Xiapu dialect

Xiapu
Xiapu
霞浦話
Native to	Southern China
Region	Xiapu, Ningde, Fujian
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Min Coastal Min Eastern Min Xiapu; ; ; ; ; ;
Early forms	Proto-Sino-Tibetan Old Chinese Proto-Min ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
Linguasphere	79-AAA-ibe
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The Xiapu dialect (Eastern Min: 霞浦話; Foochow Romanized: Hà-puō-uâ) is a dialect of Eastern Min Chinese spoken in Xiapu, Ningde in northeastern Fujian province of China.

Phonology

The Xiapu dialect has 15 initials, 43 rimes and 7 tones.

		Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m 蒙		n 日	ŋ 語
Stop	Aspirated	pʰ 波		tʰ 他	kʰ 氣
Stop	Tenuis	p 邊		t 低	k 求	ʔ 鶯
Fricative		(β)	θ 時	(ʒ)	x 喜
Affricate	Aspirated			ʦʰ 出
Affricate	Tenuis			ʦ 曾
Lateral				l 柳

The two-syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below:

The Coda of the Former Syllable	The Initial Assimilation of the Latter Syllable
Null coda or /-ʔ/	/p/, /pʰ/ change to /β/; /t/, /tʰ/, /θ/ change to /l/; /x/ change to the null initial; /ʦ/ and /ʦʰ/ change to /ʒ/; /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /k/, /kʰ/, /l/ and the null initial remain unchanged.
/-ŋ/	/p/ and /pʰ/ change to /m/; /t/, /tʰ/, /θ/ change to /n/; /k/, /kʰ/, /x/ and the null initial change to /ŋ/; /ʦ/ and /ʦʰ/ change to /ʒ/; /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/, /l/ remain unchanged.
/-k̚/	All initials remain unchanged.

The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below:

^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.^[1]^[2]^[3]

^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.

Compilation Commission of Chorography of Xiapu County 霞浦县地方志编纂委员会 (1990). Xia pu xian zhi 霞浦县志 ["Chorography of Xiapu County"]. Vol. 27. Beijing: Fangzhi chubanshe 方志出版社 ["Chorography Press"]. ISBN 7-80122-542-2.