Xianglong

Xianglong; Temporal range: Early Cretaceous, ; Barremian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Pencil drawing of Xianglong zhaoi
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Genus:	†Xianglong; Li et al., 2007
Species
	X. zhaoi Li et al., 2007 (type);

Xianglong (meaning "flying dragon" in Chinese) is a genus of Cretaceous lizard discovered in the Zhuanchengzi, near Yizhou, Yixian, Liaoning Province of China.^[1] It is known from LPM 000666, a single complete skeleton with skin impressions. The specimen comes from the Barremian-age Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation, near Yizhou. The most notable feature about Xianglong is its bizarre oversized ribs, eight on each side, which were attached to a membrane of body tissue and allowed the lizard to glide. While in its original description it was considered to acrodont lizard, with a cladistic analysis in the same study suggesting that it was grouped with iguanians such as agamines, chamaeleonids, and leiolepidines,^[2] it was later shown that this was due to misinterpretation of the crushed skull, and its affinities with other lizards remains uncertain.^[3]

Description

The holotype specimen of Xianglong was 15.5 centimetres (6.1 in) long, 9.5 centimetres (3.7 in) of which was tail, although the describers say it was probably a juvenile. This is indicated by the unossified carpals and poorly-ossified tarsals. Metacarpal IV is shorter than the other metacarpals, and pedal digit V is greatly elongated. The radius and ulna are distally divergent. The body is covered in small, granular scales, showing little size variation. Xianglong had slightly curved claws, indicating that it was arboreal. The ribs of the animal, which functioned as gliding organs, were found in a half-open position, which indicates a post-mortem relaxation of the folded wing. So far this is the only known fossil gliding lizard, though there are other unrelated animals that also use their ribs to glide.^[2]

Gliding ability

Xianglong is one of the few creatures that glide using their ribs. Other creatures, such as the flying squirrel and the Malabar flying frog, Rhacophorus malabaricus, have a different membrane attachment, toes to toes or limb to limb. Two creatures use the same way to glide, the present day Flying Lizard (genus Draco, Latin for dragon) and Triassic fossil reptiles such as Kuehneosaurus, but the Triassic look-alikes lived over 100 million years before Xianglong. Despite the 11-centimetre (4.3 in) "rib-span", the lizard might have been quite agile in the air, possibly to escape the feathered dinosaurs that coexisted with it.^[2]

Xu Xing, a Chinese paleontologist and one of the describers of Xianglong, states that it is possible that it could have glided as far as half a football field, much farther than that of the modern Draco.^[1]

Taxonomy

In the original paper describing it, Xianglong was recovered in a polytomy with the Agaminae, Chamaeleonidae and Leiolepidinae. This was based on the strict consensus of the four most parsimonious trees. Below is the tree recovered by Li et al (2007):^[2]

	Xianglong

	Agaminae

	Chamaeleonidae

	Leiolepidinae

Polyglyphanodon

	Macrocephalosaurus

	Sineoamphisbaena

	Dibamidae

	Amphisbaenia

Eublepharinae

Gekkoninae (sensu lato)

	Diplodactylinae

	Pygopodidae

Lacertidae

	Teiidae

	Gymnophthalmidae

	Cordylidae

	Scincidae

Anguidae

	Xenosaurus

	Shinisaurus

Heloderma

	Lanthanotus

	Varanus

	Aigialosauridae

	Mosasauridae

Dolichosauridae

Adriosaurus

	Pachyrhachis

	Haasiophis

	Serpentes

However, in a later 2022 publication, Susan E. Evans said that what the describing authors misinterpreted as acrodont dentition was actually the crushed, jagged broken edge of the jaw, rendering its identification as an iguanian doubtful.^[3]

Citations

^ ^a ^b Ancient lizard glided on stretched skin Ker Than, NBC News. Published March 20, 2007
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Pi-Peng Li; Ke-Qin Gao; Lian-Hai Hou & Xing Xu (2007). "A gliding lizard from the Early Cretaceous of China" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (13): 5507–5509. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.5507L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0609552104. PMC 1838464. PMID 17376871.
^ ^a ^b Gower, David J.; Zaher, Hussam, eds. (2022-08-11), "The Squamate and Snake Fossil Record", The Origin and Early Evolutionary History of Snakes (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 5–110, doi:10.1017/9781108938891.003, ISBN 978-1-108-93889-1, retrieved 2022-11-06