Wikipedia:WikiProject Phoenicia/Resources

This is a list of useful online resources about Phoenicia and related topics; feel free to add more.

Sources

Extant ancient sources

Eusebius of Caesarea (1903) [4th century AD]. Praeparatio Evangelica [Preparation for the Gospel]. Translated by Gifford, E. H. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12 – via Tertullian.com.
Lucian, (Lucian of Samosata) (1913) [Second century AD]. Garstang, John (ed.). De dea Syria [On the Syrian goddess]. Translated by Strong, Herbert Augustus. London: London Constable.
Silius Italicus, Tiberius Catius; Duff, James Duff (1927). Punica. Vol. 1. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Silius Italicus, Tiberius Catius; Duff, James Duff (1927). Punica. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Wenamun (2017) [1000 BCE]. "The Report of Wenamun". Ancient History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2020-08-25. Retrieved 2020-08-25.
Pseudo Scylax (2019) [350 BC]. "Periplous". Topostext. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2024.

Archaegology

Marat (Amrit)
Dunand, Maurice; Saliby, Nessib (1985). Le temple d'Amrith dans la pérée d'Aradus (in French). Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner. ISBN 9782705303082.

Ruad (Aradus)
Josette Elayi; M. R. Haykal, eds. (1996). Nouvelles découvertes sur les usages funéraires des Phéniciens d'Arwad. Transeuphratène Supplément. Paris: Gabalda. ISBN 978-2-85021-094-5.

Gebal (Byblos)

Dunand, Maurice (1939). Fouilles de Byblos: Tome 1er, 1926-1932. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique (in French). Vol. 24. Paris: Librarie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner.
Dunand, Maurice (1937). Fouilles de Byblos: Tome 1er, 1926–1932 (Atlas) [The Byblos excavations, Tome 1, 1926–1932 (Atlas)]. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique (in French). Vol. 24. Paris: Geuthner – via gallica.bnf.fr.
Dunand, M. (1950). "Chronologie des Plus Anciennes Installations de Byblos". Revue Biblique (1946-). 57 (4): 583–603. ISSN 0035-0907. JSTOR 44091237.
Dunand, Maurice (1973). Fouilles de Byblos: L'architecture, les tombes, le matériel domestique des origines néolithiques à l'avènement urbain (in French). Maisonneuve.
Elayi, Josette (2009). Byblos, cité sacrée (8e-4e s. av. J.-C.). Paris: Gabalda. ISBN 978-2-85021-195-9.
Lauffray, Jean (2008). Fouilles de Byblos. Tome VI: L'urbanisme et l'architecture: de l'époque proto-urbaine à l'occupation amorite (de l'Énéolithique à l'âge du Bronze II) (in French). Institut Français du Proche-Orient. ISBN 978-2-35159-072-0.
Montet, Pierre (1928). Byblos et l'Egypte: Quatre Campagnes de Fouilles à Gebeil 1921-1922-1923-1924 (Texte) [Byblos and Egypt: four excavation campaigns in Gebeil 1921-1922-1923-1924 (Text)]. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique (in French). Vol. 11. Paris: Geuthner – via archive.org.
Montet, Pierre (1929). Byblos et l'Egypte Quatre Campagnes de Fouilles à Gebeil 1921-1922-1923-1924 (Atlas) [Byblos and Egypt: four excavation campaigns in Gebeil 1921-1922-1923-1924 (Atlas)]. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique (in French). Vol. 11. Paris: Geuthner – via archive.org.

Bēʾrūt (Beirut)
Josette Elayi; Hala Sayegh, eds. (2000). Archéologie et histoire. Un quartier du port phénicien de Beyrouth au Fer III - Perse. Paris: Gabalda. ISBN 978-2-85021-125-6.

