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William Shaw (Illinois politician)

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William Shaw
Mayor of Dolton, Illinois
In office
1997 – November 26, 2008
Preceded byEdward Kipley Jr.
Succeeded byRonnie Lewis
Member of the Illinois Senate from the 15th district
In office
1993–2003
Preceded byRichard F. Kelly
Succeeded byJames Meeks
Member of the Illinois House of Representatives from the 34th district
In office
1983–1993
Preceded bydistrict created
Succeeded byNancy Kaszak (renumbered)[1]
Personal details
Born(1937-07-31)July 31, 1937
Fulton, Arkansas, U.S.
DiedNovember 26, 2008(2008-11-26) (aged 71)
Dolton, Illinois, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Children4
RelativesRobert Shaw (twin brother)

William "Bill" Shaw (July 31, 1937 – November 26, 2008) was an American politician. Shaw is noted as the first African American to serve as mayor of Dolton, Illinois from 1997 until his death in 2008. He also served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1983 through 1993 and the Illinois State Senate from 1993 through 2003.

For many years, Shaw and his twin brother Robert were dominant political "kingmakers" of Chicago's far South Side and southern suburbs. However, their influence dissipated greatly by the early 2000s, with Jesse Jackson Jr. largely beating them out to become the new kingmaker in what had been their territory. Both Shaw and his twin brother were controversial figures.[2][3]

Early life, education, and career

[edit]

Shaw and his identical twin brother (Robert)[4] were born on July 31, 1937 in Fulton, Arkansas.[5][6] Shaw is black.[7] His parents were sharecroppers.[8] He grew up for a number of his early years in Hope, Arkansas, Arkansas.[3][9] In Hope, his family was neighbors with future U.S. president Bill Clinton.[10] He and his family next moved to St. Louis, Missouri.[5] For high school, Shaw first attended Vashon High School in St. Louis.[citation needed] After ten years in St. Louis, Shaw's family (which had six sibling)[citation needed] relocated to the west side of Chicago, Illinois in 1952.[6] Shaw went on to attended Crane Technical High School, graduating in 1955. After high school, Shaw pursued a short career in boxing.[5]

Shaw and his twin brother became involved in the African American civil rights movement.[10] By the early 1970s, the two brothers had moved to the far South Side of Chicago,[6][10] believing it to be the best location to establish an African American-led Democratic Party organization.[10][11] In 1977,[citation needed] Shaw became an assistant to Alderman Wilson Frost of Chicago's 34th Ward.[5] Shaw served as the assistant director of the Illinois Department of Support Services[12] from 1979 until 1982.[citation needed]

Illinois General Assembly

[edit]

During his time in the General Assembly, Shaw pushed for a law that required public schools to teach African American history, a cause his brother Robert also advocated on.[3][13][14] Legislation co-sponsored by him on this was passed while he was a state senator.[15] In addition, Shaw also co-sponsored legislation to create the Illinois organ donor program in the secretary of state's office.

Illinois House of Representatives (1983–1993)

[edit]

Shaw was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives in 1982 to the 34th district.[12] He represented the district until 1993.[5]

Illinois State Senate (1993–2003)

[edit]

After the 1991 decennial redistricting, Shaw opted to challenge Democratic incumbent Richard F. Kelly for the 15th Senate district in 1992. Shaw won the primary by approximately 2,000 votes.[16] Shaw served for a decade until losing election to James T. Meeks in 2002. Meeks had been encouraged to run by the Shaw Brothers' political rival, Jesse Jackson Jr.[17]

After his 2002 loss for reelection to the state senate, lame duck governor George Ryan named Shaw to the position of Small Business Utility Advocate for a term that would have started March 1, 2003. The position's mandate was to protect and promote the interests of small business utility customers; provide information and assistance regarding utility conservation measures; notify small business community regarding proceedings before state and federal regulatory commissions and courts.[18] The position required confirmation by the Illinois Senate. Ultimately, in February 2003, Governor Rod Blagojevich chose not to put anyone forward for the position as a cost saving measure.[19]

Mayor of Dolton, Illinois (1997–2005)

[edit]

Shaw was elected mayor of Dolton, Illinois in April 1997,[20] becoming the city's first black mayor.[21] He succeeded Donald Hart, who had not sought reelection.[22] Shaw served five terms as mayor until his death on November 26, 2008. After Shaw's death, Ronnie Lewis was named by the village board of trustees (city council) to serve as interim mayor.[23]

Soon after taking office, Shaw proposed the idea of using retired police officers as marshals to be deployed in emergencies or if gang violence in the village increased. The village board of trustees approved a resolution for this in a 4-2 vote on May 19, 1997.[24]

In 2005, the Village of Dolton filed a lawsuit against a taser manufacturer alleging that it had not sufficiently tested a product it marketed as being nonlethal.[25]

In 2006, Shaw appointed his brother Robert to the newly created position of Dolton inspector general, which paid $70,000 annually.[26][27][28] This move angered some in the village, who saw it as blatant nepotism.[28][29] The Better Government Association criticized this as a, "$70,000 joke on the taxpayers of Dolton".[27]

In 2006, the village's former police chief sued the village, alleging that Shaw had fired him for trying to expose corruption within the police force.[30] In 2010, a lawsuit against the Village of Dolton alleged that, in 2007, Shaw had rigged the results of a police sergeant's exam in order to favor two officers for promotion.[31]

Political kingmaker

[edit]

For more than a quarter century, Shaw and his brother Robert were dominant political "kingmakers" of Chicago's far South Side and southern suburbs. They built a political machine that garnered the support of the African American electorate in the area. Over the years, their main rivals for influence there was the Jackson family, Jesse Jackson and Jesse Jackson Jr. Their influence dissipated greatly in the late 1990s and the early 2000s, with Jesse Jackson Jr. largely beating them out to become the new kingmaker at the time.[17][11][32] Their tide first began to change when Jesse Jackson Jr. won election to U.S. congress in 1996, defeating the Shaw brothers-backed candidate Emil Jones in the Democratic primary.[17] In 1999, Jackson Jr. successfully backed Anthony Beale against Robert Shaw's son Herbert Shaw in the race to succeed Robert Shaw as 9th Ward Chicago alderman.[17] In 2000, Jackson Jr. backed David E. Miller in his successful state representative Democratic primary race against Shaw-backed candidate Willis Harris.[17] In 2002, Jackson Jr. had encouraged James Meeks to make his successful general election challenge to Shaw for state senate.[17] Jackson accused the Shaw brothers, that same year, of being behind the dummy candidate campaign of a retired truck driver named Jesse L. Jackson against him for congress.[33] In 2004, Jackson backed Larry Rogers Jr.'s successful primary challenge against Robert Shaw for Cook County Board of Review.[34] Also in 2004, the Shaw brothers denied involvement with two challengers running against Jackson for congress, who each filed challenges to the younger Jackson's petition signatures (which, if successful, would have seen Jackson removed from the ballot in the Democratic primary). The two challengers to Jackson worked for Dolton (where Shaw was mayor), and used the village's attorney as their lawyer.[3] As mayor, Shaw utilized the trappings of his office to attack political enemies. By 2006, the Shaw brothers were using a public-access television program in Dolton to regularly assail Jesse Jackson Jr. and other political foes.[11][35]

From 1988 until 1996, Shaw served as Democratic committeeman for Chicago's 9th ward, an elected Democratic Party position.[36][37] In 1996, Shaw's brother, Robert, succeeded him as 9th ward committeeman.[38] However, he would only hold the office for a single term, being unseated in 2000 by Anthony Beale,[39][40] an ally of Jesse Jackson Jr.[41] In the years that the Shaw brothers ran the 9th Ward Regular Democratic Organization, they and their campaign volunteers helped deliver strong voter support for campaigns of African American politicians such as Mayor Harold Washington and Illinois State Senator Emil Jones, and the 1992 U.S. Senate campaign of Carol Moseley Braun. They also helped mobilize support in the area for the 2004 U.S. Senate campaign of Barack Obama.[10] During his period of political influence, many politicians sought Shaw's support.[11]

In 1997, the same day that Shaw first won election as Dolton mayor, his son Victor lost his campaign for mayor of Riverdale, Illinois.[42]

In 2002, Shaw ran for Democratic committeeman for Thornton Township, challenging Frank Giglio (who had served as committeeman for 29 years). Also challenging Giglio was Frank Zuccarelli, the superintendent of the township. At the time, the township's Democratic Party had fractured into three camps: those loyal to Shaw, those loyal to Giglio, and those loyal to Zuccarelli. Shaw and Zuccarelli remained friendly, which led to some speculation that they had both run in order to split the vote away from Giglio so that one of them would beat him. They both denied that that was the case. Zuccarelli won, while Shaw placed second.[43][44]

Among the individuals that got their starts in the political organization run by the Shaw brothers was Mose Jefferson.[45][46]

In 2022, after Robert Shaw's death, The Chicago Crusader credited the Shaw brothers' political organization with successfully pushing the Illinois State Legislature to establish new Cook County Circuit Court and Illinois Appellate Court sub-circuits located in African American city wards, which The Chicago Crusader wrote had the impact of enabling more than 60 African American individuals to become judges.[10]

Personal and death

[edit]

Shaw was married and had four children. Shaw died of colon cancer at his home in Dolton, Illinois at age 71.[47][48] His battle against his cancer had been four-years long.[13]

At the peak of their political careers, Shaw and his brother were recognizable-looking for both wearing similar hairpieces.[49]

Electoral history

[edit]

State House

[edit]
1982
1982 Illinois House of Representatives 34th District Democratic primary[50]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William "Bill" Shaw 9,001 99.93
Write-in others 6 0.07
Total votes 9,007 100
1982 Illinois House of Representatives 34th District election[51]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William "Bill" Shaw 22,613 75.23
Republican James F. Stieman 4,249 14.14
Citizens for Progressive Candidates James "Jim" Owens 3,197 10.64
Total votes 30,059 100
1984
1984 Illinois House of Representatives 34th District Democratic primary[52]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William "Bill" Shaw (incumbent) 8,251 44.55
Democratic David E. Jackson 4,123 22.26
Democratic James "Jim" Owens 3,079 16.63
Democratic Richard John Dowdell 1,630 8.80
Democratic Robert Anderson 903 4.88
Democratic Bobbie Ray Wilson 533 2.88
Total votes 18,519 100
1984 Illinois House of Representatives 34th District election[53]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William "Bill" Shaw (incumbent) 27,843 83.26
Republican Daniel M. Stacey 5,600 16.74
Total votes 33,443 100
1986
1986 Illinois House of Representatives 34th District Democratic primary[54]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William "Bill" Shaw (incumbent) 7,455 62.51
Democratic Richard John Dowdell 3,058 25.64
Democratic Edward Robinson, Jr. 1,413 11.85
Total votes 11,926 100
1986 Illinois House of Representatives 34th District election[55]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William "Bill" Shaw (incumbent) 19,512 84.57
Republican Robert H. Anderson 3,558 15.42
Total votes 23,070 100
1988
1988 Illinois House of Representatives 34th District Democratic primary[56]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William "Bill" Shaw (incumbent) 10,475 49.46
Democratic Cheryl L. Lavender 6,659 31.44
Democratic Hazel M. Johnson 3,137 14.81
Democratic Leah M. Jowers 904 4.26
Total votes 100
1988 Illinois House of Representatives 34th District election[57]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William "Bill" Shaw (incumbent) 27,274 85.48
Republican Ronald L. Whorle 4,630 14.51
Total votes 31,904 100
1990
1990 Illinois House of Representatives 34th District Democratic primary[58]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William "Bill" Shaw (incumbent) 9,847 62.56
Democratic Cora L. McGruder 3,580 22.74
Democratic Hosea Jones 2,312 14.68
Total votes 15,739 100
1990 Illinois House of Representatives 34th District election[59]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William "Bill" Shaw (incumbent) 16,174 100
Total votes 16,174 100

State Senate

[edit]
1992
1992 Illinois Senate 15th District Democratic primary[60]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William "Bill" Shaw 14,790 49.78
Democratic Richard F. Kelly (incumbent) 12,473 41.98
Democratic Hosea Jones 2,445 8.23
Total votes 29,708 100
1992 Illinois Senate 15th District election[61]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William "Bill" Shaw 57,643 82.45
Republican Eugene James 12,264 17.54
Total votes 69,907 100
1996
1996 Illinois Senate 15th District Democratic primary[62]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William "Bill" Shaw (incumbent) 15,978 100
Total votes 15,978 100
1996 Illinois Senate 15th District election[63]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William "Bill" Shaw (incumbent) 52,208 88.35
Republican Eugene James 6,884 11.64
Total votes 59,092 100
2000
2000 Illinois Senate 15th District Democratic primary[64]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William "Bill" Shaw (incumbent) 16,974 100
Total votes 16,974 100
2000 Illinois Senate 15th District election[65]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William "Bill" Shaw (incumbent) 57,621 100
Total votes 57,621 100
2002
2002 Illinois Senate 15th District Democratic primary[66]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William "Bill" Shaw (incumbent) 16,643 51.53
Democratic Nicholas E. Graves 15,653 48.47
Total votes 32,296 100
2002 Illinois Senate 15th District election[67]
Party Candidate Votes %
Honesty & Integrity James T. Meeks 22,434 40.05
Democratic William "Bill" Shaw (incumbent) 20,176 36.02
Republican Philip R. Arnold, Jr. 13,398 23.92
Total votes 56,008 100

Mayor of Dolton

[edit]
1997
1997 Dolton Concerned Party mayoral primary[68]
Party Candidate Votes %
Dolton Concerned Party William "Bill" Shaw 1,899 55.51
Dolton Concerned Party Mariellyn Herzog 1,522 44.48
Total votes 3,421 100
1997 Dolton mayoral election[20]
Party Candidate Votes %
Dolton Concerned Party William "Bill" Shaw 2,684 49.10
Bert Herzog 2,460 45.01
Independent Sharyn Wiley 322 5.89
Total votes 5,466 100
2001
2001 Dolton mayoral election[69]
Party Candidate Votes %
Dolton Concerned Party William "Bill" Shaw 1,855 100
Total votes 1,855 100
2005
2005 Dolton mayoral election[70]
Party Candidate Votes %
Dolton Concerned Party William "Bill" Shaw (incumbent) 2,095 47.59
PRP Robert "Bob" Watson 1,902 43.21
Independent Ollie Carter, Jr. 303 6.88
Independent Phil Trotter 41 0.93
Independent Crystal R. Bennett 61 1.39
Total votes 4,402 100

Democratic Committeeman (9th ward)

[edit]
1988 9th Ward Democratic Committeeman election[36]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William "Bill" Shaw 6,560 52.60
Democratic Salim Al-Nurridin 5,912 47.40
Total votes 12,472 100
1992 9th Ward Democratic Committeeman election[37]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William "Bill" Shaw (incumbent) 5,427 57.47
Democratic Johnny J. O'Neal 4,066 42.53
Total votes 9,493 100

Democratic Committeeman (Thornton township)

[edit]
2002 Thornton Democratic Committeeman election[44]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Frank Zuccarelli 12,880 46.63
Democratic William "Bill" Shaw 9,691 35.08
Democratic Frank Giglio (incumbent) 5,051 18.29
Total votes 27,622 100

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Illinois Blue Book 1993-1994. p. 82. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  2. ^ "Funeral held for Mayor Shaw". abc7chicago.com. WLS-TV. December 4, 2008. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d O'Donnell, Maureen (July 22, 2021). "Robert Shaw dies at 83; was Chicago alderman, member of Cook County Board of Review". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
  4. ^ "Mayors: Longtime clerk is 'clobbered' in Oak Lawn". Newspapers.com. Chicago Tribune. April 6, 2005. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d e "The Honorable William E. Shaw". TheHistoryMakers.org. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  6. ^ a b c Joravsky, Ben (July 22, 2014). "Political veteran Robert Shaw sees no reason why he can't become mayor". Chicago Reader. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  7. ^ Powers, Thomas (April 4, 1979). "Marcin, Bertrand win races for council seats". Newspapers.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
  8. ^ Kass, John (July 29, 1990). "Ever the Fighter, Shaw Lives for the Spotlight and Small Victories". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 21 March 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ Turner, Tatyana (July 26, 2021). "Former 9th Ward Ald. Robert Shaw, a South Side powerbroker, dies at 83". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
  10. ^ a b c d e f "Former Chicago Alderman and Cook County Commissioner Robert Shaw Succumbs at Age 83 To Cancer". Chicago Crusader. 22 July 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  11. ^ a b c d "Dolton Mayor William 'Bill' Shaw dies". Chicago Tribune. 27 November 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  12. ^ a b Illinois Blue Book 1983-1984. p. 76. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  13. ^ a b "Dolton Mayor William Shaw dead at 71". Chicago Defender. 2 December 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  14. ^ Turner, Tatyana (July 26, 2021). "Former 9th Ward Ald. Robert Shaw, a South Side powerbroker, dies at 83". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
  15. ^ "Former state legislator William Shaw dead at 71". The State Journal-Register. November 26, 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  16. ^ Bodily, Amyllen L.; Klemens, Michael D. "Election results: Good-bye status quo". Illinois Issues. Sangamon State University. pp. 8–10. ISSN 0738-9663.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Joravsky, Ben (October 31, 2002). "By Any Means Necessary". Chicago Reader. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  18. ^ Davis, Laura, ed. (March 30, 2010). "Volume 2b (L-Z) Detailed Organization Report Boards and Commissions With Executive and Judicial Appointments April 2010" (PDF). Illinois General Assembly Legislative Research Unit. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 14, 2010.
  19. ^ Slater, Eric (February 1, 2003). "Illinois' New Governor Cleans House". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
  20. ^ a b Crabtree, Stephen (April 2, 1997). "Shaw Campaign Sweeps in Dolton". The Times. pp. B1, B2 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ^ Turner, Tatyana (26 July 2021). "Former 9th Ward Ald. Robert Shaw, a South Side powerbroker, dies at 83". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  22. ^ "Dolton Mayor Bill Shaw loses battle with cancer". nwitimes.com. The Times. 27 November 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  23. ^ "Educator was Suburb's First Black Official". The Chicago Tribune . December 8, 2014 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ^ Tribune, Chicago (19 June 1997). "Dolton Mayor Says He's in No Rush to use Marshals". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  25. ^ Kihara, David (26 July 2005). "Metro Police won't be part of Taser lawsuit". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  26. ^ Pallasch, Asdon S. (September 25, 2009). "Robert Shaw seeks political comeback". Newspapers.com. Southtown Star. Sun-Times News Group.
  27. ^ a b "Ex-alderman Robert Shaw to run for Chicago mayor". The Southern Illinosian. The Associated Press. March 13, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  28. ^ a b Rybarczyk, Tom (May 5, 2006). "Dolton hires mayor's brother to fight graft". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
  29. ^ Multiple sources
  30. ^ "Fired Dolton chief sues". Chicago Tribune. 3 November 2006. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  31. ^ "Cops Allege Ex-Mayor Rigged Dolton Exams - CBS Chicago". CBSNews.com. CBS News Chicago. 25 November 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  32. ^ Multiple sources:
  33. ^ Ciokajlo, Mickey (February 26, 2004). "Tax turmoil, feud spotlight Shaw bid". Newspapers.com. Chicago Tribune.
  34. ^ Harvey, Lauri (October 19, 2003). "Jackson looking to oust another Shaw". nwitimes.com. The Times of Northwest Indiana. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  35. ^ "Dolton mayor uses TV to criticize rivals". Dispatch Argus. The Associated Press. 31 July 2006. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  36. ^ a b "Official Final Results Primary Election Cook County, Illinois Tuesday, March 15, 1988" (PDF). voterinfo.net. Cook County Clerk. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2008.
