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Hualca Hualca

Coordinates: 15°43′14.15″S 071°51′19.80″W / 15.7205972°S 71.8555000°W / -15.7205972; -71.8555000
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For the mountain in the Apurímac Region, Peru, see Wallqa Wallqa (Apurímac).
Hualca Hualca
Highest point
Elevation6,025 m (19,767 ft)[1]
Prominence692 m (2,270 ft)
Parent peakAmpato
Coordinates15°43′14.15″S 071°51′19.80″W / 15.7205972°S 71.8555000°W / -15.7205972; -71.8555000[2]
Geography
Hualca Hualca is located in Peru
Hualca Hualca
Hualca Hualca
Location of Hualca Hualca in Peru.
LocationArequipa, Peru
Parent rangeAndes, Peruvian Andes
Geology
Mountain typeStratovolcano
Volcanic arc/beltCentral Volcanic Zone
Last eruptionUnknown
Climbing
First ascent6 April 1966 - Richard R. Culbert (Canada)[3][4]

Hualca Hualca[5][6] (possibly from Aymara and Quechua wallqa collar)[7][8] is an extinct volcano[5] in Arequipa Region in the Andes of Peru. It has a height of 6,025 metres (19,767 ft).[1][6][a][b] It is located at the Peruvian province of Caylloma.[1]

Geography and geology

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Hualca Hualca is part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, a volcanic belt which occurs where the Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South America Plate. Volcanoes in Peru that are part of the Central Volcanic Zone include Ampato, Casiri, Chachani, Coropuna, El Misti, Huaynaputina, Pichu Pichu, Sabancaya, Sara Sara, Solimana, Ticsani, Tutupaca, Ubinas, Yucamane[14] and numerous calderas and monogenetic volcanoes. North of Hualca Hualca lies the Colca Canyon, a geopark and important tourism destination. Outcrops of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic basement occur there.[15]

Hualca Hualca seen from the north on the approach trek

Hualca Hualca forms a volcanic complex with the two southerly volcanoes Sabancaya and Ampato. It is older (Pliocene-Pleistocene) and more heavily eroded than these two volcanoes; they are all constructed on Neogene ignimbrites, one of which was dated to 2.2 ± 1.5 million years ago,[16] and the volcanoes cover a surface area of 620 square kilometres (240 sq mi).[15] Hualca Hualca produced two formations of lavas, andesites during the Pliocene and dacite and trachyandesite during the Pleistocene.[15] The volcano has erupted andesitic lava flows; one series of such flows exceeds a thickness of 0.5 kilometres (0.31 mi).[17] Volcanic rocks of Hualca Hualca contain phenocrysts of biotite, clinopyroxene, hornblende, orthopyroxene, plagioclase and sphene. The magma probably originated through mixing processes, similar to Sabancaya,[5] and from mantle magmas that underwent metasomatism and assimilation of crustal materials.[15]

Sector collapses

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The northern flank of Hualca Hualca underwent two large sector collapses on the northern side,[17] opening up a 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) wide collapse amphitheatre that cuts into older volcanic formations. No deposits from the main collapse are known. A new edifice formed within the collapse scar between the two collapses. The second, much smaller, collapse[15] formed a lake in the Colca valley which later catastrophically failed.[17] This lake has left lacustrine deposits in the Colca Valley.[18] Eruptions within the collapse amphitheatre built up several lava domes and lava flow fields, including Nevado de Puye, Mirador Cruz del Condor and Cerro Ahuashune and the present-day Hualca Hualca.[15] Lava flows formed volcanic dams in the Colca Valley.[19] Lava domes and pyroclastic flows also originated within the collapse scar.[5] Earthquakes and hydrothermal alteration probably caused the onset of the collapse event.[18]

Climate and glaciation

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Temperatures are stable year-round. Precipitation reaches 0.8–1 metre (2 ft 7 in – 3 ft 3 in) and occurs mainly during summer, when the intertropical convergence zone migrates south.[15]

The volcano was glaciated during the last ice age, between 18,000 and 11,500 years ago.[20] This glaciation has left moraines, rock glaciers and roches moutonees.[18] There are three sets of moraines on all sides of Hualca Hualca.[15] The glaciers on Hualca Hualca have retreated since then, one was reported to have disappeared by 2000.[21] Snowmelt and runoff from Hualca Hualca are sources of water for the Colca Canyon, supporting irrigated agriculture there; the mountain is worshipped by local inhabitants, who according to reports in 1586 believed that their ancestors come from it.[22]

Recent activity

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Volcanic activity began 1.6 million years ago in the Pliocene and consisted of eight separate stages. The large collapse took place more than 600,000 years ago, but activity continued until about 164,000 years ago.[15]

