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Women in law in the United Kingdom

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Prior to the 20th Century, there were few women in law in the United Kingdom. Prior to the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919, women were not permitted to practice law in the United Kingdom.[1] By 1931 there were around 100 female solicitors.[1] The first female-only law partnership was founded in 1933.[2] In 2010, a report by The Lawyer found that 22 percent of partners at the UK's top 100 firms were women; a follow-up report in 2015 found that figure had not changed.[3] Since 2014, a number of large corporate firms of solicitors have set gender diversity targets to increase the percentage of women within their partnerships.[4][5][6] By 2019, 51% of British solicitors were women.[2]

Background

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Eliza Orme circa 1900

Law degree

[edit]

Eliza Orme was the first woman in the United Kingdom to obtain a law degree, in 1888.[7][8] She was not called to the English Bar until later in the 1920s after the first female pioneers. In 1889, Letitia Alice Walkington became the first woman to graduate with a degree of Bachelor of Laws in Great Britain or Ireland. In 1892, Cornelia Sorabji became the first woman to study law at Oxford University.[9] Dorothy Bonarjee became the first female to earn a law degree from the University College London in 1917.[10]

Barristers and solicitors

[edit]

In 1903, Bertha Cave applied to join Gray's Inn; the application was ultimately rejected.[11] In 1913, the Law Society refused to allow women to take legal exams; this was challenged in the Court of Appeal in the case of Bebb v The Law Society, where the Law Society's stance was upheld.[1] The plaintiff in that case was Gwyneth Bebb, who was expected to be the first female to be called to the bar but died before that could happen.[12][13] The Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 received Royal Assent on 23 December 1919.[2] The next day, Helena Normanton became the first woman to join an Inns of Court.[14]

Helena Normanton circa 1950

Thus, in 1922, Ivy Williams was the first woman called to the bar (although she never practiced),[15][16][17][18] and Helena Normanton became the first practising female barrister in the UK.[19][20][21] In September 2018 a barristers' chambers was renamed in her honour.[22] Williams was also the first woman to teach law at an English university,[15] In 2022, Jessikah Inaba became the first Black visually-impaired (female) barrister in the United Kingdom.[23]

Regarding solicitors, Madge Easton Anderson became the first female solicitor in the United Kingdom in 1920 upon being admitted to practice law in Scotland.[24][20] In 1922, Carrie Morrison, Mary Pickup, Mary Sykes, and Maud Crofts became the first women in England to qualify as solicitors; Morrison was the first of them admitted as a solicitor.[1][25] Kathleen Hoahing became the first female to qualify as a solicitor in Britain in 1927, though she would relocate soon afterwards to China.[26][27][28]

Senior advocate or barrister

[edit]

Helena Normanton and Rose Heilbron became the first two female barristers to be appointed King's Counsel in 1949.[29] Heibron was also the first woman to achieve a first class honours degree in law at the University of Liverpool (in 1935), England's first woman judge as Recorder of Burnley (in 1956), the first woman to sit as a judge in the Old Bailey (in 1972), and the second female High Court judge (in 1974).[29] Patricia Scotland was the first Black female to become a Queen's Counsel in the United Kingdom in 1991,[30] and whereas Kim Hollis became the first Asian female barrister to become Queen's Counsel in 2002 in the United Kingdom.[31]

Law society

[edit]

In 2002, the Law Society appointed its first female President, Carolyn Kirby.[2] In 2021, Stephanie Boyce became the first Black female President of the Law Society.[32] In 2022, Lubna Shuja became the first Asian and Muslim (female) President of the Law Society.[33]

Judicial officers

[edit]

Upon the passing of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919, the following seven women became the first Justices of the Peace: Lady Crewe, Lady Londonderry, Margaret Lloyd George, Gertrude Tuckwell, Mary (Mrs Humphry) Ward, Elizabeth Haldane, and Beatrice Webb.[34]

Elizabeth Lane (1940) became the first female County Court judge (1962), and the first English High Court judge (1965).[35][36] Although not a barrister, Pauline Henriques became the United Kingdom's first Black female magistrate in 1966.[37] Chand Lal-Sarin became Britain's first female magistrate of Indian-origin in 1970.[38] In 1978, Heilbron became the first woman to become the Presiding Judge of any Circuit when she was appointed to the Northern Circuit.[29] Linda Dobbs became the first Black (female) High Court judge in 2004.[32] In 2015, Bobbie Cheema-Grubb became the first Asian (female) High Court judge[39] In 2020, Raffia Arshad became the first hijab-wearing court judge in the United Kingdom.[40]

Baroness Hale became the first female Justice (2009) and President (2017) of the Supreme Court.[41][35][42] She was also the first female to become a Law Lord in the House of Lords of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 2004.

