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Western barred bandicoot

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Western barred bandicoot[1]
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[3]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Peramelemorphia
Family: Peramelidae
Genus: Perameles
Species:
P. bougainville
Binomial name
Perameles bougainville
Quoy & Gaimard, 1824
Western barred bandicoot range
(red—native; pink—reintroduced)

The Western barred bandicoot (Perameles bougainville), also known as the Shark Bay bandicoot or the Marl, is a small species of bandicoot; now extinct across most of its former range, the western barred bandicoot only survives on offshore islands and in fenced sanctuaries on the mainland.

Description

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The Western barred bandicoot Is much smaller than its relative the eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunnii), and is darker in its colouring, which is a grizzled brown. It measures about 1.5 feet (46 cm) in length.[4] It has two "bars" across its rump and has a short, tapered tail.[4] It was a solitary and crepuscular hunter, eating insects, spiders, and worms and occasionally tubers and roots.[4] When the bandicoot feels threatened, it typically leaps into the air and then burrows to safety.[4]

Taxonomy

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The first description of the Western barred bandicoot was from a specimen taken at Peron Peninsula in 1817 by naturalists on the Uranie.[5] Populations of the Perameles species have been referred to by various names, in different regions of Australia;[6]

Since all mainland species are naturally extinct it is believed early taxonomists described the same species based in local populations on pelage colour, however this remains unresolved due to the lack of mainland specimens.[7] In the year 2000 the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 identified two different taxa, P. bougainville fasciata as extinct, and P. bougainville bougainville as endangered.[8] Today they are all identified under the one species Perameles bougainville.[5]

Ecology

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The distribution history shows that the species used a variety of vegetation types as habitats, dependent of its locality on mainland Australia; from Allocasuarina seedlings, open salt bush, blue bush plains, stony ridges bordering scrub and along the Murray-Darling river system.[7] The last natural species habitats are in vegetated beach dune scrub, low heath and hummock grasslands.[7]

Breeding season has been recorded to be triggered from the first considerable rainfall after the summer drought in Autumn.[5] Females reach sexual maturity at 3–5 months[9] and weigh an average of 244 grams (8.6 oz).[7] The female carries between 1–3 young in her pouch, averaging 2 young, with the litter size increasing with a larger mother.[7] Four young have been recorded in pouches in South Australia.[7] The female carries her young between the months of March to November.[5] The male Western barred bandicoot matures at 4–6 months and weighs an average of 195 grams (6.9 oz).[9] The female Western barred bandicoot is larger than the male, being the only recorded species of bandicoot with a larger female.[5]

The Western barred bandicoot are known as solitary omnivorous animal, foraging on their own,[5] eating plant matter, invertebrates and skinks.[10] They have an isolated well concealed nest made from the litter of their habitat, most often using the same nest each night.[7] Females are known to be the only individuals who share their nests, and only with their young.[5]

Distribution

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At the time of European settlement the Western barred bandicoot was widespread across southern mainland Australia from Western Australia to central New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia in arid and semi-arid areas of the Mainland.[11] The last known record of the species occurring on mainland Australia, is in Ooldea, South Australia in 1922 and Rawlinna, Western Australia in 1929.[5] It was assessed as being extinct on the Australian mainland, Dirk Hartog and Faure islands before reintroduction projects.[9] The only surviving natural populations are on Bernier and Dorre islands in Shark Bay, Western Australia.[9]

The reintroduction program for threatened marsupials saw the Western barred bandicoot reintroduced back to mainland Australia in 1995 to Heirisson Prong, Shark Bay; 66 years after the last known mainland recording.[10] The translocation was ultimately a failure, with the species recently identified as locally extinct on Heirisson Prong.[12]

However the species was successfully reintroduced into the fenced Arid Recovery Reserve at Roxby Downs, South Australia in 2000, and to Faure island, Shark Bay in 2005.[9] It was reintroduced to a large fenced reserve at Western Australia's Mount Gibson Sanctuary in 2017,[13] to Dirk Hartog Island in October 2019,[14] to a fenced landscape within Sturt National Park in 2021,[15] and to a fenced private reserve on South Australia's Eyre Peninsula in August 2021.[16]

