Ye (pronoun)
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Ye /jiː/ is a second-person, plural, personal pronoun (nominative), spelled in Old English as "ge". In Middle English and Early Modern English, it was used as a both informal second-person plural and formal honorific, to address a group of equals or superiors or a single superior. While its use is archaic in most of the English-speaking world, it is used in Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada and in some parts of Ireland, to distinguish from the singular "you".[1]
Etymology
[edit]In Old English, the use of second-person pronouns was governed by a simple rule: þū addressed one person, ġit addressed two people, and ġē addressed more than two. After the Norman Conquest, which marks the beginning of the French vocabulary influence that characterised the Middle English period, the singular was gradually replaced by the plural as the form of address for a superior and later for an equal. The practice of matching singular and plural forms with informal and formal connotations, respectively, is called the T–V distinction, and in English it is largely due to the influence of French. This began with the practice of addressing kings and other aristocrats in the plural. Eventually, this was generalised, as in French, to address any social superior or stranger with a plural pronoun, which was believed to be more polite. In French, tu was eventually considered either intimate or condescending (and, to a stranger, potentially insulting), while the plural form vous was reserved and formal. In Early Modern English, ye functioned as both an informal plural and formal singular second-person nominative pronoun. "Ye" is still commonly used as an informal plural in Hiberno‐English and Newfoundland English. Both dialects also use variants of "ye" for alternative cases, such as "yeer" (your), "yeers" (yours), and "yeerselves" (yourselves).[2]
| Nominative | IPA | Accusative | Dative | Genitive | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Singular | iċ | [itʃ] | mec / mē | mē | mīn | |
| Dual | wit | [wit] | uncit | unc | uncer | ||
| Plural | wē | [weː] | ūsic | ūs | ūser / ūre | ||
| 2nd | Singular | þū | [θuː] | þec / þē | þē | þīn | |
| Dual | ġit | [jit] | incit | inc | incer | ||
| Plural | ġē | [jeː] | ēowic | ēow | ēower | ||
| 3rd | Singular | Masculine | hē | [heː] | hine | him | his |
| Neuter | hit | [hit] | hit | him | his | ||
| Feminine | hēo | [heːo] | hīe | hiere | hiere | ||
| Plural | hīe | [hiːy] | hīe | heom | heora | ||
| Person / gender | Subject | Object | Possessive determiner | Possessive pronoun | Reflexive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | ||||||
| First | ic / ich / I I |
me / mi me |
min / minen [pl.] my |
min / mire / minre mine |
min one / mi seluen myself | |
| Second | þou / þu / tu / þeou you (thou) |
þe you (thee) |
þi / ti your (thy) |
þin / þyn yours (thine) |
þeself / þi seluen yourself (thyself) | |
| Third | Masculine | he he |
him[a] / hine[b] him |
his / hisse / hes his |
his / hisse his |
him-seluen himself |
| Feminine | sche[o] / s[c]ho / ȝho she |
heo / his / hie / hies / hire her |
hio / heo / hire / heore her |
- hers |
heo-seolf herself | |
| Neuter | hit it |
hit / him it |
his its |
his its |
hit sulue itself | |
| Plural | ||||||
| First | we we |
us / ous us |
ure[n] / our[e] / ures / urne our |
oures ours |
us self / ous silue ourselves | |
| Second | ȝe / ye you (ye) |
eow / [ȝ]ou / ȝow / gu / you you |
eower / [ȝ]ower / gur / [e]our your |
youres yours |
Ȝou self / ou selue yourselves | |
| Third | From Old English | heo / he | his / heo[m] | heore / her | - | - |
| From Old Norse | þa / þei / þeo / þo | þem / þo | þeir | - | þam-selue | |
| modern | they | them | their | theirs | themselves | |
| Nominative | Oblique | Genitive | Possessive | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | singular | I | me | my/mine[# 1] | mine |
| plural | we | us | our | ours | |
| 2nd person | singular informal | thou | thee | thy/thine[# 1] | thine |
| plural informal | ye | you | your | yours | |
| formal | you | ||||
| 3rd person | singular | he/she/it | him/her/it | his/her/his (it)[# 2] | his/hers/his[# 2] |
| plural | they | them | their | theirs | |
- ^ a b The genitives my, mine, thy, and thine are used as possessive adjectives before a noun, or as possessive pronouns without a noun. All four forms are used as possessive adjectives: mine and thine are used before nouns beginning in a vowel sound, or before nouns beginning in the letter h, which was usually silent (e.g. thine eyes and mine heart, which was pronounced as mine art) and my and thy before consonants (thy mother, my love). However, only mine and thine are used as possessive pronouns, as in it is thine and they were mine (not *they were my).
- ^ a b From the early Early Modern English period up until the 17th century, his was the possessive of the third-person neuter it as well as of the third-person masculine he. Genitive "it" appears once in the 1611 King James Bible (Leviticus 25:5) as groweth of it owne accord.
Confusion with the definite article ye
[edit]Ye is also a definite article, a typographic variant of the Early Modern English the. This is often seen in pseudo-Early Modern English phrases such as Ye Olde.
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ Nosowitz, Dan (October 13, 2016). "Y'all, You'uns, Yinz, Youse: How Regional Dialects Are Fixing Standard English: The real enemy? "You guys."". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
- ^ Hickey, Raymond (1983). "Remarks on pronominal usage in Hiberno-English" (PDF). Studia Anglica Posnaniensia. Universität Buisberg Essen. pp. 47–53. Retrieved 2020-11-11.