Hualca Hualca is considered to be an extinct volcano;[14] however at least seven vents on its southwestern flank show evidence of Holocene activity.[18] Satellite images in the early 21st century found that Hualca Hualca is inflating from a depth of 13–11 kilometres (8.1–6.8 mi) at a rate of 2 centimetres per year (0.79 in/year). This deformation may be associated with the neighbouring volcano Sabancaya which is active; magma chambers of volcanoes are sometimes distant from the actual volcano as was the case with Katmai.[23] The inflation ceased after 1997.[24] At Pinchollo in the collapse scar three geysers were active in the past; one is still active as of 2013 and is named Infiernillo.[25] The activity of the hydrothermal system at Hualca Hualca increased beginning in 2016, an increase linked to eruptions of Sabancaya and earthquakes.[26]

Climbing and first ascent

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Hualca Hualca can be climbed in a few days from the village of Pinchollo by the north side.[27] It was first climbed by Richard R. Culbert from Canada on 6 April 1966. Evidence of pre-Columbian ascents possibly from Incans, such as coca leaves and a puma skin, was found near the summit. Some reports show Piero Ghiglione and P. Chavez reaching the summit on 23 August 1950, however this was a secondary summit.[1]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Other data from digital elevation models: SRTM yields 5,990 metres (19,650 ft),[9] ASTER 5,977 metres (19,610 ft),[10] SRTM filled with ASTER5,990 metres (19,650 ft),[10] ALOS 5,977 metres (19,610 ft)[11] and TanDEM-X 6,031 metres (19,787 ft).[12]
  2. ^ The height of the nearest key col is 5,333 metres (17,497 ft),[13] leading to a topographic prominence of 692 metres (2,270 ft) with a topographical dominance of 11.49%. Its parent peak is Ampato and the Topographic isolation is 11.3 kilometres (7.0 mi).<[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e "Hualca Hualca". Andes Specialists. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  2. ^ "Nevado Hualca Hualca". GEOnet Names Server. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  3. ^ "AAJ". AAJ: 202. 1968.
  4. ^ Evelio Echevarría (1971). "AAJ". AAJ: 379.
  5. ^ a b c d Burkett, B. (1 December 2005). "Volcanism at Hualca Hualca Volcano, Southern Peru". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 53: V53B–1552. Bibcode:2005AGUFM.V53B1552B.
  6. ^ a b Peru 1:100 000, Chivay (32-s). IGN (Instituto Geográfico Nacional – Perú). as Nevado Hualca Hualca
  7. ^ Radio San Gabriel, "Instituto Radiofonico de Promoción Aymara" (IRPA) 1993, Republicado por Instituto de las Lenguas y Literaturas Andinas-Amazónicas (ILLLA-A) 2011, Transcripción del Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymara, P. Ludovico Bertonio 1612 (Spanish-Aymara-Aymara-Spanish dictionary)
  8. ^ Teofilo Laime Ajacopa (2007). Diccionario Bilingüe: Iskay simipi yuyayk’anch: Quechua – Castellano / Castellano – Quechua (PDF). La Paz, Bolivia: futatraw.ourproject.org.
  9. ^ USGS, EROS Archive. "USGS EROS Archive - Digital Elevation - SRTM Coverage Maps". Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  10. ^ a b "ASTER GDEM Project". ssl.jspacesystems.or.jp. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  11. ^ "ALOS GDEM Project". Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  12. ^ TanDEM-X, TerraSAR-X. "Copernicus Space Component Data Access". Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  13. ^ "Andean Mountains - All above 5000m". Andes Specialists. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  14. ^ a b Thouret, Jean-Claude; Rivera, Marco; Wörner, Gerhard; Gerbe, Marie-Christine; Finizola, Anthony; Fornari, Michel; Gonzales, Katherine (1 July 2005). "Ubinas: the evolution of the historically most active volcano in southern Peru" (PDF). Bulletin of Volcanology. 67 (6): 557–589. Bibcode:2005BVol...67..557T. doi:10.1007/s00445-004-0396-0. ISSN 0258-8900. S2CID 129294486.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i Alcalá-Reygosa, J.; Macías, J.L.; Arce, J.L.; Gómez, J.C.; Cisneros Máximo, G.; Layer, P.W.; Zamorano, J.J. (September 2024). "Reconstruction of Hualca Hualca volcano (southern Peru) based on geomorphological and geological evidence and 40Ar/39Ar dating". Geomorphology. 461: 109288. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109288.
  16. ^ Gerbe, Marie-Christine; Thouret, Jean-Claude (1 August 2004). "Role of magma mixing in the petrogenesis of tephra erupted during the 1990–98 explosive activity of Nevado Sabancaya, southern Peru". Bulletin of Volcanology. 66 (6): 541–561. doi:10.1007/s00445-004-0340-3. ISSN 0258-8900. S2CID 128592747.
  17. ^ a b c Zerathe, Swann; Lacroix, Pascal; Jongmans, Denis; Marino, Jersy; Taipe, Edu; Wathelet, Marc; Pari, Walter; Smoll, