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Sotrovimab

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Sotrovimab
Monoclonal antibody
TypeWhole antibody
SourceHuman
TargetSpike protein of SARS-CoV-2
Clinical data
Trade namesXevudy
Other namesVIR-7831, GSK4182136
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa621037
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		Intravenous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
CAS Number
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
UNII
KEGG
A vial of Sotrovimab

Sotrovimab, sold under the brand name Xevudy, is a human neutralizing monoclonal antibody with activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, known as SARS-CoV-2.[10][12][13] It was developed by GlaxoSmithKline and Vir Biotechnology, Inc.[12][14] Sotrovimab is designed to attach to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.[12][13][15]

The most common side effects include hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions and infusion-related reactions.[10]

Although Sotrovimab was used world-wide against SARS-CoV-2, including in the United States under an FDA emergency use authorization (EUA), the FDA canceled the EUA in April 2022 due to lack of efficacy against the Omicron variant. [16]

Medical uses

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In the European Union, sotrovimab is indicated for the treatment of COVID-19 in people aged twelve years of age and older and weighing at least 40 kilograms (88 lb) who do not require supplemental oxygen and who are at increased risk of the disease becoming severe.[10]

Sotrovimab is given by intravenous infusion, preferably within 5 days of onset of COVID-19 symptoms.[17]

Development and mechanism of action

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Sotrovimab's development began in December 2019, at Vir Biotechnology when Vir scientists first learned of the initial COVID-19 outbreak in China.[18] Vir subsidiary Humabs BioMed had already compiled a library of frozen blood samples from patients infected with viral diseases, including two samples from patients infected with SARS-CoV-1.[18] Vir scientists obtained samples of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus and mixed them with various antibodies recovered from the old SARS-CoV-1 blood samples.[18] The objective was to identify antibodies effective against both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2.[18] This would imply that the antibodies were targeting highly conserved sequences and in turn would be more likely to remain effective against future variants of SARS-CoV-2.[18] In April 2020, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory conducted a X-ray crystallography study at Vir's request to investigate how such antibodies bind to SARS-CoV-2 at the molecular level.[18] The Berkeley Lab data helped Vir identify candidates for further study, and Vir eventually settled on a single candidate antibody, S309.[18] Vir collaborated with GlaxoSmithKline to make various refinements to S309, resulting in sotrovimab.[18]

Sotrovimab has been engineered to possess an Fc LS mutation (M428L/N434S) that confers enhanced binding to the neonatal Fc receptor[19] resulting in an extended half-life and potentially enhanced drug distribution to the lungs.[20]

Sotrovimab has demonstrated activity via two antiviral mechanisms in vitro, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP).[20]

Clinical efficacy

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The pivotal COMET-ICE study is an ongoing, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the safety and efficacy of sotrovimab in adults with confirmed COVID-19 (mild, early disease with less than five days of symptoms) at risk of disease progression.[citation needed]

An interim analysis of this study reported that sotrovimab reduced the risk of hospitalization for more than 24 hours or death by 85% compared with placebo. Overall 1% of people receiving sotrovimab died or required hospitalization for more than 24 hours compared to 7% of people treated with placebo.[13] The study is ongoing and preliminary results have been published in the New England Journal of Medicine.[21]

The full analysis of the COMET-ICE trial was published in JAMA and it showed that sotrovimab reduced risk of hospitalization for more than 24 hours or death by 79% compared to placebo (1% for sotrovoimab group and 6% for the placebo group). The trial involved 1057 participants and took place before the omicron variant was prevalent.[22]

Manufacturing

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Sotrovimab is a biologic product which takes six months to manufacture in living cells.[18] It is produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells.[23] At product launch in May 2021, sotrovimab's active pharmaceutical ingredient was produced by WuXi Biologics in China and sent to a GlaxoSmithKline plant in Parma, Italy for further processing into the finished product.[24] In January 2022, the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant began to render other monoclonal antibodies obsolete and caused global demand for sotrovimab to skyrocket.[24] In response, Vir and GlaxoSmithKline announced they were working with Samsung Biologics on manufacturing sotrovimab at an additional site in South Korea.[24]

Society and culture

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Economics

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In 2021, the United States government agreed to purchase 1.5 million doses of the drug at $2,100 per dose.[25]

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In May 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) completed its review on the use of sotrovimab for the treatment of COVID-19. It concluded that sotrovimab can be used to treat confirmed COVID-19 in adults and adolescents (aged twelve years and above and weighing at least 40 kilograms (88 lb)) who do not require supplemental oxygen and who are at risk of progressing to severe COVID-19.[13] In December 2021, sotrovimab was authorized for use in the EU.[10][26][10][27]

In May 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for sotrovimab for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in people aged twelve years and above weighing at least 40 kilograms (88 lb) with positive results of direct SARS-CoV-2 viral testing and who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death.[28][29][23][30]

In August 2021, sotrovimab was granted provisional approval for the treatment of COVID-19 in Australia.[3]

In September 2021, sotrovimab was granted special exception authorization in Japan.[31]

In December 2021, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the United Kingdom approved sotrovimab for use in people aged twelve years of age and over who weigh more than 40 kilograms (88 lb).[32][33][7]

In March 2022, the FDA withdrew the emergency use authorization for sotrovimab in multiple states due to the high frequency of the Omicron BA.2 sub-variant and data showing that the authorized dose of sotrovimab is unlikely to be effective against that sub-variant.[34][35] In April 2022, the FDA withdrew the emergency use authorization for sotrovimab.[16][35]

Research

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Sotrovimab is being evaluated in the following clinical trials:[20]

In March 2022, Australian virologists observed that sotrovimab may cause a drug-resistant mutation.[36]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Xevudy". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 20 August 2021. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021.
  2. ^ "Updates to the Prescribing Medicines in Pregnancy database". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 12 May 2022. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  3. ^ a b "TGA provisionally approves GlaxoSmithKline's COVID-19 treatment: sotrovimab (Xevudy)". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) (Press release). 20 August 2021. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  4. ^ "COVID-19 treatment: GlaxoSmithKline Australia Pty Ltd, sotrovimab (Xevudy)". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 20 August 2021. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  5. ^ "Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) for Sotrovimab". Health Canada. 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  6. ^ "Sotrovimab (sotrovimab)". Health Canada. 30 July 2021. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  7. ^ a b "Regulatory approval of Xevudy (sotrovimab)". Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). 2 December 2021. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  8. ^ "Sotrovimab injection, solution, concentrate". DailyMed. Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  9. ^ "FDA updates Sotrovimab emergency use authorization". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  10. ^ a b c d e f "Xevudy EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 15 December 2021. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  11. ^ "COVID-19 medicines". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 14 October 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  12. ^ a b c "EMA starts rolling review of sotrovimab (VIR-7831) for COVID-19". European Medicines Agency (EMA) (Press release). 7 May 2021. Archived from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  13. ^ a b c d "EMA issues advice on use of sotrovimab (VIR-7831) for treating COVID-19". European Medicines Agency (EMA) (Press release). 21 May 2021. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  14. ^ "GSK and Vir Biotechnology announce the start of the EMA rolling review of VIR-7831 (sotrovimab) for the early treatment of COVID-19". GlaxoSmithKline (Press release). 7 May 2021. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  15. ^ "EMA starts review of VIR-7831 for treating patients with COVID-19". European Medicines Agency (EMA) (Press release). 15 April 2021. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  16. ^ a b "FDA Roundup: April 5, 2022". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Press release). 5 April 2022. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  17. ^ "Xevudy 500 mg concentrate for solution for infusion – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) – (emc)". www.medicines.org.uk. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i Krieger LM (23 January 2022). "How one person's cells led to our only antibody treatment for omicron". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  19. ^ Saunders KO (2019). "Conceptual Approaches to Modulating Antibody Effector Functions and Circulation Half-Life". Frontiers in Immunology. 10: 1296. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01296. PMC 6568213. PMID 31231397.
  20. ^ a b c "Assessment Report: Use of sotrovimab for the treatment of COVID-19" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. May 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  21. ^ Gupta A, Gonzalez-Rojas Y, Juarez E, Crespo Casal M, Moya J, Falci DR, et al. (November 2021). "Early Treatment for Covid-19 with SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Sotrovimab". The New England Journal of Medicine. 385 (21): 1941–1950. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2107934. PMID 34706189. S2CID 240074048.
  22. ^ Gupta A, Gonzalez-Rojas Y, Juarez E, Crespo Casal M, Moya J, Rodrigues Falci D, et al. (April 2022). "Effect of Sotrovimab on Hospitalization or Death Among High-risk Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA. 327 (13): 1236–1246. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.2832. PMC 8922199. PMID 35285853. Archived from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  23. ^ a b "Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers Emergency Use Authorization (Eua) of Sotrovimab". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2021. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  24. ^ a b c Roland D (21 January 2022). "GlaxoSmithKline Racing to Provide Only Effective Covid-19 Antibody Treatment". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  25. ^ "After slow start, demand for COVID monoclonal antibodies treatment skyrockets". USA Today. 25 August 2021. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  26. ^ "COVID-19: EMA recommends authorisation of antibody medicine Xevudy" (Press release). 16 December 2021. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  27. ^ "Xevudy". Union Register of medicinal products. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  28. ^ "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Additional Monoclonal Antibody for Treatment of COVID-19". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 26 May 2021. Archived from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  29. ^ "Emergency Use Authorization 100: Sotrovimab". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 28 May 2021. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  30. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions on the Emergency Use Authorization of Sotrovimab". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 26 May 2021. Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  31. ^ "GSK Received Approval for Monoclonal Antibody, "Xevudy for Intravenous Injection" (generic name: sotrovimab), for the treatment of COVID-19" (PDF) (Press release). 27 September 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  32. ^ "UK approves another antibody treatment for Covid". BBC News Online. 2 December 2021. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  33. ^ "MHRA approves Xevudy (sotrovimab), a COVID-19 treatment found to cut hospitalisation and death by 79%". Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) (Press release). 2 December 2021. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  34. ^ "FDA Roundup: March 25, 2022" (Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 25 March 2022. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  35. ^ a b "FDA updates Sotrovimab emergency use authorization". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 5 April 2022. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  36. ^ Rockett R, Basile K, Maddocks S, Fong W, Agius JE, Johnson-Mackinnon J, et al. (April 2022). "Resistance Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant after Sotrovimab Use". The New England Journal of Medicine (letter). 386 (15): 1477–1479. doi:10.1056/nejmc2120219. PMC 8929376. PMID 35263515.
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