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Webster/Dudley Band of Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck Indians

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Webster/Dudley Band of Chaubunagungamaug
Nipmuck Indians
Total population
354 (2002).[1]
Regions with significant populations
United States of America United States (Massachusetts Massachusetts and Connecticut Connecticut).
Languages
English, Nipmuck, Massachusett
Religion
Christianity, Indigenous religion
Related ethnic groups
Other Nipmuc people, Massachusett, Wampanoag, Narragansett, Pennacook, Pocomtuc, Pequot, Mohegan and other Algonquian peoples

The Webster/Dudley Band of Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck Indians, also known as the Chaubunagungamaug, Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck, Pegan or Dudley/Webster Indians, is a cultural heritage group that claims descent from the Nipmuc people. They are a state acknowledged tribe.

Members claim to trace their ancestry to the historic Dudley/Webster Nipmuc tribal entity.[2] 87% of the membership of the Webster/Dudley Band of Chaubunagungamaug were able to document their descent from the Dudley/Webster Nipmuc when they (unsuccessfully) petitioned for federal acknowledgement.[3]

Contact with English settlers began in the 1630s, as the colonists began following the Indian trails to new settlements in the Pioneer Valley or the Pequot War (1634-1638). By the 1670s, the Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck came under the nominal control of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and under the expanding missionary influence of the Rev. John Eliot, leading to the establishment of a 'Praying Town of Chabanakongkomun' in 1674.[4] After the ravages of King Philip's War (1675-1676), the Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck were awarded a reservation in 1682. This reservation was sold in 1870, following the passage of the Massachusetts Indian Enfranchisement Act the year prior, forcing the tribe to disperse and assimilate into the surrounding communities.[1]

The Webster/Dudley Band incorporated in 1981. Private land in Webster, Massachusetts and Thompson, Connecticut is used by the group as its homebase.[5] Members worked closely with the Hassanamisco Nipmuc under Nipmuc Nation, especially in regard to federal recognition, but the group split from Nipmuc Nation in 1996. Many of the Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck remain affiliated with Nipmuc Nation, where they are counted among the Hassanamisco Nipmuc. The group was denied federal recognition as an Indian tribe in 2001, 2004, and 2007 decisions from the Bureau of Indian Affairs due to their failure to meet three of the seven mandatory criteria for federal acknowledgment.[6]

Ethnonyms

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Modern shoreline of Webster Lake. The lake's shorter Indigenous name, Chaubunagungamaug, serves as the namesake of the tribe.

The Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck prefer the spelling Nipmuck as opposed to Nipmuc. The term derives from nippamaug, "freshwater fishing pond."[citation needed] This has cognates in the closely related Massachusett language (with revived Wampanoag spelling in parentheses), such as the base nippa-[7]/(nup-),[8] 'freshwater,' and -âmaug[9]/(-ômâk),[10] 'fishing pond.'[11]

Chaubunagungamaug, one of two official Indigenous names for Webster Lake which occupies much of the southern half of the town, signifies "divided fishing place" or "fishing place at the boundary," because the lake was once divided into exclusive fishing zones with the Nipmuck at the northern part of the lake living in a village also known as Chabunagungamag and a related Nipmuck group living at Monuhchogok (Manchaug) to the south of the lake.[citation needed] The lake's full name is Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg and includes roots cognate to Massachusett [chad]chapun-[12]/([cha]châpunum-),[13] 'to divide,' and -âmaug/(-ômâk), 'fishing pond.' Eliot used a variant, Chabonakongkomun, for the Praying town established near the site of the old village and its inhabitants.[14]

Throughout most of the 18th century, the Nipmuck of Chaubunagungamaug were commonly referred to as the Pegan Indians (not to be confused with Piegan Blackfoot) because of the prevalent nature of the surname Pegan amongst its members, many of whom had ancestral ties to Natick. It is found in local place names as pegan- or pahegan- meaning 'clear'—as in something cut down or thin to let light through, and by extension, 'bare,' 'barren,' or 'treeless.' It is cognate to Massachusett pohk-[15]/(pâhk-),[16] 'clear.'[17][18]

English settlers, and later other immigrant groups, generally referred to the Nipmuck near the lake by the name of the location of the reservation. As Praying Indians, they were originally known as the Praying Indians of Chabanakongkomun. The reservation lands granted by Massachusetts were included in the town of Dudley, Massachusetts, and moved to a section of town later ceded and incorporated as the town of Webster, Massachusetts. As a result, they were known as the Dudley, Webster-Dudley, Dudley-Webster and Webster Indians.

In 1996, the group adopted the formal name Webster/Dudley Band of the Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck Indians.[19]

Location

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The Nipmuck homeland was referred to as Nippenet, 'freshwater (pond) place,' due to the large number of small ponds and lakes that dotted the region now covered by most of central Massachusetts and adjacent portions of north-eastern Connecticut and north-western Rhode Island. Within this region, the Chaubunagungamaug were concentrated in an area between Lake Chaubunagungamaug and the Maanexit River, corresponding to the towns of Dudley, Southbridge, Webster, Charlton, Oxford, Sutton, Douglas in southern Worcester County, Massachusetts and the town of Thompson in Windham County, Connecticut.

The principal village of Chaubunagungamaug was located north of the lake in what is now Webster. The reserve lands were dwindled away and later surrounded by the town of Dudley. The reservation lands were moved back to the area around the lake which was later split off and incorporated as the town of Webster, where a few acres remain in the tribe's use as the reservation.[18]

Group Membership

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Membership in the Webster/Dudley Band of Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck Indians is open to those who claim lineal descent to the "Dudley Indians" enumerated in the 1861 Report to the Governor and Council concerning the Indians of the Commonwealth (Earle Report) conducted by Indian Commissioner John Milton Earle or the 1890 Worcester Probate Court lists of beneficiaries to the funds from the reservation land sales.[19] Surnames of Dudley Indians on the Earle Report of 1861 include Bakeman, Beaumont, Belden, Cady, Corbin, Daley, Dorus, Esau, Fiske, Freeman, Henry, Hull, Humphrey, Jaha, Kyle, Nichols, Oliver, Pegan, Robinson, Shelley, Sprague, White, Willard and Williard.[20] In 2004, the group had 354 members.[1]

In 2004, 277, or 53 percent, of the Nipmuck identifying with the Nipmuc Nation and listed in the Hassanamisco Nipmuc tribal rolls at the time were Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck that remained after the 1996 exit of the Webster/Dudley Band, mostly from the Jaha, Humphrey, Belden, Pegan/Wilson, Pegan and Sprague families listed on the Earle Report. This also indicated that at that time, 43 percent of the total known population of descendants of the Dudley Indians, to which the Webster/Dudley Band are a successor, were not included in tribal rolls.[21]

Government

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Since 1996, the group has its own elected council.[19] The council is elected to serve three-year terms, with elections occurring at the end of December. As of November 2013, the council consists of Chairman/Treasurer Kenneth White, Vice-chairman David White, Secretary Sherry Davis, Enrollment Committee Chairperson Stacey Kelleher, Resident Agent Tom Morse, Claudia Zatorski, Barbi Gardiner, Charles T Morse Sr and Melissa Greene. Councilors are restricted to certain family lines, such as the Dorus/White, Sprague/Henries and Nichols/Heath branches.[19][22]

Sachems since 1981

  • Sachem Edwin Wise Owl Morse, Sr., 1981–2010.[23]
  • Sacehm Edwin Red Fox Morse, Jr., 2010 - 2013.[24]

Relationship with other Nipmuc

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Although relations between the Webster/Dudley Band of the Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck and the Hassanamisco Nipmuc (including Nipmuc Nation Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuc) were formerly strained, the close kinship ties and shared cultural pursuits have helped to heal old wounds. The two tribes are currently working together to revive the Nipmuck language, get Nipmuck involved in archaeological projects such as Project Mishoon and make use of land identified by the East Quabbin Land trust as a possible site for a Nipmuck cultural centre.[25] Other Nipmuck groups, without state recognition, include the Connecticut Nipmuc, who claim to be descendants of Nipmuck from the Praying towns that were located in what is now Connecticut and Nipmuck that relocated there,[26] as well as the Quinsigamond Nipmuc, including many members who claim descent from the original Quinsigamond Nipmuc[18] or later migrants into the areas around Worcester, Massachusetts. Nippamaug of all bands regularly attend the powwows, Indian fairs and social gatherings of the others.[27] The Webster/Dudley Band of Nipmucs works with the Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs to provide support for Native peoples.[25]

Notable Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck

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Chiefs and Leaders

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  • Sachem Willymachin 'Black James,' 17th century Chief.[28]
  • Sachem James, son and heir of Willymachin and brother to Simon, 17th century Chief.[28]
  • Sachem Simon, son and heir of Willymachin and brother to James, 17th century Chief.[28]
  • Joseph, Teacher of the Praying Town of Chabanakongkomun, son of Hassanamisco Nipmuc Sachem Robin Petahvit, 17th century.[29]
  • Sachem Edwin Wise Owl Morse, Sr., Chief from 1981 to 2010.[23]
  • Sachem Edwin Red Fox Morse, Jr., Chief from 2010 to 2013.[24]
  • David Tall Pine White, Tribal councillor, language instructor, language consultant/actor on We Shall Remain mini-series.[30]

Veterans

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  • Joshua Ephraim, American Revolutionary War Veteran, 18th century.[31]
  • Eleazer Pegan, American Revolutionary War Veteran, 18th century.[31]
  • Josiah Pegan, American Revolutionary War Veteran, 18th century.[31]
  • Joseph Pegan, American Revolutionary War Veteran, Jr., 18th century.[31]
  • Josiah Pegun, American Revolutionary War Veteran, 18th century.[31]
  • Hezekiah Dorus, Civil War Veteran, 19th century.[32]
  • Joseph E. Bowman, Civil War Veteran, 19th century.[32]
  • William H. Cady, Civil War Veteran, 19th century.[32]
  • Joseph H. P. White, Civil War Veteran, 19th century.[32]
  • James M. Pegan, Civil War Veteran, 19th century.[32]
  • Theophilus D. Freeman, Civil War Veteran, 19th century.[32]
  • Israel Henries, World War I Veteran, 20th century.[1]
  • Earl Edward Henries, World War II draftee, 20th century.[1]

'Last of the Nipmucks'

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The following gained notoriety as the so-called 'last of the' or 'last full-blooded' Nipmuck:

  • Angela Lynch, née Sprague, d. 1914.[1]
  • Matilda Maria Henries (Matilda Henry), née Nichols, d. 1920.[1]
  • Henry E. Dorus, d. sometime after 1936.[1]
  • Payne Henries, d. sometime after 1930.[1]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Martin, A. M. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. (2004). Final Determination against Federal Acknowledgment of the Nipmuc Nation (fr25jn04-110). U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C.
  2. ^ "Webster/Dudley final determination" (PDF).
  3. ^ "Webster/Dudley Band Final Determination" (PDF).
  4. ^ Cogley, R. W. (2009). John Eliot's mission to the Indians before King Philip's War (pp. 157–66). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  5. ^ Blumenthal, R. Connecticut Department of Justice, Office of the Attorney General, Indian Affairs. (2002). Comments of the state of Connecticut and the northeastern Connecticut council of governments on the proposed findings on the petitions for tribal acknowledgment of the Nipmuc Nation and the Webster/Dudley Band of Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck Indians. Retrieved from http://www.ct.gov/ag/lib/ag/press_releases/2002/indian/nipmuc_brief.pdf.
  6. ^ Artman, C. J. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. (2007). In re federal acknowledgement of the webster/dudley band of chaubunagungamaug nipmuck indians Archived 2014-06-09 at the Wayback Machine (IBIA 01-154-A). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  7. ^ Trumbull, J. H. (1903). Natick Dictionary. (pp. 85, 243. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
  8. ^ Hicks, N. (2006). A list of initials and finals in wôpanâak. (Master's thesis). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 26.
  9. ^ Trumbull, J. H. (1903). pp. 7, 18, 259-260.
  10. ^ Hicks, N. (2006). p. 27.
  11. ^ Hodge, R. W. (2006). Handbook of American Indians, north of Mexico. (Vol. II). Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Pub. p. 74.
  12. ^ Trumbull, J. H. (1903). pp. 24, 246, 319.
  13. ^ Hicks, N. (2006). pp. 13, 80.
  14. ^ Cogley. R. W. (2009). pp. 155-166.
  15. ^ Trumbull, J. H. (1903). pp. 115, 127-128.
  16. ^ Hicks, N. (2006). p. 60.
  17. ^ Huden, J. C. (1962). Indian place names of new england. New York, NY: Heye Foundation, Museum of the American Indian. pp. 387-394.
  18. ^ a b c Galvin, W. F. Massachusetts Historical Commission (MHC), (2007). Historic & archaeological resources of central massachusetts: A framework for preservation decisions. Boston, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Historical Society.
  19. ^ a b c d McCaleb, N. A. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. (2001). Summary under the criteria and evidence for proposed finding: Webster/dudley band of chaubunagungamaug nipmuck indians Archived 2014-06-09 at the Wayback Machine (CBN-V001-D005). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  20. ^ Earle, J. M. Office of the Governor of Massachusetts, Massachusetts Senate-Appointed Indian Commissioner. (1861). Report to the governor and council concerning the indians of the commonwealth, under the act of april 6, 1859. Boston, MA: William White, State Printer.
  21. ^ Darling, N. Department of the Interior, (2004). Martin issues final determination to decline federal acknowledgment of the nipmuc nation Archived 2006-09-29 at the Wayback Machine. Washington, D.C.: Department of Interior News.
  22. ^ Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck Indian Council (CBNI). Council news: CBNI Election results. (2013, November 01).
  23. ^ a b Minder, B. L. (2010, 2 9). Chief wise owl dies; led nipmuc recognition battle. Worcester Telegram and Gazette.
  24. ^ a b Obituaries: Edwin Morse, Jr., chief red fox. (2013, June 07). Webster Times, p. O2.
  25. ^ a b Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs (2013, June). In Peters, J. (Executive Director). Minutes from the June 11, 2013 meeting. 100 Cambridge Street Conference Room 2A. Massachusetts commission on Indian affairs meeting, Boston, MA.
  26. ^ Prindle, T. (2013). Nipmuc Indian Association of Connecticut.
  27. ^ Holley, C. T. (2012, January 02). Working together in nipmuc country in 2011[permanent dead link]. Unnai: Nipmuc Museum Web Log.
  28. ^ a b c Connole, D. A. (2007). p. 242.
  29. ^ Cogley, R. W. (2009). p. 157-164.
  30. ^ "Nipmuc Language | American Experience | PBS".
  31. ^ a b c d e Diaz, B. L., Gentry H. L. and Strahan J. D. (2008). African American and American Indian Patriots in the Revolutionary War: A Guide to Service, Sources and Studies. Eric G. Grundset, (ed.). Washington, D. C.: National Society Daughters of the American Revolution. ISBN 978-1-892237-10-1
  32. ^ a b c d e f Doughton, T. L. (1997). 'Unseen neighbors: Native americans of central massachusetts, a people who had "vanished".' In After King Philip's War: Presence and persistence in indian new england. ed. Colin G. Calloway. (p. 207-230). Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
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