Wikipedia:Stanford Archive answers/Math

Analytical calculus
Biased notation - This convention is call biased notation with the bias being the number subtracted from the normal, unsigned representation. - [1]
Bohemian dome -> quartic surface given by the parametric equation x=a*cos(u), y=b*cos(v) + a*sin(u), z=c*sin(v) where v is between 0 and 2*pi
Connected Im Kleinen, Connected on a small scale -> in point-set topology, a topological space is this at a point x if every neighborhood U of x contains an open neighborhood V of x such that any two points of V lie in some connected subset of U. See broom space - is it Locally connected space?
Existence and Uniqueness Theorem -> A mathematical theorem that can prove that a solution to a given problem is both possible (existent) and / or there is only one, zero, or multiple solutions (uniqueness). Used mostly in differential equations
Fermat pair -> specific type of amicable numbers, as opposed to a Pythagoras pair
Heaviside transform - "Incredibly useful in solving an ordinary differential equation with homogeneous coefficients, this transform involves guessing a general solution of an exponential raised to the negative [kt] power." - [2]
Lhuilier Equation < L'huilier Equation L'huilier's Equation not Euler Equation "An equation used in the solution of a spherical triangle, involving tangents of various functions of its angles and sides
Matchstick construction -> "It states that every point that can be constructed with a straightedge and compass, and no other points, can be constructed using identical movable line segments. The nickname for the movable line segments gives this construction its name."
Power series transform -> Integral transform used to solve differential equations. Counterpart of the Laplace transform.
Sum of the nonconservative forces -> "In a general one dimensional system, it is the difference between the time derivative of the derivative of the lagrangian with respect to velocity and the derivative of the lagrangian with respect to position (that is, d/dt(dL/dq)-dL/dq)"
Viral system -> algorithm to solve steiner trees