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Reproduction of the most complete known skull of Homo antecessor
Reproduction of the most complete known skull of Homo antecessor

Homo antecessor ('pioneer man') is an archaic human species from 1.2 to 0.8 million years ago during the Early Pleistocene. Fossils have been found in the Sierra de Atapuerca in Spain, the first in 1994. The species was one of the first humans to colonise Western Europe. They followed savanna habitats prevalent in the area when frigid glacial periods were transitioning to warmer interglacials, and vacated at other times. Despite being so ancient, they had a face unexpectedly similar to that of a modern human. Brain volume could have been 1,000 cm3 (61 cu in) or more, compared with present-day human averages of 1,270 cm3 (78 cu in) for males and 1,130 cm3 (69 cu in) for females. Stature estimates range from 162.3 to 186.8 cm (5 ft 4 in to 6 ft 2 in). H. antecessor manufactured simple pebble and flake stone tools out of quartz and chert, although they used a variety of materials. Many of the specimens found were cannibalised, perhaps as a cultural practice. There is no evidence of fire usage. (Full article...)

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Jubilee Memorial by Arthur Bown, 1887
Jubilee Memorial by Arthur Bown, 1887

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Benjamin Netanyahu in 2019
Benjamin Netanyahu

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November 5: Guy Fawkes Night in Great Britain and some Commonwealth countries (1605)

Mars Orbiter
Mars Orbiter
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Strategic bombing during World War II

Photograph of U.S. Consolidated B-24 Liberators just after bombing the Concordia Vega oil refinery in Ploiești, Romania on 31 May 1944 during World War II.

Strategic bombing during World War II involved sustained aerial attacks on railways, harbours, cities, workers' and civilian housing, and industrial districts in enemy territory during World War II (1939–1945). Strategic bombing as a military strategy is distinct both from close air support of ground forces and from tactical air power. During World War II, many military strategists of air power believed that air forces could win major victories by attacking industrial and political infrastructure, rather than purely military targets. Strategic bombing often involved bombing areas inhabited by civilians, and some campaigns were deliberately designed to target civilian populations in order to terrorize them and disrupt their usual activities. International law at the outset of World War II did not specifically forbid the aerial bombardment of cities – despite the prior occurrence of such bombing during World War I (1914–1918), the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), and the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945).

Photograph credit: Richard R. Ganczak ; restored by Buidhe

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