukraine regular army, when women were officially allowed to take part in combat. Ukrainian bureaucracy for years delayed giving her Ukrainian nationality and made her fear deportation back to Russia. Tolopa finally received Ukrainian nationality in 2021.

Early life

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Yulia Tolopa was born in 1995 and raised in Podkumok, Stavropol Krai, a rural settlement near Pyatigorsk, in southern Russia just north of the Caucasus.[1] Her paternal grandfather and great-grandfather were Ukrainian, from Zaporizhzhia.[2] She and her three brothers had a difficult family life.[3][4] Tolopa stopped living with her mother at the age of 14 and her father died when she was eighteen.[4][5]

Tolopa spent her childhood with Russian nationalists, who taught her how to fight. She learned to shoot guns and trained at the military sports club "Yermak", learning mixed martial arts and cage fighting.[1][3] She joined the modern Don Cossack forces of "Ataman" Nikolai Kozitsyn [ru], that would later take an active role against Ukraine.[6] At the age of 18, she became a Russian Federation champion of hand to hand combat (Russian: штурмовому рукопашному бою).[4][7] She studied in Kislovodsk Medical College for two years, but never completed her medical education.[4][5]

Fighting for Ukraine

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Tolopa with uniform and daughter, 2021

Her nationalist mentors had raised Tolopa to believe that Ukrainians and Belarusians were her Slavic brothers, and initially they supported the EuroMaidan.[3][6][7] Tolopa defended her hand to hand combat title on 29 March and then on 2 April, she took a train to Kyiv to offer help, or just see the Maidan for herself.[2] Once there, she befriended Ukrainians, and joined their side.[3][6] First she participated in the remaining EuroMaidan encampment, then when Russian troops entered Sloviansk she volunteered to fight against the Russians.[5][7]

Aidar Battalion

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Tolopa's nationalist friends turned against Ukraine during the 2014 Ukrainian revolution and the war in Donbas,[3][7] but in June 2014, at the age of eighteen, Tolopa joined the recently formed Aidar Battalion, and went to fight in the Donbas.[1][2][3][8] Tolopa said she fought for Ukraine for an ideal, while her former friends were paid to fight against Ukraine.[6][7] Her military call sign, "Valkyrie",[6] was a name she already had from Russia, given in a pagan temple of the Slavic Native Faith.[2] In June the LNR People's Militia were already distributing a poster with Tolopa's photo, warning she was a killer-sniper from Lipetsk.[1] Tolopa denied being a sniper, saying she was a rifleman and from July served as the commander of a captured BMP-2, an infantry fighting vehicle.[7][9][10] She was officially listed as a radiotelephone operator;[11] until 2016, women were not formally allowed to serve in Ukrainian forces in combat positions.[12]

At least once, at Lutuhyne, Tolopa fought against the Don Cossack troops which she had formerly been part of.[6] She was wounded twice and suffered concussions seven times. On 12 July 2014, she suffered a heavy concussion and three broken ribs, when the civilian car she was in hit a land mine. The driver and another passenger were killed immediately, while she was thrown clear. The last passenger died from his wounds in hospital.[2][4][5]

In August 2014, Oleh Liashko, leader of the Ukrainian Radical Party, visited the Aidar Battalion, appeared on television with Tolopa, called her a true patriot, and said he would request Ukrainian nationality for her.[13] This caused her harm when the video was aired on NTV Russian television, as part of a story about her.[1] The NTV story focused on how she grew up, and what caused her to betray her origin by fighting for another country.[1] After the Russian media coverage, her family was threatened and stopped speaking to her.[5][14] Her maternal uncle, an official of the Federal Security Service (FSB) declared he would bring her back to Russia from Ukraine.[3][4][6] The Russian authorities opened three criminal cases against her, for extremism, terrorism, and mercenaryism, with a total potential jail sentence of 36 years.[4][6] From 2015, Ukrainian media also began regular stories about her as a rare Russian woman fighting for Ukraine.[2][6]

Maternal leave

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Tolopa with daughter in 2021

Tolopa fought for almost a year at the front, then left because of her sixth-month pregnancy. The father is Ukrainian, but they didn't marry or even keep in touch.[4][6] She gave birth to a daughter, Miroslava, in Kyiv in 2015.[11] Her mother resumed speaking to her by phone after the birth; they avoid discussing politics.[2] Tolopa and Miroslava lived in a Kyiv apartment with a female friend that Tolopa had met at Maidan. Her roommate was nicknamed Belka (squirrel) and was a former fashion designer from Dnipropetrovsk, participated in the war in Donbas, and left after receiving a traumatic brain injury.[12] When she returned to the front, Tolopa left her daughter with a nanny, or a female military friend who lived through the annexation of the Crimea, and had two children.[4][11]

Return to the front

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Tolopa (right) demonstrates drone to reporter in 2021

Over the summer of 2016, Tolopa was trained to fly drones by Maria Berlinska, a female Ukrainian volunteer (who also wrote the influential study that allowed women to serve in combat roles).[12][15] She subsequently volunteered for regular short trips to the Anti-Terrorist Operation Zone doing aerial reconnaissance.[7] By December, Tolopa had signed a contract with the Armed Forces of Ukraine.[14] She was serving as a drone operator in the "Donbas-Ukraine" battalion (reorganized from the former volunteer Donbas Battalion) by January 2017,[16] and in the middle of the year joined the 16th battalion of the 58th Infantry Brigade.[2][11]

In 2018, she was featured in a photo project about women fighting for Ukraine by Czech photographer David Tesinsky that received international attention,[17][18][19][20][21] and another by American photojournalist J.T. Blatty, exhibited in 2019–2020.[22] Also in 2018, she was interviewed for a chapter telling her story in Girls Cutting Their Locks, a book about women in the Russo-Ukrainian war published by the Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance.[8][23]

Applying for Ukrainian nationality

[edit]
Tolopa's temporary identity documents in July 2021

Tolopa was repeatedly refused Ukrainian nationality (sometimes colloquially called citizenship)[notes 1] when she applied for it.[6][9] Friends suggested that she should have a sham marriage with a Ukrainian to get nationality, but she refused to consider the option.[4] Her Russian passport was destroyed when she was blown up by the mine in 2014, so she was unable to provide it as part of the required paperwork in 2015.[6][9]

In March 2016, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko issued decree No. 120, which allowed foreigners who served in the Ukrainian armed forces under contract to apply for naturalization after a three-year residency.[25] In December 2016, in a televised incident, Tolopa threw tomato juice on the politician, Liashko, outside the Verkhovna Rada, accusing him of breaking his promise to help her get Ukrainian nationality.[26] Liashko said that only the President could grant nationality, but confirmed that he had requested it for her.[27][deprecated source][13] Even so, Tolopa was again refused naturalization in January 2017.[28]

In December 2017, Tolopa was denied nationality a third time, this time because she did not have a certificate of non-conviction (lack of criminal record) from Russia, which she would need to get in Russia or from the Russian consulate, where she was afraid to go for fear of detention on Russian sovereign territory.[29][30] She believed this denial meant she would be deported, and the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group appealed on her behalf.[31][32] The State Migration Service publicly stated that she would not be deported, and could remain in Ukraine indefinitely as a person in need of additional protection.[33][34] On 5 December, Tolopa was accompanied by friends, fellow soldiers, and members of parliament (Nadiya Savchenko, Ihor Lutsenko, Mustafa Nayyem, and Serhiy Melnichuk [uk]) to protect her from being detained as she went to the Russian consulate in Kyiv to request her certificate.[35][36]

In June 2019, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy named her among 14 foreigners granted nationality by presidential decree for fighting for Ukraine. The decree specified that those bestowed nationality would have to provide necessary documentation to meet requirements of the migration service, but granted them the right to a two-year temporary passport.[37][38][39] One of those requirements included that Tolopa formally renounce her Russian nationality. Russia would not allow her to renounce her Russian nationality, because she had criminal charges and a request for her extradition pending against her (for fighting for Ukraine).[40][41] Because the period for the two-year temporary passport had expired, an extension of the processing period was submitted to the Rada. They kept refusing to approve the extension through July and October 2021, which, in theory, could have lost Tolopa her conferred nationality.[39][42][43]

Tolopa went to court in October 2021 and obtained a ruling that she could submit a declaration of renunciation to the migration service because obtaining the documents for renunciation posed a threat to her well-being. Though she turned in the required documentation, the migration department appealed the decision; they lost their appeal.[39] Finally, in December 2021, Tolopa completed the nationality processes and received a Ukrainian passport.[3][44]

Personal life

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Tolopa's medals
Tolopa's tattoos, "Heroes don't die" and Valkyrie wings