In September 2023, the species was released at two large fenced reserves within New South Wales; in the Pilliga Forest and Mallee Cliffs.[17]

Captive, contained breeding facility populations on the mainland at Dryandra Woodland, in Western Australia were not successful,[12] though there are captive populations within the Barna Mia Nocturnal Animal Sanctuary, allowing people to see the animals in a controlled environment within the Dryandra Woodland.[18]

Disease

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In 1999 the Western barred bandicoot was found to have lesions, identified as papillomatosis and carcinomatosis syndrome.[19] It is described as a wart-like syndrome and was first found in captive populations in 1999, wild populations were first observed as being affected in 2001.[19] The disease has been described as an emerging disease and is unlike any skin diseases previously documented on any Australian marsupials.[19] The disease is known to occur only in adult Western barred bandicoots, with the average onset recorded from 3 years and 2 months with lesions increasing in size until they become debilitating.[19] Infected individuals average survival age is 4 years and 6 months, with individuals surviving an average of 1 year and 4.5 months after becoming affected, either through natural death or euthanasia.[19] Today the disease is confined to Bernier Island, and captive populations sourced from Bernier Island.[12] The disease has until recently restricted the translocation of species to only those from Dorre island,[9] however a 2019 introduction of animals to Dirk Hartog Island included animals from Bernier, which were visually screened for evidence of the disease.[20]

Predators

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There are records of predation by the native Gould's monitor (Varanus gouldii)[7] and the western quoll (Dasyurus geoffroii).[21]

Predation from introduced species and human impact are believed to be the biggest causes of species loss since European settlement.[11] Predominately affecting rodents and marsupials weighing between 35-5500 grams, up to 49% of the original species of New South Wales have been affected, including the extinction of the Western barred bandicoot from mainland Australia.[11] Feral cats are believed to be primarily responsible for regional extinctions of native mammals before 1857.[11] Foxes have become well established and are also identified as a contributor for the decline and extinction of many Australian mammal species.[12]

Introduced rabbits are not a predator, however they out-compete and modify the vegetation required for food and habitat of the Western barred bandicoot.[9] Rabbit populations also interfere with the litter size of bandicoots; a decrease in rabbit abundance will increase the litter sizes recorded for Western barred bandicoots.[10]

A fence designed to exclude foxes and feral cats was constructed across a narrow neck of Heirisson Prong in 1990, intended to protect a 1200 ha area at the tip of the peninsula from exotic predators.[10] The original population from Dorre Island consisted of 14 individuals.[10] This area was a heavily monitored and managed area and provided a safe refuge area of 17 hectares (42 acres).[10][12] Numbers fluctuated, with the highest number of 470 individuals recorded in 2006; fluctuations were directly linked to the invasion of foxes and cats within the controlled fenced area.[12] Feral cats were believed primarily responsible for the local extinction of western barred bandicoots on Heirisson Prong in 2008.[12]

Conservation

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Conservation efforts for the Western barred bandicoot have been ongoing since 1995, when 14 bandicoots derived from Dorre Island were reintroduced to Heirisson Prong.[10] A fence designed to exclude foxes and feral cats was constructed across a narrow neck of Heirisson Prong in 1990, allowing a 1,200 hectares (3,000 acres) area of the tip of the peninsula to be rid of exotic predators.[10]

Low levels of genetic diversity can indicate vulnerability for conservation of endangered species.[22] Captive breeding recovery programs will have higher success rates with an understanding of genetic data. Diversity losses of genetic drifting due to island bottle necking are likely to counteract the fitness of the species, leaving them vulnerable to diseases, which is already evident.[22]

The few Western barred bandicoot population locations have restricted areas of occupancy, the species is highly susceptible to human activities, climate change, disease and predators, placing pressure on the species survival.[9] These circumstances formulate the vulnerability of becoming critically endangered or extinct in a very short period of time.[23]