Key Women in UK Law

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England and Wales

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Northern Ireland

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Scotland

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Other notable figures in Scotland

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British Overseas Territories or Crown Dependencies

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Anguilla

[edit]

Bermuda

[edit]
  • Lois Browne-Evans (1953):[87][88] First female lawyer in Bermuda, as well as Bermuda's first female Attorney General (1999)
  • Priya De Soya:[89] First female to become Crown Counsel in Bermuda (1976)
  • Dianna Kempe (1973[90]):[91][92] First female magistrate in Bermuda (1976). She is also the first female lawyer to become Queen's Counsel (QC) in Bermuda (2000).
  • Norma Wade-Miller (1977):[93][94][95][96] First female appointed as a substantive (permanent) magistrate in Bermuda (1981). She was also the first female Judge of the High Court, Justice of the Supreme Court of Bermuda and Acting Chief Justice in Bermuda.
  • Patricia Dangor:[97] First female to serve as a Judge of the Bermuda Court of Appeals (2014)
  • Karen Williams-Smith:[98] First Black female to serve as the President of the Bermuda Bar Association (2017)
  • Cindy Clarke:[99] First female to serve as the Director of Public Prosecutions in Bermuda (2020)

British Virgin Islands

[edit]
Dancia Penn: First female lawyer in the British Virgin Islands

Cayman Islands

[edit]
  • Annie Huldah Bodden (1959):[110] First female to qualify as a lawyer in the Cayman Islands
  • Adrianne Webb (1975):[111][112] First female lawyer called to the Caymanian Bar Association
  • Theresa Lewis Pitcairn:[113] First female to serve as the President of the Caymanian Bar Association (2001)
  • Priya Levers:[114][115] First female to serve as a Judge of the Cayman Islands Grand Court (2003)
  • Cheryll Richards:[116] First (female) Director of Public Prosecutions for the Cayman Islands (2011). In 2010, Richards became the first female Queen's Counsel (QC) in the Cayman Islands.[117]
  • Margaret Ramsay-Hale:[118] First female to serve as the Chief Justice of the Cayman Islands (2022)
  • Marilyn Brandt:[119] First Caymanian (female) attorney to serve as the Deputy Solicitor General in the Portfolio of Legal Affairs (2022)

Channel Islands

[edit]
  • Sarah Kelly (1997):[120] First female advocate appointed Greffier to the Jurats of Alderney (2005–2012)
  • Jessica Roland:[121] First female to serve as a Deputy Bailiff in Guernsey (2019)
  • Anita Sarella Regal:[122] First female admitted as an advocate of the Royal Court of Jersey (1968)
  • Barbara Myles:[35] First female (non-attorney) jurat in Jersey (1980–2001)
  • Bridget Shaw:[123] First female magistrate in Jersey (2013)
  • Rose Colley:[124] First female to serve as the President of the Law Society of Jersey (2020)

Falkland Islands

[edit]
  • Rosie McIlroy:[125] First woman lawyer (non-native) to enter into private law practice in the Falkland Islands. According to various sources, her legal career also included serving as Crown Solicitor (c. 1987),[126] Senior Magistrate (c. 1989),[127][128] and Chief Magistrate (c. 1989)[129][130] in the Falkland Islands.
  • Melanie Louise Best Chilton:[131][132][133] First woman lawyer (non-native) to serve as Law Commissioner and an Attorney General of the Falkland Islands (2006-2007).
  • Rosalind Catriona Cheek (United Kingdom, 1998):[133][134][135][136][137][138][139] First Falkland Islander female to become Principal Crown Counsel (2006). She later became the second female Law Commissioner in the Falkland Islands (2015).

Gibraltar

[edit]
  • Pamela Benady (1955):[140][141][142] First female barrister (who was of Jewish descent) in Gibraltar
  • Dorothy Ellicott:[143] First female Justice of the Peace in Gibraltar (1970)
  • Karen Ramagge Prescott (1988):[144][145][146][147] First female judge (a Gibraltarian) in Gibraltar (upon her appointment as a Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Gibraltar in 2010). She later became the first female Bencher of the Middle Temple (2017).
  • Gillian Guzman (1994):[148] First female Queen's Counsel (QC) in Gibraltar (2012)
  • Janet Smith (1972):[149][150] First female appointed as a Judge of the Gibraltar Court of Appeal (2017)

Isle of Man

[edit]

Montserrat

[edit]

Pitcairn Islands

[edit]

Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

[edit]

Turks and Caicos Islands

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See also

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References

[edit]
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