Sidon

Contenau, Georges (1920). "Mission archéologique à Sidon (1914)". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 1 (1): 16–55. doi:10.3406/syria.1920.2837.
Contenau, Georges (1920). "Mission archéologique à Sidon (1914) deuxième partie". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 1 (1): 108–154. doi:10.3406/syria.1920.8092.
Contenau, Georges (1920). "Mission archéologique à Sidon (1914). Troisième article.La Caverne aux inscriptions". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 1 (1): 198–229. doi:10.3406/syria.1920.8094.
Contenau, Georges (1923). "Deuxième mission archéologique à Sidon (1920)". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 4 (4): 261–281. doi:10.3406/syria.1923.3007.
Contenau, Georges (1924). "Deuxième mission archéologique à Sidon II (1920)". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 5 (1): 9–23. doi:10.3406/syria.1924.3094.
Contenau, Georges (1924). "Deuxième mission archéologique à Sidon III (1920)". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 5 (2): 123–134. doi:10.3406/syria.1924.3037.

Temple of Eshmun
Stucky, Rolf A. (1997). "Le bâtiment aux frises d'enfants du sanctuaire d'Echmoun à Sidon". Topoi. Orient-Occident. 7 (2): 915–927. doi:10.3406/topoi.1997.1754.

Umm al-Amed
Dunand, Maurice; Duru, Raymond (1962). Oumm el-'Amed: une ville de l'époque hellénistique aux échelles de Tyr ... (in French). Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient.

Carthage
Moscati, Sabatino; Gemmingen-Roser, Hannelore von (1984). Die Karthager. Völker und Kulturen. Stuttgart & Zürich: Belser. ISBN 978-3-7630-1731-7. Parrot, André; Moscati, Sabatino; Chéhab, Maurice H (1997). I Fenici: l'espansione fenicia, Cartagine. Milano: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-88-17-29522-2.

Other Mediterranean dependencies
Sardinia Moscati, Sabatino; Bartoloni, Piero (2005). Fenici e cartaginesi in Sardegna. Nuoro: Ilisso. ISBN 978-88-89188-24-8. Sicily Moscati, Sabatino (1998). L' arte della Sicilia punica (nuova ed.). Milano: Jaca Book. ISBN 978-88-16-60230-4.

Topics

General

Rollig, Wolfgang (1983). "On the origin of the Phoenicians" (PDF). Berytus. 31: 79–93. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-11 – via Heidelberg University.
Sader, Hélène S (2019). The history and archaeology of Phoenicia. ISBN 978-1-62837-255-7.
André Lemaire; Josette Elayi, eds. (2014). Phéniciens d'Orient et d'Occident: mélanges Josette Elayi. Cahiers de l'institut du Proche-Orient ancien du Collège de France. Paris: Maisonneuve. ISBN 978-2-7200-1162-7.
Harden, Donald B. (1962). The Phoenicians. New York.
Herm, Gerhard (1975). The Phoenicians : the Purple Empire of the ancient world. Internet Archive. New York : Futura. ISBN 978-0-7088-1558-8.
Edward Lipiński; Claude Baurain; Jacques Alexandropoulos, eds. (1992). Dictionnaire de la civilisation phénicienne et punique. Turnhout: Brepols. ISBN 978-2-503-50033-1.
Moscati, Sabatino (1960). Ancient Semitic Civilizations (PDF). Capricorn Books. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-18.
Moscati, Sabatino (1968). The World of the Phoenicians. London; New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson ; Praeger. ISBN 978-0-297-17049-5.
Moscati, Sabatino (1973). The world of the Phoenicians. Internet Archive. London : Cardinal. ISBN 978-0-351-17404-9.
Moscati, Sabatino (1988). The Phoenicians | I Fenici (First ed.). Mailand: Bompiani. ISBN 978-0-89659-892-8.
Moscati, Sabatino (1997). I Fenici. Milano: Bompiani. ISBN 978-88-452-3198-8.
Moscati, Sabatino; Hamilton, Alastair (1999). The world of the Phoenicians. London: Phoenix Giant. ISBN 978-0-7538-0746-0.
Moscati, Sabatino (2001). Civiltà del mare: i fondamenti della storia mediterranea. La cultura storica (1st ed.). Napoli: Liguori. ISBN 978-88-207-3181-6.
Moscati, Sabatino (2012). The face of the Ancient Orient: Near Eastern civilization in pre-classical times. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-1-306-35890-3. Retrieved 2020-09-14.
Gras, Michel; Rouillard, Pierre; Teixidor, Javier (1989). L'univers phenicien. Paris: Arthaud. ISBN 978-2-7003-0732-0.

