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Prostate cancer

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Diagram of prostate tumor pressing on urethra
Diagram of prostate tumor pressing on urethra

Prostate cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate, often detected through screening with a biopsy required for diagnosis. Most prostate tumors cause no health problems, managed with surveillance. Dangerous tumors can be destroyed with radiation therapy or surgically removed; those whose cancer spreads receive hormone therapy. Most tumors are confined to the prostate, and 99% survive 10 years post-diagnosis. Metastasized tumors at distant sites have five-year survival rates of 30–40%. Those with a family history of cancer or inherit cancer-associated variants of the BRCA2 gene are more likely to have the disease. Each year 1.2 million cases are diagnosed and 350,000 die; it is the second-leading cause of cancer and cancer death in men. Prostate tumors were first described in the mid-19th century while radiation treatments and hormone therapies were developed by the mid-20th century. Hormone therapies were recognized with Nobel Prizes to Charles B. Huggins and Andrew Schally. (Full article...)