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Wha'll be King but Charlie?

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"Wha'll be King but Charlie?"
Charles Edward Stuart, contested King of Scotland and leader of the 1745 Jacobite Rising. Painted in the circle of Louis Tocqué.
Song
LanguageScots
WrittenLate 18th century
Lyricist(s)Caroline Nairne

"Wha'll be King but Charlie?" also known as The News from Moidart, is a song about Bonnie Prince Charlie, sung to the tune of 'Tidy Woman', a traditional Irish jig the date of which is unclear but the tune was well known by 1745.[1] The lyrics were written by Caroline Nairne (1766–1845).[2] Because Nairne published anonymously, the authorship of this and her other poems and lyrics was once unclear, however, late in her life Nairne identified herself and modern scholars accept that these lyrics are hers. Carolina, Baroness Nairne was a Jacobite from a Jacobite family living at a time when the last remnants of political Jacobitism were fading as Scotland entered a period of Romantic nationalism and literary romanticism.[2] Bonnie Prince Charlie stayed in the house where Caroline Nairne was born and reared when fleeing British capture after losing the Battle of Culloden.[2]

Wha'll be King but Charlie? was popular from the late 18th into the 20th century.[3][4][5][6][7][8] The tune was borrowed for use as an African-American spiritual, with an allusion in the hymn to "King Jesus" suggesting that the name of the tune was known to its adaptor.[9] In the 1840s bestseller Two Years Before the Mast, Richard Henry Dana, describes a gathering of sailors with the French singing "La Marseillaise", the Germans singing "O du lieber Augustin", English sailors singing "Rule, Britannia!" and the Scots, "Wha'll be King but Charlie?".[10]

Notable usage of the song

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In 1867 The San Jose Mercury campaigned for the election of Charles Maclay to the California State Senate with the song Wha'll be King but Charlie?[11]

The song is one of the dance tunes played in the final scene of the 1921 film Sentimental Tommy as dancers fill the screen.[12]

In his novel The starling: a Scotch story, Norman McLeod tells of a boy who taught his pet starling to whistle the tune of "Wha'll be King but Charlie?".[13]

The Corries, a late 20th century Scottish singing group, performed the song in concert and recorded it.[14][15] as did the Scottish folk trio The McCalmans[16]

Meaning

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"Wha'll" is the Scots word for "who'll" (who will). The song references Bonnie Prince Charlie, the son of James Francis Edward Stuart and from 1766 a Stuart pretender to the crown of England, Scotland and Ireland.[17] Prince Charlie traveled to Scotland to lead the Jacobite rising of 1745, which would prove to be the last Jacobite military attempt to capture the throne. After losing the Battle of Culloden, Prince Charlie fled to the remote peninsula of Moidart, from which, with a handful of leading Jacobites, he fled to exile in France.

Lyrics

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Scots (original)[18][19]

18th century

English (translation)

21st century

The news frae Moidart cam' yestreen
Will soon gar mony ferlie;
For ships o' war hae just come in,
And landit Royal Charlie?

Chorus

Come thro' the heather, around him gather,
Ye're a' the welcomer early;
Around him cling wi' a' your kin;
For wha'll be king but Charlie?
Come thro' the heather, around him gather,
Come Ronald, come Donald, come a' thegither,
And crown your rightfu' lawfu' king!
For wha'll be king but Charlie?
The Hieland clans, wi sword in hand,
Frae John o' Groats' to Airlie,
Hae to a man declared to stand
Or fa' wi' Royal Charlie.

Chorus

The Lowlands a', baith great an' sma,
Wi' mony a lord and laird, hae
Declar'd for Scotia's king an' law,
An' speir ye wha but Charlie.

Chorus

There's ne'er a lass in a' the lan',
But vows baith late an' early,
She'll ne'er to man gie heart nor han'
Wha wadna fecht for Charlie.

Chorus

Then here's a health to Charlie's cause,
And be't complete an' early;
His very name our heart's blood warms;
To arms for Royal Charlie!
Come thro' the heather, around him gather,
Ye're a' the welcomer early;
Around him cling wi' a' your kin;
For wha'll be king but Charlie?
Come thro' the heather, around him gather,
Come Ronald, come Donald, come a' thegither,
And crown your richtfu' lawfu' king!
For wha'll be king but Charlie?
The news from Moidart came last night
Will soon bring much surprise[a]
For ships of war have just come in,
And landed Royal Charlie?