History

Elayi, Josette (2019), Histoire de la Phénicie

Under Assyria and Persia

Elayi, Josette (2018). Sennacherib, King of Assyria. Archaeology and biblical studies. Atlanta: SBL Press. ISBN 978-1-62837-217-5.
Elayi, Josette (2017). Sargon II, King of Assyria. Archaeology and biblical studies. Atlanta: SBL Press. ISBN 978-1-62837-177-2.
Elayi, Josette (2006). "The Role of the Phoenician Kings at the Battle of Salamis (480 B.C.E.)". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 126 (3): 411–418. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 20064517.
Moscati, Sabatino (1959). The Semites in ancient history. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-0074-9.
Karel Van Lerberghe; Edward Lipiński, eds. (1995). Immigration and emigration within the Ancient Near East: Festschrift E. Lipiński. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Leuven: Peeters [u.a.] ISBN 978-90-6831-727-5.

Art

Annie Caubet; Éric Gubel, eds. (2002). Art phénicien: la sculpture de tradition phénicienne. Catalogue / Département des Antiquités Orientales du Musée du Louvre. Paris: Éd. de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux [u.a.] ISBN 978-90-5349-416-5.
Moscati, Sabatino, ed. (1990). L' arte dei Fenici (1st ed.). Milano: Fabbri. ISBN 978-88-450-3614-9.

Ivory=

Mertzenfeld, Christiane Decamps de (1954). Inventaire Commenté Des Ivoires Phéniciens Et Apparentés Découverts Dans Le Proche-Orient (in French). E. de Boccard.

Pottery

Bettles, Elizabeth A. (2003). Phoenician amphora production and distribution in the southern Levant: a multi-disciplinary investigation into carinated-shoulder amphorae of the Persian period (539 - 332 BC). BAR International Series. Oxford: Archaeopress. ISBN 978-1-84171-550-6.
Bikai, Patricia Maynor (1978). The Pottery of Tyre. Aris and Phillips. ISBN 978-0-85668-108-0.

Funerary art

Sader, Hélène (2005). Iron Age funerary stelae from Lebanon. Cuadernos de Arqueología Mediterránea. Barcelona: Edicions Bellaterra. ISBN 978-84-7290-276-3.

Numismatics, sigillography and metrology

Contenau, Georges (1940). "Les Cylindres-Sceaux orientaux". Journal des Savants. 2 (1): 65–77.
Elayi, Josette (2018). The history of Phoenicia. Atlanta: Lockwood Press. ISBN 978-1-937040-81-9.
Elayi, Josette; Elayi, Alain G. (2014). Phoenician coinages. Transeuphratène Supplément. Paris: Gabalda. ISBN 978-2-85021-229-1.
Elayi, Josette; Elayi, Alain G. (2009). The coinage of the Phoenician city of Tyre in the Persian period (5th - 4th cent. BCE). Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Leuven: Peeters [u.a.] ISBN 978-90-429-2202-0.
Elayi, Josette; Elayi, Alain G (2004). Le monnayage de la cité phénicienne de Sidon à l'époque perse: Ve - IVe s. av. J.-C.. t. 2. t. 2. ISBN 978-2-85021-158-4.
Elayi, Josette; Elayi, Alain G. (1997). Recherches sur les poids phéniciens. Supplément à Transeuphratène. Paris: Gabalda. ISBN 978-2-85021-102-7.
Elayi, Josette; Elayi, A. G. (1993). Trésors de monnaies phéniciennes et circulation monétaire: Ve - IVe siècles avant J.-C. Supplément ... à Transeuphratène. Paris: Gabalda. ISBN 978-2-85021-060-0.
Elayi, Josette; Elayi, A. G (1989). La monnaie à travers les âges. Paris: Idéaphane. ISBN 978-2-906838-02-4.