By mid-2016, Tolopa was in a relationship with a woman[12] and in June, she appeared in a video promoting the third Kyiv Pride LGBT rights March for Equality.[10][45] She had become fluent in Ukrainian,[7] having taught herself the language from the poems of Serhiy Zhadan and Kateryna Babkina.[2] She enjoyed poetry and wrote poems about her own life, but never about the war.[5] By 2017, she spoke "almost without Russianisms",[5] and said she felt herself more Ukrainian than Russian.[5]

Tolopa earned multiple medals for fighting in Eastern Ukraine; the one she treasures most is called "Brother for Brother", given to foreigners fighting for Ukraine.[3][4] She has 13 tattoos. The first, "Heroes don't die" (ГЕРОЇ НЕ ВМИРАЮТЬ),[15] she had put on her arm in the Maidan, in memory of the fallen. "All are equal" (כולם שווים) is on her hand in Hebrew, in support of the March for Equality for sexual minorities.[2] She shares those two with Belka.[12] Wings on her wrist are the sign of the Valkyrie.[2] She had a Ukrainian trident tattooed on her back after hearing of a prisoner who had his hand cut off by the Russians for having one there.[2]

In 2019, Tolopa quit the army, to spend more time with her daughter who otherwise barely saw her,[2][46] but remained in the Ukrainian military reserve.[44] She returned to school in 2021, when her daughter entered school, but did not return to medicine, opting to study at the Law and International Relations faculty of the Open International University of Human Development "Ukraine".[2][44] During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Tolopa initially planned to return to military service to defend her adopted country,[44] but then changed her mind, to care for her daughter. They sheltered in western Ukraine.[47]