Chorus

Come through the heather, around him gather,
You're all the welcomer early;
Around him cling, with all your kin;
For who'll be King but Charlie?
Come through the heather, around him gather,
Come Ronald, come Donald, come all together,
And crown your rightful, lawful king!
For who'll be King but Charlie?
The Highland clans, with sword in hand,
From John o' Groats to Airlie,
Have to a man declared to stand
Or fall with Royal Charlie.

Chorus

The Lowlands all, both great and small,
With many a lord and landowner, have
Declared for Scotia's king and law,
and you ask, "Who but Charlie?"

Chorus

There's never a lass in all the land,
But those who'll always vow,
She'll never give heart or hand to a man
Who wouldn't fight for Charlie.

Chorus

So here's a toast to Charlie's cause,
And be it complete and early;
His very name warms our heart's blood;
To arms for Royal Charlie!
Come through the heather, around him gather,
You're all the welcomer early;
Around him cling, with all your kin;
For who'll be King but Charlie?
Come through the heather, around him gather,
Come Ronald, come Donald, come all together,
And crown your rightful, lawful king!
For who'll be King but Charlie?

Notes

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  1. ^ Ferlie has connotations of marvel and curiosity, not just unexpectedness.[20]
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References

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  1. ^ Fraser, Simon (1816). Airs and Melodies peculiar to the Highlands of Scotland and the Isles. Edinburgh. p. 47.
  2. ^ a b c McGuirk, Carol (2006). "Jacobite History to National Song: Robert Burns and Carolina Oliphant (Baroness Nairne)". The Eighteenth Century. 47 (2/3): 253–287. doi:10.1353/ecy.2007.0028. JSTOR 41468002. S2CID 162235375. Gale A164870406 Project MUSE 223780 ProQuest 224658830.
  3. ^ Rogers, Charles, ed. (1872). Life and songs of the Baroness Nairne, with a memoir and poems of Caroline Oliphant the younger. J. Grant.[page needed]
  4. ^ Rogers, Charles (1871). "Wha'll be King but Charlie?". The Scottish Minstrel: The Songs and Songwriters of Scotland Subsequent to Burns. Lee and Shepard. pp. 62–63. OCLC 1083367777.
  5. ^ Wells, Paul F. (1993). "Review of Thomas W. Talley's Negro Folk Rhymes: A New, Expanded Edition, with Music". Ethnomusicology. 37 (1): 127–130. doi:10.2307/852255. JSTOR 852255.
  6. ^ Bayard, Samuel P. (1943). "Review of The Gift to Be Simple". The Journal of American Folklore. 56 (219): 81–84. doi:10.2307/535924. JSTOR 535924.
  7. ^ Gilchrist, Anne G. (1933). "Review of White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands". Journal of the English Folk Dance and Song Society. 1 (2): 107–110. JSTOR 4521031.
  8. ^ Cohen, Norm (2005). "The Forget-Me-Not Songsters and Their Role in the American Folksong Tradition". American Music. 23 (2): 137–219. doi:10.2307/4153032. JSTOR 4153032. Gale A404495136.
  9. ^ Gilchrist, Anne G. (1928). "The Folk Element in Early Revival Hymns and Tunes". Journal of the Folk-Song Society. 8 (32): 61–95. JSTOR 4434189.
  10. ^ Dana, Richard Henry (1840). Two Years Before the Mast.[page needed]
  11. ^ Hodges, Hugh T. (1986). "Charles Maclay: California Missionary, San Fernando Valley Pioneer: PART II". Southern California Quarterly. 68 (3): 207–256. doi:10.2307/41171225. JSTOR 41171225.
  12. ^ "Scotch Atmosphere For 'Sentimental Tommy' Is Thick". New York Tribune. 27 March 1921. p. 8.
  13. ^ "The Starling by the late Norman McLeod, D.D. (book review, this is the year the Canadian edition of The Starling was published)". Daily American. 17 June 1877.
  14. ^ Green, Ian (2011). Fuzz to Folk: Trax of My Life. Luath Press Ltd. p. 282. ISBN 978-1-906817-69-5.
  15. ^ Gilchrist, Jim (18 October 2010). "The News from Moidart - CD Reviews: Pop, Classical, Folk". The Scotsman.
  16. ^ The McCalmans, Wha'll be King but Charlie, retrieved 2024-02-27
  17. ^ Brown, John (1902). Rab and His Friends. Rand, McNally & Co. p. 136.
  18. ^ "Poetry – Wha'll be King but Charlie?". electricscotland.com. Retrieved 2020-01-01.
  19. ^ Nairne, Carolina. "Wha'll Be King but Charlie?". AllPoetry. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  20. ^ "SND :: ferlie". Dictionaries of the Scots Language. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
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