Religion and funerary practices

Garbati, Giuseppe (2022-12-31), "Death at the Centre of Life: Some Notes on Gods and the Dead, Temples and Tombs in the Phoenician Context", Death at the Centre of Life: Some Notes on Gods and the Dead, Temples and Tombs in the Phoenician Context, De Gruyter, pp. 431–456, doi:10.1515/9783110798432-023/html?lang=en&srsltid=afmboorpyj6oj2bwdwxp2_vgf8gv7fwsrs20-y2fici2p7iasb09yjxl, ISBN 978-3-11-079843-2, retrieved 2024-11-19
Lipiński, Edward (1995). Dieux et déesses de l'univers phénicien et punique. Studia Phoenicia. Leuven: Peeters [u.a.] ISBN 978-90-6831-690-2.
Lipiński, Edward (2009). Resheph: a Syro-Canaanite deity. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Leuven: Peeters [u.a.] ISBN 978-90-429-2107-8.
Moscati, Sabatino (1991). Gli adoratori di Moloch: indagine su un celebre rito cartaginese. Arte, storia, archeologia (1st ed.). Milano: Jaca Book. ISBN 978-88-16-66004-5.
Teixidor, Javier (1977). The Pagan God. ISBN 978-1-4008-7139-1.
Teixidor, Javier (1979). The Pantheon of Palmyra: With 1 frontispiece, 1 map and 35 pl. (Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'empire romain. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-05987-0.
Brody, Aaron J. (2018-06-13). "Each Man Cried Out to His God": The Specialized Religion of Canaanite and Phoenician Seafarers. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-36919-1.

Geography
Lipiński, Edward (2004). Itineraria Phoenicia. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Leuven: Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-1344-8.

Linguistics, epigraphy and paleography

Académie des inscriptions & belles -lettres (France ) Commission du Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum, Jean-Baptiste Chabot (1905). Répertoire d'épigraphie sémitique (in French). University of Michigan. Imprimerie nationale.
Dunand, Maurice (1945). Byblia grammata: documents et recherches sur le développement de l'écriture en Phénicie (in French). na.
Lipiński, Edward (2015). Peuples de la mer, Phéniciens, Puniques: études d'épigraphie et d'histoire méditerranéenne. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Leuven: Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-3161-9.
Moscati, Sabatino (2011). An introduction to the comparative grammar of the Semitic languages: phonology and morphology. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-00689-7.
AISTLEITNER, J. (1954). "Ein opfertext aus Ugarit (1929 N o 2)" [A sacrificial text from Ugarit]. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (in German). 4 (1/3): 259–270. ISSN 0001-6446. JSTOR 23682605.
Bruston, Ch. (1921). "Les plus vielles inscriptions Cananéennes" [The oldest Canaanite inscriptions]. Revue Archéologique (in French). 14: 49–80. ISSN 0035-0737. JSTOR 23908291.
George Albert Cooke (1903). A Text-book of North-Semitic Inscriptions: Moabite, Hebrew, Phoenician, Aramaic, Nabataean ... The Clarendon Press.

Punic wars
Moscati, Sabatino (1994). Introduzione alle guerre puniche: origine e sviluppo dell'impero di Cartagine. Storia. Torino: Soc. Ed. Internaz. ISBN 978-88-05-05412-1. Moscati, Sabatino; Fantar, Mohamed Hassine (1996). L'Empire de Carthage. Paris: Mediterranee. ISBN 978-2-84272-006-3.

By Period

Persian era
Elayi, J. (1989). Sidon: cité autonome de l ́Empire perse. Paris: Éd. Idéaphane. ISBN 978-2-906838-03-1.

Hellenistic Phoenicia
Nitschke, Jessica (2015). "What is Phoenician about Phoenician material culture in the Hellenistic period ?". Topoi. Orient-Occident. 13 (1): 207–238.

Early, open source

Ernest Renan - Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum

Renan, Ernest (1864). Mission de Phénicie. TEXTE / dirigée par M. Ernest Renan [Mission of Phoenicia directed by Ernest Renan: Text] (in French). Paris: Imprimerie impériale. Archived from the original on 2021-10-06.
Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 1, Tomus 1 (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France).
Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 1, Tomus 1, (Tabulae) (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France).
Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 1, Tomus 2 (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France).
Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 1, Tomus 2, (Tabulae) (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France).
Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum 2atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 1, Tomus 2, (Tabulae) (in Latin). Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France).
Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 1, Tomus 2, Fasc 3 (Tabulae) (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France).
Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 1, Tomus 2, Fasc 2 (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France).
Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 1, Tomus 2, Fasc. 4 (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France).
Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 1, Tomus 2, Fasc 4 (Tabulae) (in Latin). Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France).
Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 2, Tomus 1 (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France).
Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 2, Tomus 1, (Tabulae) (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France).
Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 2, Tomus 2 (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France).
Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atque digestum. Atlas - Pars 1, Tomus 2, Fasc 3 (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 4, Tomus 1 (in Latin). Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France).
Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 4, Tomus 1, (Tabulae) (in Latin). Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France).
Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 4, Tomus 2, Fasc 1, (Tabulae) (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France).
Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 4, Tomus 2, Fasc 2, (Tabulae) (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France).
Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 4, Tomus 2, Fasc 3&4, (Tabulae) (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France).
Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 4, Tomus 3, Fasc 2, (Tabulae) (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France).

On monuments: Conder, C. R. (Claude Reignier); Kitchener, Horatio Herbert Kitchener; Palmer, Edward Henry; Besant, Walter (1881–1883). The survey of western Palestine : memoirs of the topography, orography, hydrography, and archaeology. Robarts - University of Toronto. London : Committee of the Palestine exploration fund.

Perrot, Georges; Chipiez, Charles (1885). History of Art in Phoenicia and Its Dependencies. Vol. 1. London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 978-3-337-86626-6.
Perrot, Georges; Chipiez, Charles (1885). History of Art in Phoenicia and Its Dependencies. Vol. 2. London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 978-3-337-86626-6.
Johnston, Thomas Crawford (1892). Did the Phoenicians discover America. Geographical Society of California special bulletin. San Francisco: Geographical Society of California.
Anson, Leo (1911). Numismata Graeca: Greek Coin-types, Classified for Immediate Identification Part 1. L. Anson.
Anson, Leo (1911). Numismata Graeca: Greek Coin-types, Classified for Immediate Identification Part 2. L. Anson.
Anson, Leo (1912). Numismata Graeca: Greek Coin-types, Classified for Immediate Identification Part 3. L. Anson.
Anson, Leo (1913). Numismata Graeca: Greek Coin-types, Classified for Immediate Identification Part 4. L. Anson.
Anson, Leo (1914). Numismata Graeca: Greek Coin-types, Classified for Immediate Identification Part 5. L. Anson.
Anson, Leo (1916). Numismata Graeca: Greek Coin-types, Classified for Immediate Identification Part 6. L. Anson.
Gardner, Percy (1918). A History of Ancient Coinage, 700-300 B.C. Clarendon Press.
Hirschy, Noah Calvin (1909). Artaxerxes III Ochus and His Reign. University of Chicago Press.
Ashmore, William (1896). The first text book in comparative religion. Philadelphia, American Baptist publication society.

UMR 7192

UMR 7192 "Near East - Caucasus: languages, archaeology, cultures" is a French CNRS mixed research unit specializing in ancient Near Eastern languages, archeology, and cultures.

Official UMR 7192 website

Websites

International Confederation “The Phoenicians’ Route”. "La Rotta dei Fenici" [The route of the Phoenicians]. La Rotta Dei Feinici. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
"Archaeology and History in Lebanon". www.ahlebanon.com. Archived from the original on 2021-01-15. Retrieved 2021-01-15.