Women in aviation

Shawna Kimbrell, the United States Air Force's first African American female fighter pilot

Women have been involved in aviation from the beginnings of both lighter-than air travel and as airplanes, helicopters and space travel were developed. Women pilots were also formerly called "aviatrices" (singular "aviatrix"). Women have been flying powered aircraft since 1908; prior to 1970, however, most were restricted to working privately or in support roles in the aviation industry. Aviation also allowed women to "travel alone on unprecedented journeys". Women who have been successful in various aviation fields have served as mentors to younger women, helping them along in their careers.

Within the first two decades of powered flight, female pilots were breaking speed, endurance and altitude records. They were competing and winning against the men in air races, and women on every continent except Antarctica had begun to fly, perform in aerial shows, parachute, and even transport passengers. During World War II, women from every continent helped with war efforts, though mostly restricted from military flight, many flew in auxiliary services. In the 1950s and 1960s, women were primarily restricted to serving in support fields such as flight simulation training, air traffic control, and as flight attendants. Since the 1970s, women have been allowed to participate in military service in most countries.

Women's participation in the field of aviation has increased over the years. In 1909, Marie Surcouf founded the world's first female pilot organization, the Aéroclub féminin la Stella. Following the 1929 women-only National Air Races held in the United States, 99 of the 117 women holding U.S. pilot licenses founded the first American female pilot organization, the Ninety-Nines, named for the number of founding members. By 1930, there were around 200 women pilots in th U.S. but within five years there were more than 700. Women of Aviation Worldwide Week has reported that after 1980, the increase in gender parity among pilots in the United States has been stagnant. The global percentage of women airline pilots is 3%. While the overall number of female pilots in aviation has increased the percentage remains the same.

History

Aida de Acosta, 1903 flying Alberto Santos-Dumont's airship N° 9

The first woman known to fly was Élisabeth Thible, who was a passenger in an untethered hot air balloon, which flew above Lyon, France in 1784.

Four years later, Jeanne Labrosse became the first woman to fly solo in a balloon and would become the first woman to parachute, as well. Sophie Blanchard took her first balloon flight in 1804, was performing as a professional aeronaut by 1810 and was made Napoleon's chief of air service in 1811. Blanchard died in 1819, when her balloon caught fire. Although she was able to extinguish the blaze, the basket tilted and she fell to her death.

In June 1903, Aida de Acosta, an American woman vacationing in Paris, convinced Alberto Santos-Dumont, pioneer of dirigibles, to allow her to pilot his airship, becoming probably the first woman to pilot a motorized aircraft.

Starting 1906, another inventor of aircraft, Emma Lilian Todd began designing her own airplanes. Todd first started studying dirigibles before she moved onto designing airplanes. Todd's first plane flew in 1910 and was piloted by Didier Masson. Early parachutist, Georgia "Tiny" Broadwick started working with barnstormer, Charles Broadwick at age 15 in 1908. She made her first jump in 1908, and in 1913, became the first woman to jump from an aircraft. In 1914, Broadwick gave the very first demonstrations of parachute jumping to the United States government. When she retired in 1922, she had completed 1,100 jumps.

The first woman passenger in an airplane was Mlle P. Van Pottelsberghe de la Poterie who flew with Henri Farman on several short flights at an airshow in Ghent, Belgium between May and June 1908. Soon after, in July 1908, French sculptor Thérèse Peltier was taken up as a passenger by Léon Delagrange and within a few months she was reported as making a solo flight in Turin, Italy, flying around 200 meters in a straight line about two and a half meters off the ground. Edith Berg, an American, who flew as a passenger with Wilbur Wright in Paris in October 1908, was the inspiration of the hobble skirt designed by Paul Poiret.

Wilbur and Katharine Wright seated in the Wright Model A Flyer with Orville Wright standing nearby in 1909. This was Katharine's first time flying. Her skirt is tied with a string.

The first machine-powered flight was accomplished by the Wright Brothers on December 17, 1903. Both brothers recognized the contributions of their sister Katherine Wright to their work. She found teachers who could help with the Wright's flying experiments. Katherine first flew with her brothers in 1909 and knew "everything about the working of their machines". Katherine supported them financially, giving them her savings and also supported them emotionally. When Orville Wright was injured in 1908, Katherine moved close to the hospital to take care of him. After the Wright brothers patented their aircraft in 1906, she worked as their executive secretary. In 1909, she traveled to Europe to become the social manager for her brothers. Her brothers were very introverted and relied on Katherine to help promote their work. The French government awarded her the Officier de l’Instruction Publique, one of France's highest distinctions, when her brothers received the Légion d’Honneur in 1909. Katherine was considered the "silent partner" of the Wright Brothers by The World Magazine. The Saint Louis Post-Dispatch called her the "inspiration of her brothers in their experiments". This did not prevent Orville Wright from ostracising her when she got married. He thought of this as a betrayal. She died of illness less than a year later, and he did not reach her side until after her death.

1910s

Hélène Dutrieu, 1911

Early pioneers include French Raymonde de Laroche who was the first woman in the world to successfully pass a flight test and earn a pilot licence on March 8, 1910. In 1909, a pilot licence had become required to fly commercially and participate in air shows. Seven other French women followed her, earning pilot's licenses within the next year. One of these, Marie Marvingt, 3rd Frenchwoman licensed for airplanes, but first French woman balloonist licensed in 1901, became the first woman to fly in combat, completing bombing raids over Germany. Marvingt tried to get the government to outfit air ambulances prior to the war and became the world first certified Flight Nurse.

Hélène Dutrieu became the first woman pilot in Belgium, obtaining the 27th license issued in her country in 1910 and the second female licensed in Europe. Later that same year, she became the first woman to fly with a passenger. In 1910, even before she earned her pilot's license, Lilian Bland a British woman living in Northern Ireland, designed and flew a glider in Belfast.

Blanche Scott always claimed to be the first American woman to fly an airplane, but as she was seated when a gust of wind took her up on her brief flight in September 1910, the "accidental" flight went unrecognized. Within two years, she had established herself as a daredevil pilot and was known as the "Tomboy of the Air", competing in air shows and exhibitions, as well as flying circuses. On October 13, 1910, Bessica Raiche received a gold medal from the Aeronautical Society of New York, recognizing her as the first American woman to make a solo flight. In 1910 the Femina Cup (Coupe Femina) an award of 2000 French francs was established by Pierre Lafitte, publisher of French women's magazine Femina, to honour the female pilot who, by sunset on 31 December each year, had made the longest flight, in time and distance, without landing.

Harriet Quimby became the USA's first licensed female pilot on August 1, 1911, and the first woman to cross the English Channel by airplane the following year. Thirteen days after Quimby, her friend Matilde E. Moisant an American of French Canadian descent was licensed and began flying in air shows.

Georgia "Tiny" Broadwick, early parachutist, 1913

Within a fortnight, Lydia Zvereva had obtained the first female Russian license and by 1914 she performed the first aerobatic loop made by a woman. Hilda Hewlett became the first British woman to earn a pilot's license on August 29, 1911, and taught her son to fly that same year. Cheridah de Beauvoir Stocks became the second British woman to gain a Royal Aero Club aviator's licence, on 7 November 1911.

In September 1910, Melli Beese became Germany's first woman pilot and the following year began designing her first airplane which was produced in 1913. On October 10, 1911, Božena Laglerová a Czech native of Prague, obtained the first Austrian license for a woman and nine days later secured the second German license for a woman. On 7 December 1910, Jane Herveu, who had previously been involved in automobile racing was licensed in France and began participating in the Femina Cup. Lilly Steinschneider became the first female pilot in the Austro-Hungarian Empire on August 15, 1912.

Rosina Ferrario, first female pilot of Italy, earned her license on January 3, 1913, and was as unsuccessful as Marvingt had been to get her government or the Red Cross to allow women to transport wounded soldiers during World War I. Elena Caragiani-Stoenescu, Romania's first woman pilot got the same response from her government about flying for the war effort and turned to journalism. On December 1, 1913, Lyubov Golanchikova signed a contract to become the first female test pilot. She agreed to test "Farman-22" aircraft manufactured in the Chervonskaya airplane workshop of Fedor Fedorovich Tereshchenko The first woman on the African Continent to earn a pilot's license was Ann Maria Bocciarelli of Kimberley, South Africa.

In 1916, Zhang Xiahun (Chinese: 張俠魂) became China's first female pilot when she attended an airshow of the Nanyuan Aviation School and insisted that she be allowed to fly. After circling the field, tossing flowers, she crashed, becoming a national heroine when she survived. Katherine Stinson became the first woman air mail pilot, when the United States Postal Service contracted her to fly mail from Chicago to New York City in 1918. The following year, Ruth Law flew the first official U.S. air mail to the Philippines.

Women were also involved in teaching others how to fly. Hilda Hewlett and Gustave Blondeau teamed up in 1910 to start the first flying school in England, the Hewlett-Blondeau School. The school had only one plane with which to instruct students and was open for two years. Charlotte Möhring, the second German woman to earn a pilot's license, worked as a manager of a flying school in 1913.

1920 - 1925

Miss Prim with airplane at the flight school Aero Material in Stockholm, Sweden, circa 1920

Men and women after World War I were able to purchase "surplus and decommissioned planes". Wanting to fly, but with little demand after the war, pilots purchased the planes and went from town to town offering rides. Creating attractions to bring in crowds, these daredevils performed stunts, loops and began wing walking to attract more customers. The aerialists and pilots formed flying circuses sending promoters ahead of them to hang posters promoting their barnstorming feats.

Bessie Coleman in 1923

In 1920, Phoebe Fairgrave, later Omlie, at the age of eighteen determined to make her aviation career as a stuntwoman. By 1921, she had set a world women's parachute drop record of 15,200 feet and worked as a wing walker for the Fox Moving Picture Company's The Perils of Pauline series. By 1927, Omlie earned the first transport pilots license and airplane mechanics license issued to a woman. Another stuntwoman, Ethel Dare had perfected walking from one plane to another by 1920, the first woman to perform the feat.

Bessie Coleman was the first African American woman to become a licensed airplane pilot in 1921. That same year Annie Langstaff, first law graduate of McGill University began taking flying lessons and in 1922 was proclaimed in an article in Maclean's Magazine, as Canada's first woman to fly.

1926 - 1929

In 1928 Eileen Vollick was the first women in Canada to obtain a Pilots License and Japan's first woman pilot Tadashi Hyōdō earned her license the same year. Kwon Ki-ok of Korea became the first female licensee of that country in 1925 and after World War II, became instrumental in helping establish the Republic of Korea Air Force. German Marga von Etzdorf was the first woman to fly for an airline when she began co-piloting for Lufthansa in 1927 and piloting solo on commercial Junkers F13 on 1 February 1928.

Aboukaia-Driancourt aboard the monoplane "Demoiselle Santos-Dumont", circa 1920

In the late 1920s, women continued to compete in cross-country air races and contests related to flying. In 1929, Pancho Barnes moved to Hollywood to work as the first woman stunt pilot. Besides working on such films as Howard Hughes' Hell's Angels (1930), she also founded the Associated Motion Pictures Pilots Union in 1931.

The first Women's Air Derby or Powder Puff Derby, an official women-only race from Santa Monica, California to Cleveland, Ohio, was held as part of the 1929 National Air Races and was won by Louise Thaden. Marie Marvingt of France, who had first proposed the idea of using airplanes as ambulances in 1912 continued to promote her idea successfully in the 1920s. During the French colonial wars, Marvingt evacuated injured military personnel with Aviation Sanitaire, a flying ambulance service. Canadian Eileen Vollick became the first licensed female pilot in 1928 at age 19, and Elsie MacGill became the first woman to earn a master's degree in aeronautical engineering in 1929.

Janet Hendry became the first woman pilot in Scotland, earning her "A" licence on 3 December 1928.

On November 2, 1929, at Curtiss Field in Valley Stream, New York, 26 women pilots gathered and formed an international organization to provide mutual support for advancing women pilots and named themselves the Ninety-Nines, after the number of charter members.

1930s

Aviator with Junkers Junior sports plane, circa 1935

The 1929 stock market crash and ensuing depression, coupled with more stringent safety regulations, caused many of the flying circuses and barnstorming circuits to fold. During the decade, options for women pilots in the United States were limited mainly to sales, marketing, racing and barnstorming and being an instructor pilot. In 1930, Ellen Church, a pilot who was unable to secure work flying, proposed to airline executives that women be allowed to act as hostesses on planes. She was hired on a three-month trial basis by Boeing Air Transport and selected as one of the first seven flight attendants for airlines. These first flight attendants were required to be under 115 pounds, nurses and unmarried.

Women pilots who escorted the landing of Amy Johnson in Sydney on 4 June 1930, at the end of the first England to Australia flight by a woman. Photo presented to the National Library of Australia by Miss Meg Skelton (on left).

Various "firsts" were achieved by women in the 1930s. In 1930, English aviator Amy Johnson, made the first England to Australia flight by a woman. The same year, inspired to learn to fly by Johnson's flight, Mrs Victor Bruce became the first person to fly from England to Japan, the first to fly across the Yellow Sea, and the first woman to fly around the world alone (crossing the oceans by ship) in her Bluebird plane.

Antonie Strassmann, a German emigre to the US, became the first woman to successfully cross the Atlantic aboard an aircraft, traveling in May 1932 with a team on a Dornier Do X flying boat. In the fall of the same year, Strassmann piloted a Zeppelin from Germany to Pernambuco in Brazil.

On 19 September 1931, the first all women's flying meeting in the UK was organised by Molly Olney and Mrs Harold Brown through the Northamptonshire Aero Club, at Sywell.

In May 1932, American Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic. She urged the public to encourage and enable young women to become airplane pilots and in 1936 and 1937, she taught students at Purdue University, which was "one of the few U.S. colleges to offer aviation classes to women".

In 1933, Lotfia ElNadi became the first Egyptian woman and first Arab woman to earn a pilot's license. That same year, Marina Raskova became the first Russian woman navigator for the Soviet Air Forces. The following year she began teaching as the first female instructor at the Zhukovsky Air Force Academy and then in 1935 received her certification as a flight instruments trainer.

WASP Hazel Ying Lee

Hazel Ying Lee, a dual American-Chinese citizen, earned her pilot's license in 1932 in the United States. She went to China to volunteer to serve in the Chinese Army after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, but was rejected due to her sex. In 1934, Chinese actress Lee Ya-Ching obtained a pilot's license in Switzerland; the following year, she obtained the first license for a woman from the American Boeing School of Aeronautics; and, in 1936, she became the first woman licensed by China as a pilot. She went on to found a civilian flying school in Shanghai that same year.

In 1935, Nancy Bird Walton obtained the first Australian license allowing a woman to carry passengers so that she could fly an ambulance service for the Royal Far West Children's Health Scheme. She later founded the Australian Women Pilots' Association.

That same year, Phyllis Doreen Hooper earned the first women pilot's license in South Africa. The following year, she became the first female licensed as a commercial pilot and within 2 years had become the first South African woman flight instructor.

In France, Suzanne Melk, was the first known women in her country to fly and the first women in Europe to receive a pilot's license in 1935.

Sarla Thakral was first Indian woman to fly, earning her aviation pilot license in 1936 in a Gypsy Moth solo. She later completed over 1000 hours of flight time.

In 1936, Hanna Reitsch of Germany became one of the first persons to fly a fully controllable helicopter and within two years, she earned the first woman helicopter pilot's license.

Sabiha Gökçen 1930s

Women had been barred from prestigious Bendix Race following the death of Florence Klingensmith, but were allowed to compete from 1935. In 1936, women not only took first place, but also second and fifth. The winners were Louise Thaden and Blanche Noyes. Laura Ingalls came second and Earhart was fifth. In 1938, the race was won by Jacqueline Cochran.

Sabiha Gökçen, world's first female combat pilot

In 1936, Sabiha Gökçen of Turkey became the first trained woman combat pilot, participating in search operations and bombing flights during the Dersim Rebellion. While Gökçen was not the first to have participated in military operations, she was the first woman to have been trained as a military pilot, graduating from the Aircraft School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Eskişehir. She flew around 8,000 hours and participated in 32 different military operations.

In 1939, the South African Women's Aviation Association (SAWAA) was formed with 110 women members. Colloquially known as the Women's Civil Air Guard, within the year, membership had swelled to between 3000 and 4000 members. With the outbreak of war, the organisation changed focus to become the Women's Auxiliary of the South African Air Force.

1940s

Stamp of Russia 2012 No 1567 Marina Raskova who flew in WWII

As World War II began, women became involved in combat. In the United States, prior to the war, pilots typically flew only in good weather, so that they could judge ground position. Flying in combat required pilots to fly in varying conditions, and a push for instrument training began. By 1944, around 6,000 women had been trained as Link Trainer operators and were teaching male pilots how to read instruments. WAVES like Patricia W. Malone transitioned after the war to commercial flight simulation instruction, where women dominated the industry of flight training operators.

In 1939, Jacqueline Cochran wrote to the first lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, about using women pilots in the military. Later, Nancy Harkness Love also made a similar request to the US Army, however both women's ideas were put on hold until 1942. Love was then put in command of the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron [WAFS], which developed a reputation for quiet efficiency and became a well-respected unit. General Henry Arnold on September 14, 1942, put Cochran in charge of a new program called the Army Air Forces Women's Flying Training Detachment (WFTD). By August 5, 1943, the WFTD was merged with the WAFS to form the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP). The WASPs supported the military in various ways, flying new planes from factories to Army Air Force bases, worked as test pilots, worked as flying chauffeurs and helped tow targets for antiaircraft gunnery practice. The WASPs never gained full military benefits, the organization was disbanded in December 1944. WASPs finally earned veteran status retroactively in 1979.

Besides working as women pilots, American women also started working as air traffic controllers during WWII. Commander Frances Biadosz was the only WAVE to wear wings for air-navigation during World War II. Women in the United States were also hired by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) to work as scientists and engineers, as well as analysts, reviewing data from windtunnels on airplane prototypes.

In 1940, Major Phyllis Dunning (née Phyllis Doreen Hooper) became the first South African woman to enter full-time military service as the Commander of the South African Women's Auxiliary Air Force (SAWAAF). In 1941, the Southern Rhodesia Women's Auxiliary Air Service was commissioned. Within a few months over 100 women recruits were providing clerical services, sewing skills, parachute packing, and serving as drivers, equipment assistants and mechanics.

Margot Duhalde, the first woman pilot of the French Air Force

The Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA), a British civilian operation during World War II, had 166 women pilots, (one in eight of all ATA pilots) under the command of Pauline Gower. The first eight women pilots, Joan Hughes, Margaret Cunnison, Mona Friedlander, Rosemary Rees, Marion Wilberforce, Margaret Fairweather, Gabrielle Patterson, and Winifred Crossley Fair were accepted into service on 1 January 1940. Fifteen of these women pilots lost their lives in the air, including British recordbreaking aviator Amy Johnson and Canadian born Joy Davison. Ida Veldhuyzen van Zanten was the only Dutch woman in the ATA, having escaped the occupied Netherlands as an Engelandvaarder. Margot Duhalde, a Chilean woman, flew transport missions for the ATA during World War II and after the war became the first woman pilot of the French Air Force, flying transports to Morocco. For her services, Duhalde was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour in 1946. Valérie André, a neurosurgeon and member of the French army, became the first woman to fly a helicopter in combat, while serving in Indochina (1945). The Royal Canadian Air Force created a Women's Division in 1942, offering women 2/3 the pay of their male counterparts. Though barred from combat and flying, women performed aircraft maintenance and served in air traffic control, in addition to other duties. By the end of the war, over 17,000 Canadian women had served in the Women's Division either at home or abroad.

Korean Lee Jeong-hee, who had earned her pilot's license in 1927, joined the Republic of Korea Air Force in 1948 and was appointed first lieutenant. She was the founding commander of the Women's Air Force Corps in 1949, but was captured and taken to North Korea when the Korean War broke out.

Female mechanics work on R-1830 of PBY at NAS Corpus Christi 1942

Unlike other countries fighting in WWII, the Soviet Union created an all-woman combat flight unit, the 588th Night-Bomber Air-Regiment or the Night Witches. This group of the Soviet Air Forces, flew harassment bombing and precision bombing missions from 1942 to the end of the World War II. The organization was first formed by Joseph Stalin on October 8, 1941, and all of the women were volunteers. The Night Witches flew 30,000 missions and "dumped 23,000 tons of bombs on the German invaders": the unit was granted both 'Guards' status and a battle-honour: 'Taman-sky' (for their work during the Battle of Taman), and was therefore re-numbered to finish the war as the 46th 'Tamansky' Guards Night-Bomber Air-Regiment. The Soviets also had the only women to be considered flying aces. Lydia Litvyak was credited with different numbers of kills from various sources, but in 1990, the tally was given as 12 solo kills and 3 shared kills. Yekaterina Budanova fought combat missions over Saratov and Stalingrad and was credited with 11 kills.

In 1948, Ada Rogato, Brazil's first licensed woman pilot, became the first female agricultural pilot when she was hired by the government to crop dust coffee fields and eliminate the borer beetle that was plaguing the crop. The following year, Rogato became the first woman to fly solo over the Andes and in 1951, flew from Tierra del Fuego to Alaska, a solo flight which would take her across South America, Central America and North America. In 1948, Isabella Ribeiro de Cabral, who became Isabella de Freitas the following year, became the first woman pilot of Trinidad and Tobago. It would be another forty years, in 1988, before the first Trinidadian woman, Wendy Yawching became a captain.

1950s

The Korean War offered new opportunities in critical roles for women marines, like these control tower air traffic controllers.

In 1951, the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) of China enrolled 55 women trainees. When they graduated, the following year, the women represented 6 communication operators, 5 navigators, 30 on-board aircraft mechanics and 14 pilots. A second class of 160 trainees entered PLAAF in 1956, but only 44 of them completed their training.

In late 1952, with the Korean War in full swing, the North Korean Air Force was the only one in the world with female jet fighter pilots. One of them, Tha Sen Hi, flew MiG-15s in combat and eventually rose to squadron leader. She was honoured with the title of Hero of the Korean People's Democratic Republic.

In 1952, Earsley Barnett, American wife of Major Carl Barnett, founder of Wings Jamaica, earned the first pilot license granted to a woman in Jamaica. She later became the first Jamaican flight instructor, as well as a commercial pilot.

Jacqueline Cochran became the first woman to break the sound barrier in 1953. She had to use a Canadian Canadair Sabre 3 as the U.S. military refuse her access to American aircraft. By June 1953, she was the holder of "all but one of the principal world airplane speed records for straightaway and closed-course flight" for women. On June 14, 1963, Jacqueline Auriol became the first woman to fly at twice the speed of sound with a Dassault Mirage IIIR.

During the Korean War, former WASPs were asked to join active duty in the Air Force. Thirteen percent of the WAVES recruits by 1952 were selected for air training, which included positions as air control personnel, aerographer's mates, electronics technicians and as other support personnel. In 1953, the WAVES lifted a ban on women serving as mechanics. Kim Kyung-Oh was the only South Korean woman to serve as a pilot in the ROK Air Force during the Korean War.

Australian Women Pilots' Association Air Reliability Trial entrants Meg Cornwell (left) and Margaret Sincotts in the cockpit of an Auster J-4 Archer monoplane on the tarmac at an airfield, 1953

Organisations were formed, such as the Australia Women Pilots' Association (AWPA). Another organization was the Whirly-Girls, started by Jean Ross Howard Phelan in 1955 for women helicopter pilots. She started the group as an informal interest group, but formalized it in order to better help the members network and support each other in the male-dominated field.

Pakistan modeled its air force on the British Royal Air Force during the late 1950s. This allowed for more women to become involved in the military in Pakistan. In 1958 Dorothy Rungeling of Canada became her country's first woman to solo pilot a helicopter.

In the 1950s and 1960s, air travel was expensive and few people of color could afford to fly. U.S. segregation laws were slowly being overturned to lift barriers for not only travel, but for employment opportunities. Coupled with the influx of workers from the Indian subcontinent and the Caribbean, and the independence movements in Africa and the Caribbean, British need for labor in the post-war period made recruiting of 'coloured labour' in the same period a necessity. The following decades would increasingly see more women from former colonies enter aviation.

1960s

Stewardesses from 1968 working for United Airlines

In the 1960s, stewardesses, as female flight attendants were known, were considered glamorous and exotic adventurers. Frank Sinatra's song Come Fly with Me gave birth to the jet set. Adding to the allure, Bernard Glemser's novel, Girl on a Wing, and the British movie based on it, Come Fly with Me (1963), depicted stewardesses as stylish seekers of romance. Wearing custom-fitted uniforms, attendants were career women, whose looks, marital status and childlessness were guarded by industry executives, much as Hollywood starlets had been. On the one hand, they were to project an ideal of womanhood, but on the other, they were used to sell airline travel through their sexuality. The double standard that they faced as well as the glamorous lifestyle they lived, shot to the best-seller's list with the publication in 1967 of the book, Coffee, Tea or Me? In 1963, stewardesses who held a press conference on airlines' policy of retiring stewardesses at 32, caught the attention of the country. The press conference focused attention on the airlines narrow standard of "feminine allure".

In 1960, Olga Tarling became the first woman air traffic controller in Australia and Yvonne Pope Sintes and Frankie O'Kane become the first female British air traffic controllers. That same year, Alia Menchari became the first woman Tunisian pilot. In 1961, Lucille Golas attained the first pilot license for a woman in Guyana to assist her husband in his mining business. Asegedech Assefa became the first Ethiopian woman to earn a pilot's license in 1962. That same year, Jacqueline Cochran became the first woman to fly a jet across the Atlantic Ocean. She was also the first woman to break the sound barrier. Throughout the decade, she and Jacqueline Auriol of France traded women's speed and distance records what would be known as the "battle of the Jackies". Jacqueline Auriol was the first woman to fly at twice the speed of sound in 1963.

Valentina Tereshkova on Russian stamp.

A privately funded project, of William Lovelace, the Woman in Space Program recruited women pilots in the U.S. to test them for suitability for the space program. Thirteen of the recruits passed NASA's physical requirements. Scheduled for additional testing, the United States Navy canceled use of their facilities as there were no NASA officials involved. Public hearings were held by a special Subcommittee of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics in 1962. Because NASA required all astronauts to attain an engineering degree and be graduates of military jet piloting test programs, none of the women could meet the entry prerequisites. The subcommittee took no action after the hearing. The following year, Valentina Tereshkova, an amateur Russian parachute jumper became the first woman in space.

In 1963, Betty Miller became the first woman to fly solo across the Pacific Ocean and Anne Spoerry, a French doctor living in Kenya became the first female member of the African Medical and Research Foundation's "Flying Doctors", operating her plane through the bush to provide needed medical assistance in remote areas. In 1964, women again made history when Geraldine Mock became the first woman to circumnavigate the globe. In 1966, Soviet pilot Galina Gavrilovna Korchuganova competed at the World Aerobatic Championship in Moscow and won gold in the women's individual competition, becoming the first women's world aerobatics champion.

Because of the unpopularity of the Vietnam War in the United States, men were not volunteering at high enough rates; however, many women were being turned away because of limits on women's work in the military. In 1967, a law was passed allowing more women into the military and to be promoted to high ranks. In 1969, Kucki von Gerlach obtained the first pilot's license issued to a woman in South West Africa, now Namibia. That same year, Turi Widerøe of Norway became the first female pilot for Scandinavian Airlines. Turi Widerøe had for years been a pilot for her father's company Widerøe, which today is the largest regional airline in the Scandinavian countries. Turi Widerøe is still today recognized as the western world's first woman commercial pilot for a major airlines after she joined Scandinavian Airlines in 1967.

1970s

USAF Air Force Undergraduate Pilot Training Class 77-08

Until the 1970s, aviation had been a traditionally male occupation in the United States. Commerce Department regulations virtually required pilots to have flown in the military to acquire sufficient flight hours, and until the 1970s, the U.S. Air Force and Navy barred women from flying and they were routinely denied work in commercial piloting. The US military did not open fighter jet flights to women until 1993. Women eventually began to enter U.S. major commercial aviation in the 1970s and 1980s, with 1973 seeing the first female pilot at a major U.S. airline, American Airlines. American also promoted the first female captain of a major U.S. airline in 1986 and the following year had the first all-woman flight crew. In other countries, women were starting to fly as pilots, such as Turi Widerøe, who was hired in late 1968, for Scandinavian Airlines System and Aeroflot had already hired women pilots.

In the 1970s, women were again, for the first time since WWII, permitted to fly in the United States Armed Forces, beginning with the Navy and the Army in 1974, and then the Air Force in 1976. By the mid-1970s, women were predicting that there would be a large increase in female pilots because of the women's liberation movement. Louise Sacchi was the first international woman ferry pilot who flew planes across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans over 340 times, more than any other non-airline pilot. In 1971, she set a women's speed record by flying a single-engine land plane from New York to London in 17 hours and 10 minutes, a record that still stands today. Sacchi was the first woman to win the Godfrey L. Cabot Award for distinguished service to aviation. The first graduating class of ten female Air Force officers earned their Silver Wings on September 2, 1977. These ten women were part of Class 77-08 and graduated at Williams Air Force Base. In 1978, a group of former WASPs formed the Women's Military Pilots Association (WMPA).

In 1975, Yola Cain became the first Jamaican-born commercial pilot and flight instructor. The following year, Cain became the first female pilot with the Jamaica Defence Force and in the 1980s would become the first woman pilot for TransJamaica Ltd. Four years later, in 1979, Jamaican Maria Ziadie-Haddad became one of the first women in the Western Hemisphere to become a commercial jet airline pilot when she was hired as the first woman pilot of Air Jamaica, as a Boeing 727 second officer. Another Jamaican, Michele Yap, became the first female airline captain in the Caribbean flying the Leeward Islands Air Transport's Twin Otter in 1988. The following year, Captain Yap was the first to pilot an all-female crew in the Anglo-Caribbean.

On 9 September 1976, Asli Hassan Abade soloed her first flight as the only female pilot in the Somali Air Force. In 1977, Cheryl Pickering-Moore and Beverley Drake of Guyana became the first two women pilots of the Guyana Defence Force. Drake was transferred a few months later as the first female pilot of the Guyana Airways Corporation, she would go on in the 1990s to become the first woman and African-American senior inspection analyst working for the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board. Jill Brown-Hiltz joined Texas International Airlines as a pilot in 1978, becoming the first African American woman to fly for a commercial airline in the United States. That same year, Chinyere Kalu, at the time Chinyere Onyenucheya became, Nigeria's first female pilot. In 1979, Koh Chai Hong became the first woman pilot in the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF). Continuing her military career, Koh became one of the first two female Lieutenant-Colonels in 1999. Bahamian Patrice Clarke, later Washington, entered Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach in 1979. Three years later she would become the school's first black woman to graduate with a BS in aeronautical science and her commercial pilot's certification. She would go on to become the first woman pilot hired by Bahamasair and later the first black female to command airplanes in the U.S. for a major carrier service when she was promoted to captain by United Parcel Service (UPS) in 1994.

In 1977, Barbara Ann Christie was recorded as the first woman police pilot in the United States by the American Business Reference Inc. while working for Horsham Township Police Department in Pennsylvania. She contributed in excess of 1,000 hours of personal time to the Air Ambulance and Helicopter Unit without remuneration of any kind.

Close of the twentieth century

Petty Officer 3rd Class Rosalee Burton, operates a training device designed to simulate in-flight pressure changes on aviators. As a Navy training device trainer, Burton operated, maintained, and taught about Navy training equipment at the Naval Aerospace Medicine Institute. Circa 1982.

At the close of the century, legal efforts to eliminate barriers of race and sexism in the aviation sector resulted in industry modifications in hiring practices. In the United States, in the late 1970s the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission found violations of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which the court monitored over the next decades and decreed in 1995 had been sufficiently addressed. In Africa, lack of a strong national carrier resulted in many tourism routes being overtaken by European airlines, but growth in the sector during the 1980s and 1990s saw that 26% of the market share on intercontinental flights were run by Africans. In Latin America and the Caribbean, growth in the tourism sector through the 1990s, led to dramatic expansion of the civil aviation sector, with many countries seeing airport expansions. In military services, women's roles increased during the period in North America, Europe and Asia.

In 1980, Lynn Rippelmeyer of the U.S. became the first woman to fly a Boeing 747 and four years later became the first woman to serve as captain on the craft. That same year, Olive Ann Beech was awarded the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy from the U.S. National Aeronautic Association, for aircraft manufacturing. In 1981, Mary Crawford became the first women's flight officer in the United States Navy and that same year Yichida Ndlovu would earn the first civilian female pilot's license in Zambia. Unable to join the British Royal Air Force or local cadet forces, Elizabeth Jennings Clark of St. Lucia found a private scholarship program to offset the high-cost of training. She became the first female pilot for LIAT when she finished her training in 1983. That same year, Charlotte Larson and Deanne Schulman made history when Larson became the first woman to captain a smoke jumper aircraft and Schulman became the first woman qualified as a smoke jumper.

In Canada the Air Force started a trial program for women pilots in 1979. Dee Brasseur was one of the four selected and in 1988 became one of the two first women in the world to fly the F-18 jet fighter. Khatool Mohammadzai became the first Afghan woman paratrooper in 1984, the same year that Beverly Burns first served as captain on a Boeing 747 for a cross-country trip. In 1986, Rebecca Mpagi joined Uganda's National Resistance Army as its first woman pilot. She would continue to rise in the ranks until by 2008, Mpagi was a Lieutenant Colonel, serving as the head of women affairs for the Uganda People's Defence Force. In 1987, British Airlines hired their first woman pilot, Lynne Barton. and that same year Erma Johnson became the first black and first woman chair of the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport's Board of Directors. Sakhile Nyoni, a Zimbabwean woman, became the first woman pilot in Botswana in 1988. The following year the Afghan Air Force admitted Latifa Nabizada and her sister, Laliuma, as the first women to train at the military flight school. The sisters would graduate from helicopter school in 1991 becoming the first women Afghani pilots. Canadians Deanne Brasseur and Jane Foster were the first women to fly military aircraft in Canada in 1989.

Ensign Matice Wright first US Navy African American flight officer 1993

Although five women officers had qualified as Royal Air Force (RAF) pilots in the 1950s, the RAF did not allow women to pursue a career in flying until Julie Ann Gibson and Sally Cox become the RAF's first career pilots in 1990. On July 31, 1991, the United States Senate lifted the ban on military women flying in combat. By 1998, US military women were flying combat missions from aircraft carriers. In 1992, the first female helicopter pilot to fly in Antarctica was a military officer, Judy Chesser Coffman, of the United States Navy. That same year, Lt. Kelly J. Franke of the United States Navy was the first woman pilot to be awarded the Naval Helicopter Association Pilot of the Year Award. Lt. Franke flew 105 support missions with HSC-2's Desert Ducks detachment in Bahrain and was cited for extraordinary aviation achievements for 664.2 hours of accident free flight hours. While there were many African American women in the US military, it was 1993 before Matice Wright became the first black woman flight officer in the United States Navy. That same year, Nina Tapula became the first woman military pilot of Zambia. Harita Kaur Deol became the first female solo pilot in the Indian Air Force, in September 1994, flying an Avro HS-748 at the age of 22. Chipo Matimba became the first woman to complete the Air Force of Zimbabwe's pilot training course in 1996. On December 17, 1998 Kendra Williams was credited as the first woman pilot to launch missiles in combat during Operation Desert Fox. In 1999, Caroline Aigle received the French Air Force's fighter pilot wings and was assigned to fly the Mirage 2000-5.

In the civilian sector, Veronica Foy became the first woman pilot of Malawi in 1992 and by the close of the decade would become Malawi's first woman captain. The first black female Mawalian pilot, Felistas Magengo-Mkandawire began flying as first officer for Air Malawi in 1995. In 1993, Aurora Carandang became the first woman captain for Philippine Airlines. Asnath Mahapa, the first black South African woman, became a pilot in 1998, the same year that Nicole Chang Leng became the first woman pilot of the Seychelles. In November 1998, M'Lis Ward became the first African American woman to captain for a major U.S. commercial airline, United Airlines. Also in 1998, Barbara Cassani became CEO of the British airline Go, becoming the first female CEO of a commercial airline.

In 1998, Aysha Alhameli of the United Arab Emirates became the first Emirati female pilot.

More organizations to support women in aviation careers were formed. The Ninety-Nines (the 99s) established the Amelia Earhart Memorial Scholarship Fund in 1940 to honor her memory and perpetuate her ideals and love of flying. From a single scholarship of $125 in 1941, the annual Amelia Earhart Memorial Scholarship Fund has provided over $12 million in scholarships to women from around the world to advance and succeed in aviation and aerospace. Women in Aviation International (WAI) formed in 1990 and formalized the organization in 1994. WAI went on to establish the Pioneer Hall of Fame to honor women in aviation who had made special contributions to the field. In 1995, the Federation of European Women Pilots (FEWP) was founded in Rome. and two years later the Association for Women in Aviation Maintenance (AWAM) was formed.

Notable influential profiles and figures in the aviation industry

Over the years since the beginning of the twentieth century, there have been many remarkable moments by women in the aviation industry. However, few were pioneers, and their influence and impact were huge, paving the way for more women to be involved in the different aspects of the aviation industry.

Harriet Quimby – 1875 to 1912

A celebrated pioneer in the United States, Quimby was adventurous and encouraged more women to join the aviation industry. Through her weekly articles in various magazines, she challenged women, and through her visions of airlines to ferry people and scheduled air routes, she made a huge contribution towards the growth and the development of the aviation industry. She warned those who flew aircraft on the dangers of being overconfident and emphasized on the importance of observing safety while piloting. Taught how to fly by John Moisant, Quimby was the first woman to fly across the English Channel. As a contributing journalist in magazines, she shared her experiences and the lessons she learned while piloting. In one of her articles entitled 'Aviation as a Feminine Sport' Quimby noted that there was no reason as to why women would not be as confident as their male counterparts. She added that as long as a person observed maximum care, they would not cause any accidents. Quimby had strong belief in the aviation industry of the United States and encouraged more women to take on the air.

Nancy Harkness Love – 1914 to 1976

Born in February 1914, Nancy played an instrumental role in the acceptance of women, both as career and military pilots. At the age of 16 years, with only 15 hours of solo time, Nancy flew a plane from Boston to Poughkeepsie, New York, where the weather changed. She did not know how to read the compass, and with the gauge broken, had to land the plane. She safely landed the plane, an event that would mark her 40-year career in the aviation industry. After earning Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) instrument rating and a seaplane rating in 1940, Nancy, alongside other 32 pilots, were tasked with flying American airplanes to Canada, from where they would be shipped to France. At the age of 28, she was appointed as the Director of the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron, WAFS, an organization of women who tested aircraft, ferried aircraft and trained other pilots on how to fly aircraft. This WAFS organization played a pivotal role in the integration of women pilots to the military. Under her command, women flew every type of military aircraft. In addition, through her firm belief that women could still co-exist with men and take on non-traditional roles, more doors were opened for more women in the aviation industry.

Geraldine (Jerrie) Cobb – 1931 to 2019

Born to a commercial pilot in 1931, Jerrie Cobb was the first woman to qualify to go into space. Through the help of her father and football coach, who was a flight instructor and owned a plane, Jerrie learned how to fly, and by the time of her birthday at 17, she got a private pilot's license. Through her savings, which she made while playing softball at semi-professional level, she bought her aircraft, a war surplus Fairchild PT-23. She would later receive her commercial pilot license at the age of 18, permitting her to fly professionally. Jerrie later joined the Lovelace Foundation, where she passed all 75 Mercury astronaut tests. After further tests, Jerry, among the other 11 astronaut candidates were chosen for Project Mercury. Even though she would later be dropped based on lacking jet piloting experience, her contribution to the aviation industry-inspired many other women to join the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the aviation industry in general.

Current trends in the aviation industry regarding women

Air Traffic Controller 1st Class Erica Banks explains the SPN 43 Radar System to General Walter Natynczyk, Canadian chief of Defense Staff, in the amphibious air traffic control center aboard the amphibious assault ship USS Bonhomme Richard

Today women's participation in the aviation sector remains low. As of December 2019, just 5.4% (25,485 out of 466,900) of all certified civilian pilots (private and commercial) in the United States were women. In December 1980, there were 26,896 female certified civilian pilots in the United States. As of December 2020, the percentage of female civilian pilots (private and commercial in Canada is 8.15%. Canada has seen an increase to 18% of women in Royal Canadian Air Force jobs. The global average was 3%.

Overall, in 2008, there were only 16% of women working in the manufacturing of aircraft and spacecraft. Women who work as aerospace engineers made up only 25% in the field in 2014. Women make up less than 6% of senior executive level positions in airline companies, as of 2015. Pakistani pilot Ayesha Farooq was the first female fighter pilot for the Pakistan Air Force. At least 19 women became pilots in the air force in the decade from 2003. India has been very successful at recruiting women to pilot commercial airliners. In 2014, women made up 11.6% of pilots. Women credit the extended family support systems that exist which help them balance family and career. By 2012, China's PLAAF had trained more than 300 female pilots and over 200 auxiliary air personnel. Large numbers have been trained to fly China's most advanced combat jets, including the J-10. In 2016, Wang Zheng (Julie Wang), now a Silver Airways captain, became the first Asian woman to fly a global circumnavigation and the first Chinese person to pilot an aircraft solo around the world, marking the emergence of women in China's general aviation sector.

A wingwalker at an airshow in 2016

In Japan, the first female captain for commercial passenger flights was Ari Fuji, who began flying as captain for JAL Express in July 2010. In terms of tourism-driven growth in the aviation sector, throughout the Asia-Pacific region, there is a shortage of pilots, which is driving gender biases to be pushed aside for women to be hired. Vietnam Airlines, a major carrier in one of fastest-growing aviation markets, has created flight-schedules that allow flexibility to deal with personal demands. EasyJet provides scholarships for women pilots to help offset the high cost of training and EVA Air has actively recruited candidates from university programs.

In Africa, many of the trained pilots migrate to the Middle East or Asia where opportunities for career advancement and more sophisticated facilities exist. Women Aviators in Africa was founded in 2008 in an attempt to mentor and inspire young women to train in the aviation industry, as estimates for women in the field fall considerably below 6%. Though there is a high level of need across Africa for rural aviation, there is insufficient infrastructure to support expansion. Grass-roots efforts have seen success with training for bush pilots in transport, medical assistance and policing. Efforts are on-going to increase the numbers of women because women are less likely to move to other areas if they as able to find sufficient employment and opportunities in their own communities. As of 2016, seven of the top ten markets in terms of growth-speed of aviation were in Africa. In 2022, Zara Rutherford became the youngest female pilot to fly solo around the world.

Sexism

Women often had to work hard to prove themselves as capable as men in the field. Clare Booth Luce wrote, "Because I am a woman, I must make unusual efforts to succeed. If I fail, no one will say, 'She doesn't have what it takes.' They will say, 'Women don't have what it takes.'" Pioneer aviator, Claude Grahame-White felt that women were "not 'temperamentally suited' to handle the controls of an airplane".

During the first National Women's Air Derby in 1929, women flying the race faced "threats of sabotage and headlines that read, 'Race Should Be Stopped.'" Because flying was considered dangerous, many aircraft manufacturers in the late 1920s hired women as sales representatives and flight demonstrators. "The reasoning was that if a woman could fly an airplane, it really could not be that difficult or dangerous."

In 1986, a spokesperson for the Airline Pilot's Association said that the reason there were only two women Boeing 747 captains at the time was "because women in aviation are a relatively recent phenomenon and everything in the airlines industry is done by seniority". In 1927, Marga von Etzdorf became the world's first woman to fly for an airline, Lufthansa. In 1934, however, Helen Richey became the first woman to fly a commercial airliner in the United States of America and went on to quit that job in ten months because the all-male pilot's union would not admit her and she rarely got to fly. Airlines continue to discriminate against women until it became illegal thanks to the Civil Rights movement. In 1969, Jacqueline Dubut was hired by Air Inter and became the first female airline pilot post Civil Rights movement.

Biases toward women's traditional roles with men in the cockpit and women serving beverages and blankets have become ingrained, forcing women who want to fly to struggle with the attitudes of both co-workers and society.

A survey conducted by Mitchell, Krstivics & Vermeulen in 2005 found that many women pilots were either unaware of sexism directed towards them or had not experienced any sexism directly. However, many women believe that more women are experiencing prejudice than are admitting it.

Diversity in the classroom

Even though in history, women faced exclusion from education, the end of the Civil War signified a new era where women were then allowed to attend classes side by side with the men. More recently, the rates of women attending classes and going through education systems have improved significantly. In 1970, 42.3 percent of the undergraduate students were women, a figure which has grown up to 56.1 percent in 2007. This improvement is key, as it signifies that women have the access to education and training programs than ever before. Contextually, women can access the needed aviation training just like their male counterparts. Therefore, it eliminates the basis of women being incapable of handling particular job profiles and not being capable of working in certain capacities. Thus, women ought to have the same opportunities as men, given the abundance of skills and expertise.

Wage inequalities and career advancement

Wage inequality between men and women has not only been a talking point in the aviation industry but also in other industries where women are paid significantly less than men. Despite possessing the same skills, expertise, and experience, women are not paid the same in the industry. In addition to the skewed wage structure, the organization culture in the industry has continually favored men regarding career advancement up the ladder. Few women advance their careers in the aviation industry as many top positions are held by men. Women have faced a tough time, climbing from the bottom of the ladder up, while men have seamlessly and without a struggle, spend less time at the lower tiers of the career ladder before assuming top positions. In recent attempts to lessen the barrier between men and women in the aviation field programs to help even the playing field have become more abundant. Programs such as A-WING, a program run by over 60 volunteers aims to teach more young women about the aviation job opportunities. The organization is funded through donations which are used to produce educational materials, create speaking and networking opportunities and enable attendance at job fairs and get more women into the aerospace field. Their goal is to increase women in the aerospace job field by 25% by 2025, a goal they call "25 by 25". Programs like these are becoming more prominent in modern society to help with the inequalities in career advancement for women in aviation.

Solutions to gender

Affirmative action

Previous studies demonstrate that affirmative action has compelled women to develop their careers as pilots. It has motivated women to take up the challenges and enter the male-dominated occupation. Following the success of this initiative thus far, albeit unsatisfactorily, it is important that it is continuously implemented to make it easy for women to enter in the aviation industry and progress up the career ladder up to the top management positions. A positive attitude and a change of culture in the aviation industry are needed if men will change their perspective regarding the involvement of women in the aviation industry.

Funding initiatives

Even though the tuition fees for tertiary institutions is not analyzed in this study, receiving the required training and knowledge requires a substantial financial investment. An extensive research found that these tuition and training fees are paid by either parent, the students, or through loans. Given the level of high fees paid during the training, and considering the low incomes paid to women at the start of their careers, it is important that they incentivized in their studies and training. Given the high costs of qualifications, the costly nature of the relevant licenses, and the time consumed, many aviation students end up discontinuing their studies. An increasing number of women scholarships since the 1980s had no impact on the number of women in the industry.

Cultural evolution

Attitudes, stereotypes, and prejudices are embedded in culture and have played a significant role in inequality in the aviation industry. It, therefore, important that men are educated on the impact of these attitudes and prejudices against women. They have to be educated on how their behavior affects pilots and why it is important to evolve the culture in the aviation industry. Having an understanding of the impacts of these attitudes helps in forging great relationships and interactions amongst the diverse flight crews. Women also need to be encouraged to take up these careers to address the underlying problem where women have previously been discouraged from pursuing a professional career in aviation.

See also

• Timeline of women in aviation
• List of women aviators
• Women of Aviation Worldwide Week
• Women in Aviation, International
• Ninety-Nines

References

Sources

• Ackmann, Martha (2003). The Mercury 13: the untold story of thirteen American women and the dream of space flight (1st ed.). New York, NY. ISBN 0-375-50744-2. OCLC 51266180. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Aimable, Anselma (May 27, 2014). "Did You Know: St. Lucia's first female pilot". St. Lucia News Online. Castries, St. Lucia. Archived from the original on 2015-04-23. Retrieved 2016-12-22.
• Alden, Alice (August 12, 1932). "Give Woman Her Place in the Air". The Evening News. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2016-12-01 – via Newspapers.com.
• Aldrich, Nancy W. (2015). "Who Was First?: "Pottelsberghe, Peltier, or Berg"". 20th Century Aviation Magazine. Lakeland, Florida. Archived from the original on 2016-10-17. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
• Allen, Kenneth; Kelly, Emma (June 22, 2012). "China's Air Force Female Aviators: Sixty Years of Excellence (1952–2012)". China Brief. 12 (12). Washington, DC: Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 2016-12-18. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
• Altınay, Ayşe Gül (March 25, 2001). "Dünyanın İlk Kadın Savaş Pilotu: Gökçen" [World's First Women's War Pilot: Gökçen] (in Turkish). Istanbul, Turkey: BİA Haber Merkezi. Bianet. Archived from the original on 2016-09-13. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
• Anderson, Joel (March 26, 2002). "Woman retiring after 26 years with American Airlines". Plainview, Texas: The Plainview Herald. AP. Archived from the original on 2016-12-26. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
• Barbera, Jonathon (2005). Agent of the Gentle Empire with New Technology. New York, NY: iUniverse. ISBN 978-0-595-34719-3.
• Barry, Kathleen M. (2006). "Timeline of Flight Attendants' Fight Against Discrimination". Femininity in Flight. Towson, Maryland. Archived from the original on 2016-08-26. Retrieved 2016-12-10.
• Becraft, Carolyn (1990). "Facts About Women in the Military, 1980–1990". Feminism. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Carnegie Mellon University Women's Center. Archived from the original on 2016-05-11. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
• Bednarek, Janet R. Daly; Bednarek, Michael H. (2003). Dreams of Flight: General Aviation in the United States. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1-58544-257-7.
• Berghaus, Günter (2009). Futurism and the Technological Imagination. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-2747-3.
• Best, Liz (n.d.). "Patricia Malone helps airline pilots get you there" (PDF). unnamed newspaper clipping. p. 49. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
• Beton Delègue, Elisabeth (June 20, 2011). "Discurso de la Embajadora (Condecoración de Margot Duhalde)" [Address by the Ambassador (Decorating Margot Duhalde)]. Amba France (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Embajada de Francia en Santiago de Chile. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
• Bird, Marjorie Egerton; Botes, Molly (June 1982). "Flying High: The Story of the Women's Auxiliary Air Force 1939–1945". Military History Journal. 5 (5). Kengray, Johannesburg, South Africa: The South African Military History Society. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
• Boudreau, John; Nguyen, Giang (April 3, 2016). "Travel Boom Forces Asia's Airlines to Seek More Women Pilots". Bloomberg Businessweek. New York City, New York. Archived from the original on 2016-12-29. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
• Bouraia, Marina (May–June 2002). "Galina Gavrilovna Korchuganova" (PDF). International Women Pilots Magazine. Vol. 30, no. 3. pp. 20–21.
• Brady, Tim (2000). The American aviation experience: a history. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0-8093-2325-7. OCLC 43050136.
• Branson, Richard (2010). Reach for the Skies: Ballooning, Birdmen, and Blasting Into Space. New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 978-1-61723-003-5.
• Bridges, Donna; Neal-Smith, Jane (2014). Absent Aviators: Gender Issues in Aviation. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-3338-1.
• Brown, Ruth (Autumn 1995). "Racism and immigration in Britain". International Socialism Journal (68). London, England: Socialist Workers Party. ISSN 1754-4653. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
• Brown, Sterling (1997). First lady of the air: the Harriet Quimby story (1st ed.). Greensboro, NC: Tudor Publishers. ISBN 0-936389-49-4. OCLC 37201345.
• Brownlee, John (December 5, 2013). "What It Was Really Like To Fly During The Golden Age Of Travel". Fast Company Design. New York, New York. Archived from the original on 2016-05-13. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
• Chapman, Stephen J.; Benis, Nicole (November 2017). "Ceteris non paribus: The intersectionality of gender, race, and region in the gender wage gap". Women's Studies International Forum. 65: 78–86. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2017.10.001.
• Carsenat, Elian; Rossini, Elena (August 5, 2014). "Airline Pilots: how many women in The Airman Directory?". GenderGapGrader.com. Archived from the original on 2016-05-21. Retrieved 2014-08-05.
• Charlton, Linda (June 10, 1973). "Women Pilots". The New York Times. New York City, New York. Retrieved 2016-12-22.
• Cipalla, Rita (March 29, 1987). "Sky's No Limit". The Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. Smithsonian News Service. Archived from the original on 2016-11-30. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
• Cochrane, D.; Ramirez, P. (2016). "Helene Dutrieu". Air and Space Smithsonian Institution. Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
• Cochrane, D.; Ramirez, P. (2014). "Matilde Moisant". Air and Space Smithsonian Institution. Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
• Coetzee, Anchen (May 6, 2015). "Local female pilot leaves a lasting legacy". Barberton, Mpumalanga, South Africa: Barberton Times. Archived from the original on 2016-12-19. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
• Crellin, Evelyn (April 11, 2014). "Antonie Strassmann – German Movie Star, American Entrepreneur, Cosmopolitan Pilot". National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
• Crouch, Tom D. (2003). Wings: A History of Aviation from Kites to the Space Age. New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-05767-4.
• Dall'Acqua, Joyce (March 23, 1986). "Women Pilots Built Their Careers on Fear of Flying: Companies Hired Them to Prove Safety of Air Travel". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California.
  • "p. 1". Archived from the original on 2016-12-02. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  • "p. 2". Archived from the original on 2016-12-02. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
• Dean, Paul (February 2, 1986). "More and More Women Are Finding the Skies Friendly in the Air Force". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. pp. 1–4. Archived from the original on 2016-12-26. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
• Deedes, W F (January 3, 2001). "Mama Daktari's high-flying life of adventure". The Daily Telegraph. London, England. Archived from the original on 2016-10-10. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
• Douglas, Deborah G. (2004). American Women and Flight Since 1940. The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-9073-8.
• Douglas, Deborah G. (2010). "Nancy Batson Crews: Alabama's First Lady of Flight (review)". Alabama Review. 63 (4): 298–299. doi:10.1353/ala.2010.0026. ISSN 2166-9961. S2CID 162380273.
• Dumoulin, Alphonse; Feuillen, Robert (2005). "Hélène Dutrieu, première aviatrice belge, pionnière de l'aviation féminine, membre d'honneur à titre posthume de la Société royale" [Hélène Dutrieu, first Belgian aviator, pioneer of women's aviation, posthumous honorary member of the Royal Society]. Vieilles Tiges de l'Aviation belge (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Société royale des Pionniers et Anciens de l'Aviation belge. Archived from the original on 2016-06-25. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
• Farney, Dennis (2010). The Barnstormer and the Lady. Kansas City, Missouri: Rockhill Books. ISBN 978-1-935362-69-2.
• Ferraro, Jordan (2008). "Lee Ya-Ching Papers". SOVA Smithsonian Institutions. Chantilly, Virginia: National Air and Space Museum Archives Division. Archived from the original on 2016-12-18. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
• Folstad, Hartley (2012). "Wingwalking History". Silver Wings Wingwalking. Homestead, Florida. Archived from the original on 2016-04-21. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
• Gabrielli, Betty (December 15, 2003). "The Wright Stuff". Oberlin Online. Oberlin, Ohio: Oberlin College. Archived from the original on 2016-07-29. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
• Ganson, Barbara (February 21, 2015). "U.S. Women of Military Aviation History Since World War I". Women of Aviation Week. Vancouver, Canada: Institute for Women Of Aviation Worldwide. Archived from the original on 2016-12-26. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
• Gant, Kelli (June 2001). "Women in Aviation" (PDF). Flight Attendant News: 11–12.
• Garber, Megan (July 15, 2013). "Night Witches: The Female Fighter Pilots of World War II". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2016-06-23. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
• Garwood, Barbara (2014). "Women Military Aviators Digital Archive". Gateway to Women's History. Texas Woman's University. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
• Gaucher, Danielle; Friesen, Justin; Kay, Aaron C. (2011). "Evidence that gendered wording in job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 101 (1): 109–128. doi:10.1037/a0022530. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 21381851. S2CID 1634922.
• Getline, Meryl (March 1, 2005). "Becoming a female pilot: then and now". USA Today. McLean, Virginia. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2012-05-18.
• Gibson, Karen Bush (2013). Women Aviators: 26 Stories of Pioneer Flights, Daring Missions and Record-Setting Journeys. Chicago, Illinois: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-61374-540-3.
• Gollob, Beth (May 10, 2005). "Korean aviator honored Kyung Kim was the first female military flier in her native country". Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: NewsOK. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
• Gordon, Yefim (2001). Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15: the Soviet Union's long-lived Korean War fighter. Hinckley: Aerofax. ISBN 1-85780-105-9.
• Gough-Cooper, Caroline (July 17, 2013). "Celebrating 100 Years of British Women Pilots". British Women Pilots' Association. Maidenhead, Berkshire, England. Archived from the original on 2016-12-26. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
• Goyer, Mireille (2012). "Five decades of female pilots statistics in the United States. How did we do?". Women of Aviation Week. Vancouver, Canada: Institute for Women Of Aviation Worldwide. Archived from the original on 2016-05-06. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
• Grainger, Sharmain (March 31, 2013). "Paving the way for women pilots, Cheryl Moore is a 'Special Person'". Georgetown, Guyana: Kaieteur News. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-12-27.
• Grant, Alistair (2009). "Hilda Beatrice Hewlett". The Elmbridge Hundred. Elmbridge, England: Elmbridge Borough Council. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
• Grant, Chloe (October 11, 2011). "Women Can Stem The Braindrain Crisis". Aviation & Allied Business Journal. Lagos, Nigeria: Landover Company Limited. Archived from the original on 2016-12-26. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
• Грибанов (Gribanov), Станислав (Stanislav) (2013). Пилоты Его Величества (in Russian). Moscow, Russia: Центрполиграф. ISBN 978-5-457-02911-8.
• Habib, Nader (October 23, 2014). "Once upon a time—She wanted to be free". Al-Ahram Weekly. No. 1218. Cairo, Egypt. Archived from the original on 2016-12-16. Retrieved 2016-12-17.
• Handy, Bruce (May 28, 2014). "Glamour With Altitude". Vanity Fair. New York City, New York. Archived from the original on 2016-05-02. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
• Hansen, Janet S.; Oster, Jr., Clinton V. (1997). Taking Flight: Education and Training for Aviation Careers. Washington, DC: National Academies. p. 117. ISBN 9780309056762. NAP:15655.
• Härkönen, Juho; Manzoni, Anna; Bihagen, Erik (September 2016). "Gender inequalities in occupational prestige across the working life: An analysis of the careers of West Germans and Swedes born from the 1920s to the 1970s". Advances in Life Course Research. 29: 41–51. doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2016.01.001.
• Hartmann, Gérard (September 2, 2015). "Jane Herveu, le risque pour compagnie" [Jane Herveu, Risk for Company] (PDF). Hydroretro (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-02. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
• Heilman, Madeline E. (January 2001). "Description and Prescription: How Gender Stereotypes Prevent Women's Ascent Up the Organizational Ladder". Journal of Social Issues. 57 (4): 657–674. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00234. ISSN 0022-4537. S2CID 144504496.
• Ho, Rodney (February 12, 1995). "Black Woman Pilot A Role Model". The Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. Archived from the original on 2015-10-24. Retrieved 2016-12-23.
• Holden, Henry M. (2001). "Helen Richey: First Female Airline Pilot". Women In Aviation Resource Center. New Jersey: Black Hawk Publishing. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
• Hollander, Lu; Jessen, Gene Nora; West, Verna, eds. (1996). The Ninety-Nines: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow. Paducah, Kentucky: Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-56311-203-4.
• Holmes, Richard (2013). Falling Upwards: How We Took to the Air. New York, New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-90870-4.
• Horton, Phyllis R., ed. (February 2000). "M'Lis Ward: First Black Female Captain in Commercial Aviation". Ebony. Vol. 55, no. 4. Chicago, Illinois. p. 14. ISSN 0012-9011. Retrieved 2016-12-23.
• Hughes, Zondra (January 2000). "M'Lis Ward: First Black Female Captain in Commercial Aviation". Ebony. Vol. 55, no. 3. Chicago, Illinois. pp. 120–124. ISSN 0012-9011. Retrieved 2016-12-23.
• Humayan, Hira; Sealy, Amanda; Parke, Phoebe (August 23, 2016). "South Africa's first black female pilot is helping other African women take off". CNN. Atlanta, Georgia. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
• 황 (Hwang), 유진 (Youjin) (July 25, 2013). "'민간항공의 어머니' 김경오" ['Civil Aviation's Mother' Kim Kyung-oh]. The Korea Herald (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2016-12-19. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
• Jackson, Robert (2003). Air aces of World War II (1st ed.). Wiltshire, England: Airlife. ISBN 1-84037-412-8.
• Ison, David (2010). "The Future of Women in Aviation: Trends in Participation in Postsecondary Aviation Education". Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research. 19 (3): 27–40. doi:10.15394/jaaer.2010.1368.
• チャン・ジニョン (Jang Jin Young) (October 16, 2005). "映画『青燕』、韓国初の女性飛行士めぐり論争" [Movie 'Blue Swallow' and the debate about Korea's first female aviator]. Chosun Online (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-05-22.
• Jessen, Gene Nora (1999). "1929 Air Race". 99 News Magazine. No. Special. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: The Ninety-Nines: International Organization of Women Pilots. Archived from the original on 2016-11-16. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
• Jessen, Gene Nora (2002). Powder Puff Derby of 1929. Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks, Inc. p. 301. ISBN 978-1-4022-2972-5.
• Judge, Joan (2015). "The Fate of the Late Imperial "Talented Woman": Gender and Historical Change in Early-Twentieth-Century China". In Bossler, Beverly Jo (ed.). Gender and Chinese History: Transformative Encounters. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. pp. 139–160. ISBN 978-0-295-80601-3.
• Judge, Joan (2012). "Portraits of Republican Ladies: Materiality and Representation in Early Twentieth Century Chinese Photographs". In Henriot, Christian; Yeh, Wen-hsin (eds.). Visualising China, 1845–1965: Moving and Still Images in Historical Narratives. Leiden, the Netherlands: BRILL. pp. 131–170. ISBN 978-90-04-23375-1.
• Kerr, Leslie (2016). Harriet Quimby: flying fair lady. Atglen, PA. ISBN 978-0-7643-5067-2. OCLC 927401943.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Kirkland, Richard C. (2013). Tales of a Helicopter Pilot. History of Aviation. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 978-1-58834-413-7.
• Klugman, Jeni; Hanmer, Lucia; Twigg, Sarah; Hasan, Tazeen; McCleary-Sills, Jennifer; Santamaria, Julieth (2014). Voice and Agency: Empowering Women and Girls for Shared Prosperity (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: World Bank Group. hdl:10986/19036. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
  • Review: "Voice and Agency: Empowering Women and Girls for Shared Prosperity" (PDF). Choice Reviews Online. 52 (8): 4325. April 1, 2015. doi:10.5860/CHOICE.189123. ISSN 0009-4978.
• Knox, Annie (May 4, 2013). "50 years later, pilot looks back on record journey". Salt Lake City, Utah: KSL Broadcasting. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
• Kochkina, Svetlana (April 17, 2015). "New Exhibit: Annie MacDonald Langstaff". McGill University Library. Montreal, Canada: Nahum Gelber Law Library. Archived from the original on 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
• Kulkarni, Jayant (November 25, 2009). "Remember Sarla Thakral's maiden flight of fancy". Daily News and Analysis. Mumbai, India. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
• Lam, Dave (November 14, 2004). "Bozena Laglerova". Early Aviators. The Early Birds of Aviation, Inc. Archived from the original on 2012-09-27. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
• Lanza, Maurizio (2013). "Rosina Ferrorio: Primo donne ovioirice in Italia" [Rosina Ferrorio: First woman aviatrix in Italy] (PDF). Rivista Aeronautica (in Italian). 110 (1). Rome, Italy: Ministero Della Difesa: 110–115. ISSN 0391-6162. Archived from the original on 2016-12-02. Retrieved 2016-12-02.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
• Latson, Jennifer (May 15, 2015). "Hired for Their Looks, Promoted For Their Heroism: The First Flight Attendants". Time. New York City, New York. Archived from the original on 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
• Lavalle, Cecilia (July 20, 2016). "¿Es tan difícil?" [Is it so difficult?] (in Spanish). Tijuana, Mexico: Ciudad Tijuana. Archived from the original on 2016-08-07. Retrieved 2016-12-31.
• Lebow, Eileen F. (2002). Before Amelia: Women Pilots in the Early Days of Aviation. Washington, DC: Potomac Books, Inc. ISBN 978-1-57488-482-1.
• Lee, Bae-yong (2008). Women in Korean History. Seoul, Korea: Ewha Womans University Press. ISBN 978-89-7300-772-1.
• Lehmkuhl, Anne (September 1, 2008). "A Tribute To An Aviation Pioneer". Bygones and Byways. South Africa. Archived from the original on 2016-12-19. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
• March, William (January 5, 2016). "RCAF (Women's Division)". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Alberta, Canada: Historica Canada. Archived from the original on 2016-05-10. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
• Marcu, George (2009). "Elena Caragiani-Stoenescu". Enciclopedia României (in Romanian). București, Romania: Editura Meronia. Archived from the original on 2016-05-16. Retrieved 2016-12-03 – via Dicţionarul personalităţilor feminine din România.
• Marcus, Bonnie (October 29, 2014). "Women In Aerospace: Challenges And Opportunities". Forbes. Jersey City, New Jersey. Archived from the original on 2016-12-22. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
• Martin, Douglas (July 14, 2013). "Nadezhda Popova, WWII 'Night Witch,' Dies at 91". The New York Times. New York City, New York. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
• Martin, Hugo (August 21, 1993). "Women Pioneers of Aviation to Be Saluted at Airport Expo". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
• Markwick, Roger D.; Cardona, Euridice Charon (2012). Soviet Women on the Frontline in the Second World War. New York, New York: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-36254-3.
• McKenzie, Nigel (June 9, 2013). "Pilot, analyst and administrator, Beverley Drake, is a 'Special Person'". Georgetown, Guyana: Kaieteur News. Archived from the original on 2013-12-27. Retrieved 2016-12-22.
• McLean, Jacqueline (2001). Modern Women in Aviation. Ipswich, Massachusetts: MasterFILE Premier. ISBN 978-1-881508-70-0 – via EBSCOhost.
• McLoone, Margo (2000). Women explorers of the air: Harriet Quimby, Bessie Coleman, Amelia Earhart, Beryl Markham, Jacqueline Cochran. Consultant: Jacquelyn L. Beyer. Mankato, MN: Capstone Books. ISBN 0-7368-0310-6. OCLC 40869714.
• Merry, Lois K. (2010). Women Military Pilots of World War II: A History with Biographies of American, British, Russian and German Aviators. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-5768-7.
• Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (1998). India: A Reference Annual. New Delhi, India: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. ISBN 978-81-230-0637-6.
• Molotsky, Irvin (November 12, 1985). "Pioneers: Women Who Led the Way in Aviation". The New York Times. New York City, New York. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
• Monroe, Dawn E. (2004). "Famous Canadian Women's Famous Firsts". Famous Canadian Women. Archived from the original on 2016-04-02. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
• Moreau, Ron; Yousafzai, Sami (August 13, 2013). "Afghanistan's Amelia Earhart". The Daily Beast. New York, New York. Archived from the original on 2016-12-22. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
• Morris, Hugh (February 5, 2016). "Why are there so few female pilots?". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
• 中村 (Nakamura), 英利子 (Yuko) (2000). 兵頭精、空を飛びます!: 日本人初の女性パイロットの物語 [Hyōdō Tadashi, I will fly in the sky!: The story of Japan's first female pilot] (in Japanese). Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan: アトラス出版. ISBN 978-4-901108-10-2.
• Neal-Smith, Sarah; Cockburn, Tom (February 13, 2009). "Cultural sexism in the UK airline industry". Gender in Management. 24 (1): 32–45. doi:10.1108/17542410910930734. ISSN 1754-2413.
• Noggle, Anne (2001). A Dance With Death: Soviet Airwomen in World War II. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-58544-177-8.
• OECD (2015). "Gender Equality: Gender equality in education (Edition 2015)". OECDiLibrary. doi:10.1787/1e7b8a7a-en. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
• Okwera, Oyet (June 13, 2012). "Mpagi: Uganda's first woman military pilot". New Vision. Kampala, Uganda. Archived from the original on 2016-05-10. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
• Olsen, Patricia R. (November 12, 2016). "Putting Together the Engines That Help Big Birds Take Wing". The New York Times. New York City, New York. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
• Otieno, Lynet (November 25, 2013). "Africa's aviation industry lagging behind". The Standard. Nairobi, Kenya. Archived from the original on 2014-02-04. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
• Parker, Gillian (April 2016). "The Canadian Women in Aviation Conference: Outdated or Essential?". Air Force Magazine. Vol. 39, no. 4. pp. 24–27 – via EBSCOhost.
• Parrack, Keely (March 7, 2006). "For pilots, the sky's the limit". The Christian Science Monitor. Boston, Massachusetts. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
• Parvazian, Somayeh; Gill, Judith; Chiera, Belinda (April 2017). "Higher Education, Women, and Sociocultural Change: A Closer Look at the Statistics". SAGE Open. 7 (2): 215824401770023. doi:10.1177/2158244017700230. ISSN 2158-2440.
• Pidduck, Angela (January 29, 2006). "TT's first female pilot". Port of Spain, Trinidad: Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. Archived from the original on 2016-02-14. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
• Poole, Dan (May 8, 2008). "All things being unequal: Women in aerospace". The Independent. London, England. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
• Pringle, Gertrude E. S. (July 1, 1922). "The Girl Who Goes to Business". Maclean's. Vol. 35, no. 13. Toronto, Canada. p. 62. ISSN 0024-9262. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
• Ramachandran, Smriti Kak (February 5, 2006). "Flying colours & ground reality". The Tribune. Chandigarh, India. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
• Reis, Ricardo (October 1, 2013). "The flying Brazilian". Up Magazine. Lisbon, Portugal: TAP Portugal. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
• Remington, Steve (2006). "Miss Todd's Aeroplane". Early Aviators. The Early Birds of Aviation, Inc. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
• Rickman, Sarah Byrn (2009). Nancy Batson Crews: Alabama's first lady of flight. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-8293-3. OCLC 772459214.
• Roberts, Chelle (February 25, 2015). "Women in Black History With a Passion for Travel". Brown Girls Fly. Archived from the original on 2016-05-08. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
• Rodrigues, Luiz Eduardo Miranda José; de Lima, Cristiane Correia (2009). "Mulheres Aviadoras, o Pioneirismo de Ada Rogato e Seus Feitos Históricos na Aviação Brasileira" [Women Aviators, the Pioneering Ada Rogato and Her Historical Mark on Brazilian Aviation] (PDF). Revista Eletrônica AeroDesign (in Portuguese). 1 (1). São Paulo, Brazil: Instituto Federal de Educação. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
• Ruiz, Vicki L.; Korrol, Virginia Sánchez (2006). Latinas in the United States, set: A Historical Encyclopedia. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-11169-2.
• Ryan, Michelle K.; Branscombe, Nyla R. (September 4, 2013). The SAGE handbook of gender and psychology. Los Angeles. ISBN 978-1-4462-8714-9. OCLC 858946599.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Saathoff, Corey (February 20, 2013). "Valmeyer native in rarefied air as pilot". Waterloo, Iowa: The Republic-Times. Archived from the original on 2013-05-22. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
• Sara, Sally (June 28, 2013). "Meet Latifa Nabizada, Afghanistan's First Woman Military Helicopter Pilot". Mama Asia. Sydney, Australia: ABC. Archived from the original on 2016-12-28. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
• Salt, Beryl (2015). A Pride of Eagles: A History of the Rhodesian Air Force (2nd ed.). Solihull, England: Helion and Company. ISBN 978-1-908916-26-6.
• Schmitt, Eric (August 1, 1991). "Senate Votes to Remove Ban On Women as Combat Pilots". The New York Times. New York City, New York. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
• Shah, Bina (June 8, 2015). "How High Can Pakistan's Air Force Women Fly?". The New York Times. New York City, New York. Archived from the original on 2015-06-12. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
• Sharp, Tim (June 14, 2013). "Valentina Tereshkova: First Woman in Space". Space. New York City, New York: Purch Group. Archived from the original on 2016-11-11. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
• Shaw, Charles Scott (June 1976). "Was Captain Rosamund Everard-Steenkamp the first woman in the world to fly a jet?". Military History Journal. 3 (5). Kengray, Johannesburg, South Africa: The South African Military History Society. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
• Sherman, Janann (March 29, 2008). "Aviation pioneer Phoebe Fairgrave Omlie". Woman Pilot Magazine. Chicago, Illinois. Archived from the original on 2016-11-12. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
• Shetterly, Margot Lee (2016). Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race. New York, New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-236361-9.
• Sinclair, Michele (2012). A Woman Made For Pleasure. New York City, New York: Zebra Books. ISBN 978-1-4201-2854-3.
• Sinha, Saurabh (November 24, 2014). "Indian Women Pilots Soar Past Global Average". Times of India. Mumbai, India. Archived from the original on 2015-07-13. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
• Sissons, Crystal (December 18, 2007). "Elsie MacGill". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Alberta, Canada: Historica Canada. Archived from the original on 2016-12-16. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
• Skogen, Jenny (2014). Yes She Did!: Aerospace. La Jolla, California: Scobre Educational. ISBN 978-1-62920-327-0.
• Smalling, Joan (September 3, 1990). "Five Women Who Fly". Flair Magazine. Kingston, Jamaica. p. 50. Retrieved 2016-12-17 – via Newspaperarchive.com.
• Smith, Jessie Carney; Bracks, Lean'tin; Wynn, Linda T. (2015). The Complete Encyclopedia of African American History. Canton, Michigan: Visible Ink Press. ISBN 978-1-57859-583-9.
• Sofroniou, Andreas (2013). Technology, A Study of Mechanical Arts and Applied Sciences. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-291-58550-6.
• Strassmann, W. Paul (2008). The Strassmanns: Science, Politics and Migration in Turbulent Times (1793–1993). New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781845454166.
• Strebe, Amy Goodpaster (2007). Flying for Her Country: The American and Soviet Women Military Pilots of World War II. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-99434-1.
• Swopes, Brian R. (2015). "2 September 1977: Class 77-08". Women in Aerospace History. Archived from the original on 2016-12-28. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
• Tinoco, J.K.; Rivera, G. (February 13, 2017). "Absent Aviators: Gender Issues in Aviation". Equality, Diversity and Inclusion. 36 (1): 105–107. doi:10.1108/EDI-05-2015-0036. ISSN 2040-7149. Book reviewd: Donna Bridges; Jane Neal-Smith; Albert J. Mills, eds. (2014). Absent Aviators: Gender Issues in Aviation. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978 1 4724 3338 1 (hbk) ISBN 978 1 4724 3339 8 (ebk-PDF) ISBN 978 1 4724 3340 4 (ebk-ePUB).
• Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2016). World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851099696.
• Turner, Denice (2011). Writing the Heavenly Frontier: Metaphor, Geography, and Flight Autobiography in America 1927–1954. Costerus New Series 187. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-3297-2.
• Twea, Brenda (March 29, 2016). "Flying the Malawi Flag High". The Nation. Blantyre, Malawi. Archived from the original on 2016-04-10. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
• Wallace, Kimberley (October 16, 2015). "The First Female Captain". Port of Spain, Trinidad: Daily Express. Archived from the original on 2016-02-08. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
• Walsh, William (1913). A Handy Book of Curious Information. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. B. Lippincott Company. OCLC 81150560.
• Wampler, Rollin H. (October 1932). "Famous Parachute Jumps". Flying. p. 223.
• Wang, Yexing (July 17, 2010). "First female captain no quitter". Minato, Tokyo, Japan: Kyodo News. Archived from the original on 2010-07-20 – via Japan Times.
• Weatherford, Doris (2009). American Women during World War II: An Encyclopedia (1st ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203870662. ISBN 978-0-203-87066-2.
• Weitekamp, Margaret A. (2004). Right stuff, wrong sex: America's first women in space program. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-7994-9. OCLC 55124275.
• Weitekamp, Margaret A. (August 3, 2004a). "First Lady Astronaut Trainees". History NASA. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 2015-04-29. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
• Weitekamp, Margaret A. (2005). Right Stuff, Wrong Sex: America's First Women in Space Program. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8394-1.
• Welshimer, Helen (April 26, 1930). "Flying Husbands and Wives". The News-Palladium. Benton-Harbor, Michigan. Retrieved 2016-12-01 – via Newspapers.com.
• West, Jacqueline, ed. (2001). South America, Central America and the Caribbean 2002 (10th ed.). London, England: Europa Publications. ISBN 978-1-85743-121-6.
• Williams, Cobretti D. (May 2019). "The personal is apolitical: Neoliberalism and academic capitalism in U.S. women's studies programs". Women's Studies International Forum. 74: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2019.03.003. S2CID 151289740.
• 杨 (Yang), 理锐 (Li Rui); 吴 (Wu), 文娟 (Wenjuan) (March 9, 2006). ""韩国空军祖母"是我师姐" ["Grandma of the Korean Air Force" was my oldest sister's apprentice] (in Chinese). Kunming, China: 昆明新聞 (Kunming News). Archived from the original on 2008-05-13. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
• 影 (Ying), 苏 (Su) (April 13, 2012). "中国首位女飞行员是广东美女：与胡蝶周璇并称七姐妹" [Guangdong, China's first female pilots are beauties: the butterfly, Zhou Xuan, and those called the seven sisters] (in Chinese). Guangzhou, Guangdong, China: 羊城晚报 (Yangcheng Evening News). Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 2013-09-25. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
• Zakharov, Vladimir Petrovich (1988). "Из племени крылатых". Первый военный аэродром (The first military airfield) [Of the Winged Tribe] (in Russian). Moskva: Voen. izd-vo. pp. 37–49. ISBN 5-203-00540-0. Archived from the original on 2016-12-02.
• "19 Year old Woman becomes Africa's Youngest Pilot". MiCampus Magazine. July 16, 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
• "100 Most Influential Women in the Aviation and Aerospace Industry". Women in Aviation International. West Alexandria, Ohio. December 17, 2003. Archived from the original on 2016-11-30. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
• "1910 to 1920—Early Flying in South Africa". SAPFA. Cape Town, South Africa: South African Power Flying Association. 2010. Archived from the original on 2016-04-10. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
• "1970s: Turi Widerøe takes the world by storm". Scandinavian Traveler. Solna, Sweden. June 24, 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-12-23. Retrieved 2016-12-22.
• "1979—Jamaica's First Female Commercial Jet Airline Pilot". The Jamaica Observer. Kingston, Jamaica. March 21, 2010. Archived from the original on 2015-12-24. Retrieved 2016-12-17.
• "2010 U.S. Civil Airmen Statistics". Washington, DC: Federal Aviation Administration. May 2, 2010. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2012-05-11.
• "Air Travel and Segregation". Air and Space. Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. 2007. Archived from the original on 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
• "The American Girl Who All Europe is Watching". The World Magazine. West Milton, Ohio. April 11, 1909. Archived from the original on 2016-04-29. Retrieved 2016-11-29 – via Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company.
• "AOPA China Honors Julie Wang (Wang Zheng), First Chinese Person to Fly Solo Around-the-World, at AirShow China 2016". Yahoo! News. Sunnyvale, California. Business Wire. December 1, 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-12-26. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
• "Aviation Chronology". Winged Victory – Women in Aviation Web Magazine. 2006. Archived from the original on 2011-09-08. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
• "Aviation Professional Organizations". Florida Department of Transportation. Tallahassee, Florida. 1996. Archived from the original on 2016-12-29. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
• "Awards: The History of the Godfrey L. Cabot Award Recipients". ACONE. Boston, Massachusetts: Aero Club of New England. 2011. Archived from the original on 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
• "Bi-plane pilot in Amy Johnson UK to Australia flight". London, England: BBC. October 1, 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-07-30. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
• "Captain Chinyere O. Kalu: Nigeria's first female pilot". Lagos, Nigeria: The National Mirror. January 24, 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-08-13. Retrieved 2016-12-19.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
• "China's Female J-10 Fighter Pilots". Military.com. Weston, Massachusetts: Monster Worldwide. August 16, 2012. Archived from the original on 2016-05-30.
• "中国首位环飞女飞行员王争：华人女首飞书写航空传奇" [China's first female pilot Wang Zheng: Chinese women's first flight to write aviation legend]. 新浪旅游 (Sina Travel) (in Chinese). Beijing, China: Sina Corp. December 5, 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-12-26. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
• "Coleman, Bessie". National Aviation Organization. Dayton, Ohio: The National Aviation Hall of Fame. 2006. Archived from the original on 2016-11-30. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
• "Dorothy Rungeling fonds RG 517". Digital Repository. St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada: Brock University. 2006. Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
• "Ethiopian Airlines Appoints First Female Captain". Tadias Magazine. New York, New York. October 15, 2010. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
• "Federation of European Women Pilots (FEWP) Annual Congress" (PDF). British Women Pilots' Association Newsletter. No. 99. Weybridge, Surrey, England: British Women Pilots' Association. Summer 2011. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-09. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
• "Female pioneer pilot impressed with transformation of local aviation industry". Guyana Chronicle. Georgetown, Guyana. November 16, 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-12-18. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
• "Femme Pilote, Une Evolution Naturelle" [A Woman Pilot, a Natural Evolution]. La Libre (in French). Brussels, Belgium. August 16, 2003. Archived from the original on 2016-02-08. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
• "First Female Air Ambulance Pioneer—Marie Marvingt". Houston, Texas: Air Ambulance International. October 15, 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
• "First Ladies of Aviation Seek More Safety". The Index-Journal. Greenwood, South Carolina. August 31, 1974. Retrieved 2016-12-01 – via Newspapers.com.
• "The First Women Controllers" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation. n.d.
• "Florence Lowe Barnes—USA". Centennial of Women Pilots. Vancouver, Canada: Institute for Women Of Aviation Worldwide. July 25, 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-03-25. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
• "Flying the flag for Somali peace". London, England: BBC. October 7, 2004. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
• "From fighter pilot to courageous mother: the story of Caroline Aigle". Denver, Colorado: Catholic News Agency. September 26, 2007. Archived from the original on 2016-12-22. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
• "Girl's Nerve Unshaken by Tinney Death". The Detroit Free Press. Detroit, Michigan. September 7, 1920. Retrieved 2016-12-01 – via Newspapers.com.
• "Head in the Clouds, Feet on the Ground Seychelles Women Who Excel". Kreol Magazine. London, England: Rila Publications Ltd. October 2, 2011. Archived from the original on 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
• "Hemisphere Hopper from Rio Reaches Ottawa". The Ottawa Journal. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. August 27, 1951. Retrieved 2016-12-16 – via Newspapers.com.
• "Highlights of Louise Sacchi's Aviation History". Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: The Ninety Nines. n.d. Archived from the original on 2008-05-14.
• "History and Milestone". Philippine Airlines. Pasay, Philippines. 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-03-31. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
• "The History of Somali Aviation Resource Center". Somavires. Mogadishu, Somalia: Somali Aviation Resource Center. 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-04-11. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
• "How Much the Wright Brothers Owe to Their Sister Katherine". The Oregon Daily Journal. Portland, Oregon. June 6, 1909. Retrieved 2016-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.
• "IndiGo Airlines Passenger Refuses To Fly With Female Pilot". The Huffington Post. February 25, 2011. Archived from the original on 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
• "In the Lufthansa cockpit 25 years on". Lufthansa. Cologne, Germany: Lufthansa Group. August 22, 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-09-29. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
• "Katherine Wright". Wright Brothers Organization. West Milton, Ohio: Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company. 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-04-29. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
• "Koh Chai Hong". Singapore Women's Hall of Fame. Singapore: Singapore Council of Women's Organisations. 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
• "Latifa Nabizada—Afghanistan's First Woman of the Skies". BBC News Magazine. London, England. June 19, 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
• "L'Hommage Historique de Tunisair aux Femmes" [Tunisair's Historic Tribute to Women]. Office de l'Aviation Civile et des Aeroports (in French). Tunis, Tunisia: République Tunisienne Ministère du Transport. August 15, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-08-30. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
• "식민지 조선의 여자비행사로 산다는 것" [Living as a female aviator in colonial Korea] (in Korean). Seoul, Korea: 오마이뉴스 (OhmyNews). April 1, 2004. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
• "Marga von Etzdorf—Germany". Centennial of Women Pilots. Vancouver, Canada: Institute for Women Of Aviation Worldwide. July 25, 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
• "Marie Marvingt: Air Ambulance Pioneer". Houston, Texas: Air Ambulance International. n.d. Archived from the original on 2016-12-05. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
• "Marina Mikhailovna Raskova—Russia". Centennial of Women Pilots. Vancouver, Canada: Institute for Women Of Aviation Worldwide. July 25, 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-12-14. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
• "Meet Pakistan's first female fighter pilot". Ynetnews. Tel Aviv, Israel. Reuters. June 19, 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
• "Miss Phoebe Fairgrave". Brainard, Minnesota: The Brainerd Daily Dispatch. September 7, 1921. Retrieved 2016-12-01 – via Newspapers.com.
• "Mrs. A. Langstaff Had Captain H. D. Wilshire as Her Passenger". The Gazette. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. December 26, 1921. p. 3. Retrieved 2019-09-25 – via Newspapers.com.
• "Nancy Bird-Walton, O.B.E (1915–2009)". Aviation Pioneers: An Anthology. Monash University (CTIE). May 26, 2009. Archived from the original on 2016-08-03. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
• "Navy Honors". Logbook. Flying. Vol. 119, no. 4. April 1992. pp. 34–35. ISSN 0015-4806. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
• "On This Day: First U.S. Female to Earn Pilot's License". Air and Space Smithsonian Institution. Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. August 1, 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-11-30. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
• "Pilot Stories: Ruth Law". Postal Museum. Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Postal Museum. 2004a. Archived from the original on 2016-07-21. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
• "Pilot Stories: The Stinsons". Postal Museum. Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Postal Museum. 2004b. Archived from the original on 2016-07-21. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
• "Profile for Captain Chipo M. Matimba". Girls High School. Harare, Zimbabwe: Girls High School, Harare. 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
• "Review: 'Come Fly with Me'". Variety. Los Angeles, California. December 31, 1962. Archived from the original on 2016-06-10. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
• "SAWIA Profiles & Celebrates Pioneering Women in Aviation & Aerospace from the African Continent". Pretoria, South Africa: Southern African Women in Aviation and Aerospace. July 30, 2012. p. 5. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
• "Sister Who Glories in Wrights' Air Triumphs". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, Missouri. March 22, 1909. Retrieved 2016-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.
• "Suzanne Melk (1908–1951)". Aviation Pioneers: An Anthology. Monash University (CTIE). August 4, 2002. Archived from the original on 2020-01-08. Retrieved 2020-02-07.
• "Those Whirly-Girls". The AOPA Pilot. 5. Frederick, Maryland: Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association: 70–72. 1962.
• "Time Line: Women in the U.S. Military" (PDF). History.org. Williamsburg, Virginia: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-10.
• "Tiny Broadwick". Parachute History. 2001. Archived from the original on 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
• "To Be Near Brother Katherine Wright is Making Home Near Hospital". Harrisburg Daily Independent. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. September 19, 1908. Retrieved 2016-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.
• "Trio Of Female Captains Make History". Nassau, The Bahamas: Tribune 242. May 23, 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2016-12-23.
• "Two Malawi female pilots: Steady take-off". San Francisco, California: Nyasa Times. March 10, 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-07-19. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
• "WAI Seeks Nominees for Hall of Fame". Flying. Vol. 127, no. 9. September 2000. p. 44. ISSN 0015-4806. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
• "Wake up Call: The Decade After: Nov 1905 to Oct 1909". Wright Brothers Organization. West Milton, Ohio: Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company. 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-11-18. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
• "Why don't women run airlines? Part 1: 94% of airlines are led by men". Centre for Aviation. Sydney, Australia: Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA). April 10, 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-12-29. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
• "Woman Aviator Known as "Tomboy of the Air"". The Pittsburg Daily Headlight. Pittsburg, Kansas. October 19, 1912. Retrieved 2016-12-01 – via Newspapers.com.
• "Woman IAF flying cadet killed in trainer crash". The Indian Express. Noida, India. May 13, 2008. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
• "A Woman Inventor Who Plans – And Expects – To Fly" (PDF). The New York Times. November 28, 1909. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
• "Women Airforce Service Pilots Digital Archive". Gateway to Women's History. Denton, Texas: Texas Women's University. 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
• "Women at the Forefront". San Diego Air & Space Museum. San Diego, California. n.d. Archived from the original on 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2016-12-23.
• "Women in Aviation and Space History". Smithsonian Air and Space Museum. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-10-11. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
• "Women in Aviation Annual Meeting". Flying. Vol. 124, no. 6. June 1997. p. 35. ISSN 0015-4806. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
• "Women in Aviation Conference Sets Attendance Records". Flying. Vol. 123, no. 6. June 1996. p. 44. ISSN 0015-4806. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
• "Women in the Navy Timeline". Public Navy. Millington, Tennessee: Navy Personnel Command. October 13, 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-05-20. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
• "Women's Work". Flight Safety Australia. Woden, Australian Capital Territory, Australia: Civil Aviation Safety Authority. March 13, 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-03-19. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
• "Women World's Firsts". Centennial of Women Pilots. Vancouver, Canada: Institute for Women Of Aviation Worldwide. 2009. Archived from the original on 2016-10-17. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
• "The World's Only Female Aces". All About Military. January 6, 2010. Archived from the original on 2013-11-09. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
• "Zambia's First Female Non-Military Pilot". GlObserver. Beijing, China. January 14, 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-06-25. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
• "Zimbabwean woman, Sakhile Nyoni, appointed Air Botswana head". Bulawayo, Zimbabwe: Bulawayo 24. December 8, 2011. Archived from the original on 2015-05-07. Retrieved 2016-12-21.

Further reading

• Douglas, Deborah G. United States Women in Aviation, 1940–1985. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990. ISBN 0-16-004587-8
• Marck, Bernard. Women Aviators: From Amelia Earhart to Sally Ride, Making History in Air and Space. Paris: Flammarion, 2009. ISBN 978-2-08-030108-6
• O'Brien, Keith (2018). Fly Girls: How Five Daring Women Defied All Odds and Made Aviation History. Eamon Dolan/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-1328876645.
• Oakes, Claudia M. United States Women in Aviation Through World War I. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. OCLC 3608805
• Pennington, Reina, and John Erickson. Wings, Women, and War: Soviet Airwomen in World War II Combat. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001. ISBN 0-7006-1145-2
• Strebe, Amy Goodpaster. Flying for Her Country: The American and Soviet Women Military Pilots of World War II. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2009. ISBN 978-1-59797-266-6