Wikipedia:Main Page history/2018 June 29
From today's featured articleIce drilling allows scientists studying glaciers and ice sheets to gain access beneath the ice, to take measurements along its interior, and to retrieve samples. Instruments in the bored holes can record temperature, pressure, speed, and direction of ice movement. Many different methods have been used since 1840, when the first scientific ice drilling expedition attempted to bore through the Unteraargletscher in the Alps. Two early methods were percussion, in which the ice is fractured and pulverized, and rotary drilling, a method often used in mineral exploration for rock drilling. In the 1940s, thermal drills that melt ice were developed, and jets of hot water or steam to bore through ice soon followed. A growing interest in ice cores, used for paleoclimatological research, led to the development of ice coring drills in the 1950s and 1960s, and there are now many different coring drills in use. (Full article...)
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Cardinals are senior ecclesiastical leaders of the Catholic Church, almost always ordained bishops and generally holding important roles within the church, such as governing prominent archdioceses or managing dicasteries within the Roman Curia. They are created in consistories by the pope and one of the foremost duties of the cardinals is the election of a new pope (since 1378 invariably from among themselves, though not a formal requirement) when the Holy See is vacant, following the death or the resignation of the reigning pontiff. The body of all cardinals is collectively known as the College of Cardinals. Under current ecclesiastical law, as defined by the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici gregis, only cardinals who have not passed their 80th birthday on the day that the Holy See falls vacant are eligible to participate in a papal conclave to elect a new pope and are thus known as cardinal electors.
As of 28 June 2018,[update] there are 226 cardinals, 125 of whom are cardinal electors. (Full list...)
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The three-dollar piece was a gold coin produced by the United States Mint from 1854 to 1889. The coin was designed by Mint Chief Engraver James B. Longacre. Its obverse bears a representation of Lady Liberty wearing a headdress of a Native American princess and the reverse a wreath of corn, wheat, cotton, and tobacco. Although over 100,000 were struck in the first year, the coin saw little use. The piece was last struck in 1889, and Congress ended the series the following year. Coin: United States Mint; photograph: Jaclyn Nash/National Numismatic Collection
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