Notes

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  1. ^ Even though colloquially the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, nationality is the international legal status of being a member of a state or country, while citizenship is the domestic legal relationship between a person and a state.[24]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f ""Бесы попутали»: как россиянка оказалась в батальоне карателей «Айдар"" ["The devil made her do it": how a Russian woman ended up in the Aidar punitive battalion]. НТВ / NTV (Russia) (in Russian). 5 October 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Радзиевская, Валерия (4 May 2019). ""Украинский изучила по стихам Жадана" - россиянка Валькирия 5 лет воюет за Украину" ["I learned Ukrainian from Zhadan's poems" - Russian woman Valkyrie has been fighting for Ukraine for 5 years]. Newspaper in Ukrainian (in Russian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Martinez, A; Kakissis, Joanna (8 February 2022). "Ukrainian women prepare to mobilize in case Russia invades". National Public Radio. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k ГОРСЬКА, Дарія (12 December 2017). "Юлия Толопа: "Мой дядя-эфэсбэшник пообещал лично вернуть меня в Россию. Голой. Чтобы другим неповадно было"" [Yulia Tolopa: "My FSB uncle promised to personally return me to Russia. Naked. As a warning to others"]. Fakty i Kommentarii (in Russian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Вовкодав, Юлия (25 November 2017). "Россиянка, воевавшая за Украину: "Я чувствую себя украинкой"" [Russian woman who fought for Ukraine: "I feel like a Ukrainian"]. Зеркало недели | Дзеркало тижня | Mirror Weekly. Retrieved 8 February 2022. Also available as "Россиянка Юлия Толопа, воевавшая за Украину: "Я чувствую себя украинкой..."" [Russian woman Yulia Tolopa, who fought for Ukraine: "I feel like a Ukrainian ..."]. АРГУМЕНТ (in Russian). 28 November 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Мазур, Евгения; Оганнисян, Мариам (6 October 2015). "Россиянка из "Айдара": В России меня лет на 36 посадить могут" [Russian woman from "Aidar": In Russia they can put me in jail for 36 years]. 24 Канал / Channel 24 (Ukraine) (in Russian).
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Корба, Галина (26 August 2016). "Свой легион" [Own legion]. Новое Время / Novoe Vremia (Ukraine) (in Russian). Retrieved 8 February 2022. Excerpt as "Российский доброволец Айдара Валькирия: Одного Путина поменять мало, людей не поменяешь" [Russian Aidar volunteer Valkyrie:It's not enough to change Putin, you can't change people]. nv.ua (in Russian). 31 August 2016. Translated to English as Walden, Anna (31 May 2018). "Ukrainian "Foreign legion": foreign volunteers and their reasons to fight in Donbas on Ukrainian side". UaPosition. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  8. ^ a b Podobna, Yevgeniya (25 November 2020). Girls cutting their locks: A book of memories / the Russo-Ukrainian War. Український інститут національної пам’яті./ Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance. ISBN 978-617-7420-77-3.
  9. ^ a b c Тузов, Дмитро; Соколенко, Наталя (15 October 2015). "Ми знайшли російську БМП, і я стала командиром — росіянка з "Айдару"" [We found a Russian BMP, and I became the commander - Russian woman from "Aidar"]. Громадське радіо / Hromadske radio (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  10. ^ a b "Ролик на підтримку КиївПрайд2016: друга серія" [Video in support of KyivPride2016: the second series] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv Pride. 7 June 2016.
  11. ^ a b c d "Юлия Толопа: "Если ты один раз на войне побывал, то вернешься туда в любом случае"" [Yulia Tolopa: "If you have been to war once, you will return there in any case"]. WoMo.ua (in Russian). 11 September 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  12. ^ a b c d e Garmasch, Katja (22 August 2016). "Women soldiers in Ukraine". Eurozine. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  13. ^ a b Liashko, Oleh (8 December 2016). "Бійця Айдару використали у брудній провокації проти мене" [Fighter from Aidar was used in a dirty provocation against me]. Korrespondent (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  14. ^ a b Багаліка, Анастасія; Кукін, Михайло (9 December 2016). "Получить украинское гражданство мне поможет армия, политикам я не верю, — россиянка Валькирия" [The army will help me get Ukrainian nationality, I don't trust politicians - Russian woman Valkyrie]. Hromadske Radio /Громадське радіо (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  15. ^ a b Schulz, Daniel (23 October 2016). "Freiwilligeneinsatz im Ukraine-Konflikt: Maria Berlinska zieht in den Krieg". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Retrieved 8 February 2022. Translated to English as Schulz, Daniel (22 January 2018). "Voluntary service in the Ukraine conflict: Maria Berlinska goes off to war". Die Tageszeitung. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  16. ^ Кутєпов, Богдан (12 January 2017). "ДРУЖИНА: 5 випадкових історій жінок в армії" [WIFE: 5 random stories of women in the army]. Hromadske (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  17. ^ Сурепін, Сергій (3 September 2018). "Чеський фотожурналіст показав жінок на війні в Україні" [Czech photojournalist shows women in the war in Ukraine]. Заборона (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  18. ^ "Sokkoló képek az ukrán frontvonalról: katonanők, akik készek gyilkolni, akár a saját honfitársaikat is – fotók" [Shocking images of the Ukrainian front line: women soldiers ready to kill, even their own compatriots - photos]. Blikk (in Hungarian). 16 May 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  19. ^ Dobroshynskyi, Myroslav (4 June 2019). "PARTICIPATION OF UKRAINIAN WOMEN IN MILITARY SERVICE GROWS". U.S. Ukraine Foundation. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  20. ^ "FOTO: Vojna sa neskončila. Fotil som ženy z Ruska a Gruzínska, ktoré bojujú na strane Ukrajiny" [PHOTO: The war is not over. Photographs of women from Russia and Georgia who are fighting on the side of Ukraine]. interez.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  21. ^ "Безстрашні жінки Донбасу" [Fearless women of Donbas]. BBC News Україна (in Ukrainian). 16 May 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  22. ^ Galin, Reed (17 January 2020). "The Ukrainian Soldiers Who Can't Rest | PDN Photo of the Day". Photo District News. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  23. ^ Середа, Софія (11 December 2018). ""Дівчата зрізають коси": 25 історій про жінок-захисниць – фотогалерея" ["Girls cutting their braids": 25 stories about women defenders - photo gallery]. Радіо Свобода / Radio Liberty (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  24. ^ S.W.L. (10 July 2017). "What is the difference between nationality and citizenship?". The Economist. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  25. ^ "Порошенко одобрил гражданство иностранным военным". Korrespondent (in Russian). 29 March 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  26. ^ Fedorenko, Kostiantyn; Umland, Andreas (10 August 2021). "Between Frontline and Parliament: Ukrainian Political Parties and Irregular Armed Groups in 2014–2019". Nationalities Papers. 50 (2). Cambridge University Press: 237–261. doi:10.1017/nps.2021.20. ISSN 0090-5992. S2CID 238714167.
  27. ^ "A Russian woman spilled tomato juice over leader of radical party Lyashko". 112 Ukraine. 8 December 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  28. ^ "Россиянке из батальона Донбасс отказали в гражданстве Украины" [A Russian woman from the Donbass battalion was denied Ukrainian nationality]. Korrespondent (in Russian). 13 January 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  29. ^ "Чому росіянка Юлія Толопа, яка з 2014 року воює за Україну, не може отримати українське громадянство?" [Why can't Russian Yulia Tolopa, who has been fighting for Ukraine since 2014, get Ukrainian nationality?]. Hromadske Radio / Громадське радіо (in Ukrainian). 4 December 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  30. ^ "Ukrainian authorities decided to deport to Russia military volunteer who fought on the side of Ukraine in the Donbas". UAWire. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  31. ^ Соломка, Оксана (4 December 2017). "Миграционная служба решила выслать женщину-добровольца Айдара в РФ" [The Migration Service decided to send a female volunteer from Aidar to the Russian Federation]. Новое Время / Novoe Vremia (Ukraine) (in Russian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  32. ^ Coynash, Halya (5 December 2017). "Russian who defended Ukraine in Donbas driven out to face imprisonment in Russia". Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  33. ^ "#ДМС: Юлія Толопа має законні підстави для перебування в Україні" [#SMS: Yulia Tolopa has legal grounds for staying in Ukraine]. www.facebook.com. МВС України - State Migration Service. 5 December 2017.
  34. ^ Соломка, Оксана (5 December 2017). "Миграционная служба опровергла информацию о выдворении в РФ участницы АТО" [The Migration Service refuted information about the expulsion of an ATO participant to the Russian Federation]. nv.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  35. ^ "Депутаты придут в консульство РФ поддержать бойца "Айдара", добивающуюся получения украинского гражданства" [Deputies will come to the consulate of the Russian Federation to support an "Aidar" fighter seeking to obtain Ukrainian nationality]. Fakty i Kommentarii (in Russian). 5 December 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  36. ^ Тохмахчі, Анна (5 December 2017). "Військову АТО Толопу охороняли біля консульства РФ, щоб її не затримали" [ATO soldier Tolopa was guarded at the consulate of the Russian Federation so she not be detained]. Hromadske Television (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  37. ^ "Зеленський надав громадянство іноземцям, які воювали за Україну" [Zelensky granted nationality to foreigners who fought for Ukraine]. Hromadske Radio / Громадське радіо (in Ukrainian). 28 June 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  38. ^ "Zelenskiy Grants Citizenship to 14 Foreigners Who Defended Ukraine's Territory". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. 28 June 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  39. ^ a b c Чорнієвич, Мар’яна (8 October 2021). ""5 років боротьби за громадянство": ветеранка Юлія Толопа досі не отримала паспорт України" ["5 years of struggle for nationality": veteran Yulia Tolopa has not yet received a Ukrainian passport]. Hromadske Radio / Громадське радіо (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  40. ^ "Нам дали не постійне українське громадянство, а тимчасове — доброволиця з РФ" [We were given not permanent Ukrainian nationality, but temporary – a volunteer from the Russian Federation]. Hromadske Radio / Громадське радіо (in Ukrainian). 15 October 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  41. ^ Купновицкая, Ульяна (14 August 2020). "Чужие среди своих. Что мешает иностранцам — ветеранам АТО получить украинское гражданство" [Strangers among their own. What prevents foreigners - veterans of the ATO from obtaining Ukrainian nationality]. ФОКУС / Focus (in Russian). Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  42. ^ Захарова, Алена (16 July 2021). "Депутаты не успели проголосовать: военная "Валькирия" может потерять гражданство Украины" [Deputies did not have time to vote: military "Valkyrie" may lose Ukrainian nationality]. 24 Канал / Channel 24 (Ukraine) (in Russian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  43. ^ "Чому іноземці, які воювали в АТО, не можуть отримати громадянство після указу Зеленського?" [Why can't foreigners who fought in the ATO get nationality after Zelensky's decree?]. Hromadske Radio / Громадське радіо (in Ukrainian). 15 October 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  44. ^ a b c d Шилин, Максим (1 February 2022). "Здравствуй, новая родина. Что побуждает россиян воевать за Украину" [Hello new homeland. What motivates Russians to fight for Ukraine]. Вот Так (in Russian). Belsat TV. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  45. ^ "В центрі Києва вперше пройшов Марш рівності". Громадське телебачення / Hromadske television (in Ukrainian). 12 June 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  46. ^ "Woman on the Front Line: Yulia Tolopa". UATV Ukrinform. 16 October 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  47. ^ Kakissis, Joanna (25 February 2022). "Reservist in Ukraine, with a surprising past, had to decide whether to stay and fight". National Public Radio. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
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