  37. ^ a b "Official Final Results Primary Election Cook County, Illinois Tuesday, March 17, 1992" (PDF). www.cookcountyclerkil.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 11, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  38. ^ Multiple sources:
  39. ^ Earley, Neal (January 24, 2020). "Beale wins ballot battle — with just three signatures to spare". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  40. ^ "Official Final Results Primary Election Cook County, Illinois Tuesday, March 21, 2000" (PDF). Cook County Clerk. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  41. ^ Ciokajlo, Mickey (February 26, 2004). "Tax turmoil, feud spotlight Shaw bid". Newspapers.com. Chicago Tribune.
  42. ^ "Shaw's Success Fails to Rub Off on His Son". Chicago Tribune. 2 April 1997. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  43. ^ Multiple sources:
  44. ^ a b "Official Final Results Cook County, Illinois Primary Election Tuesday, March 19, 2002" (PDF). cookcountyclerkil.gov. Cook County Clerk. 2002. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  45. ^ "Five Things You Don't Know About the Southland". Newspapers.com. Southtown Star. December 18, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
  46. ^ Russell, Gordon (31 May 2009). "Ex-congressman's brother tasted political victory behind the scenes". NOLA.com. The Times-Picayune. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  47. ^ 'Illinois Blue Book 2001-2002,' Biographical Sketch of William "Bill" Shaw, pg. 86
  48. ^ Richard Pearson and Stacy St. Clair (November 28, 2008). "William "Bill" Shaw: 1937-2008". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 26, 2016.
  49. ^ Turner, Tatyana (July 26, 2021). "Former 9th Ward Ald. Robert Shaw, a South Side Powerbroker, Dies at 83". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
  50. ^ "State of Illinois official vote cast at the primary election held on ..." Illinois Secretary of State. 1982. p. 64. Retrieved 19 March 2024 – via archive.org.
  51. ^ "State of Illinois official vote cast at the general election ." Illinois Secretary of State. 1982. p. 62. Retrieved 19 March 2024 – via archive.org.
  52. ^ "State of Illinois official vote cast at the primary election held on ..." Illinois Secretary of State. 1984. p. 103. Retrieved 19 March 2024 – via archive.org.
  53. ^ "State of Illinois official vote cast at the general election ." Illinois Secretary of State. 1984. p. 44. Retrieved 19 March 2024 – via archive.org.
  54. ^ "State of Illinois official vote cast at the primary election held on ..." Illinois Secretary of State. 1986. p. 69. Retrieved 19 March 2024 – via archive.org.
  55. ^ "State of Illinois official vote cast at the general election ." Illinois Secretary of State. 1986. p. 62. Retrieved 19 March 2024 – via archive.org.
  56. ^ "State of Illinois official vote cast at the primary election held on ..." Illinois Secretary of State. 1988. p. 187. Retrieved 19 March 2024 – via archive.org.
  57. ^ "State of Illinois official vote cast at the general election ." Illinois Secretary of State. 1988. p. 57. Retrieved 19 March 2024 – via archive.org.
  58. ^ "State of Illinois official vote cast at the primary election held on ..." Illinois Secretary of State. 1990. p. 84. Retrieved 19 March 2024 – via archive.org.
  59. ^ "State of Illinois official vote cast at the general election ." Illinois Secretary of State. 1990. p. 58. Retrieved 19 March 2024 – via archive.org.
  60. ^ "State of Illinois official vote cast at the primary election held on ..." Illinois Secretary of State. 1992. p. 117. Retrieved 19 March 2024 – via archive.org.
  61. ^ "State of Illinois official vote cast at the general election ." Illinois Secretary of State. 1992. p. 46. Retrieved 19 March 2024 – via archive.org.
  62. ^ "State of Illinois official vote cast at the primary election held on ..." Illinois State Board of Elections. 1996. p. 109. Retrieved 6 April 2020 – via archive.org.
  63. ^ "State of Illinois official vote cast at the general election ." Illinois State Board of Elections. 1996. p. 33. Retrieved 19 March 2024 – via archive.org.
  64. ^ "State of Illinois official vote cast at the primary election held on ..." Illinois Secretary of State and Illinois State Board of Elections. 2000. p. 86. Retrieved 6 April 2020 – via archive.org.
  65. ^ "State of Illinois official vote cast at the general election ." Illinois State Board of Elections. 2000. p. 23. Retrieved 19 March 2024 – via archive.org.
  66. ^ "State of Illinois official vote cast at the primary election held on ..." Illinois Secretary of State and Illinois State Board of Elections. 2002. p. 71. Retrieved 6 April 2020 – via archive.org.
  67. ^ "State of Illinois official vote cast at the general election ." Illinois State Board of Elections. 2002. p. 42. Retrieved 19 March 2024 – via archive.org.
  68. ^ "Voters Narrow Field". The Illinois Times. February 26, 1997. Retrieved 19 March 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  69. ^ "Numbered Key Canvass Cook County, Illinois Consolidated General Election April 3, 2001 Report E-L52W" (PDF). cookcountyclerkil.gov. Cook County Clerk. April 17, 2001. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  70. ^ "E &l2a0o8c059F (s0p16.66h3T &a00L Summary Report EL45-Apr2005Sum.txt Cook County, Illinois Consolidated Election Tuesday, April 5, 2005 Report–EL45" (PDF). cookcountyclerkil.gov. Cook County Clerk. April 19, 2005. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
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