Conservation listings

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References

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  1. ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Order Peramelemorphia". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Perameles bougainville". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16569A21965819. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T16569A21965819.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  3. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  4. ^ a b c d Ellis, Richard (2004). No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 226. ISBN 0-06-055804-0.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Short, Jeff; Richards, J. D.; Turner, Bruce (1998). "Ecology of the western barred bandicoot (Perameles bougainville) (Marsupialia: Peramelidae) on Dorre and Bernier Islands, Western Australia". Wildlife Research. 25 (6): 567. doi:10.1071/wr97131. ISSN 1035-3712.
  6. ^ a b c Glaurt, L (1948). "The development of our knowledge of the marsupials of Western Australia". Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia. 34: 115–134.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Friend, J (2008). Van Dyck, Steve; Strahan, Ronald (eds.). The Mammals of Australia (3rd ed.). Australia: Reed New Holland. pp. 182–184.
  8. ^ a b c Commonwealth Government, Department of the Environment and Energy (1999). "Species Profile and Threats Database: EPBC Act List of Threatened Fauna". Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i IUCN (2014-03-16). "Perameles bougainville: Burbidge, A.A. & Woinarski, J.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T16569A21965819". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014-03-16. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-1.rlts.t16569a21965819.en.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Richards, J.D; Short, Jeff (2003). "Reintroduction and establishment of the western barred bandicoot Perameles bougainville (Marsupialia: Peramelidae) at Shark Bay, Western Australia". Biological Conservation. 109 (2): 181–195. doi:10.1016/s0006-3207(02)00140-4. ISSN 0006-3207.
  11. ^ a b c d Dickman, C.R.; Pressey, R.L.; Lim, L.; Parnaby, H.E. (1993). "Mammals of particular conservation concern in the Western Division of New South Wales". Biological Conservation. 65 (3): 219–248. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(93)90056-7.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Short, Jeff (2016). "Predation by feral cats key to the failure of a long-term reintroduction of the western barred bandicoot (Perameles bougainville)". Wildlife Research. 43 (1): 38. doi:10.1071/wr15070. ISSN 1035-3712. S2CID 55475572.
  13. ^ "Western Barred Bandicoot | AWC". AWC - Australian Wildlife Conservancy. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
  14. ^ "Parks and Wildlife Service, Western Australia". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
  15. ^ Hannam, Mike Foley, Peter (2021-08-01). "'Where the rubber hits the road': Australia's bushfire recovery effort heats up". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2021-08-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Hamilton, ABC Eyre Peninsula: Jodie (2021-09-26). "Saving a species and bringing them back to Mallee country". ABC News. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
  17. ^ "Locally-extinct bettongs and bandicoots released". Mirage News. Retrieved 2023-10-03.
  18. ^ "Dryandras Woodland information pamphlet" (PDF). Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife. 5 June 2019.
  19. ^ a b c d e Woolford, L.; O'Hara, A. J.; Bennett, M. D.; Slaven, M.; Swan, R.; Friend, J. A.; Ducki, A.; Sims, C.; Hill, S. (2008). "Cutaneous Papillomatosis and Carcinomatosis in the Western Barred Bandicoot ( Perameles bougainville )" (PDF). Veterinary Pathology. 45 (1): 95–103. doi:10.1354/vp.45-1-95. PMID 18192585. S2CID 1647023.
  20. ^ "Wirruwana News Autumn 2020". Shark Bay. 2020-03-19. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
  21. ^ West, R. S.; Tilley, L.; Moseby, K. E. (2019-10-16). "A trial reintroduction of the western quoll to a fenced conservation reserve: implications of returning native predators". Australian Mammalogy. 42 (3): 257–265. doi:10.1071/AM19041. ISSN 1836-7402.
  22. ^ a b Smith, Steve; Belov, Katherine; Hughes, Jane (2010). "MHC screening for marsupial conservation: extremely low levels of class II diversity indicate population vulnerability for an endangered Australian marsupial". Conservation Genetics. 11 (1): 269–278. doi:10.1007/s10592-009-0029-4. ISSN 1566-0621. S2CID 22623698.
  23. ^ IUCN Species Survival Commission (2000). "IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA" (PDF). Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  24. ^ "Parks and Wildlife Service: Threatened animals". Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions. 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  25. ^ South Australian Government (2015). "National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972" (PDF). National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  26. ^ "Advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in Victoria" (PDF). Victorian State Government:Environment Land Water and Planning. 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  27. ^ "NSW Threatened species and ecological communities listed in the Schedules of the Biodiversity Conservation Act, 2016". NSW Government Office of Environment and Heritage. NSW Government Threatened Species Scientific Committee. 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
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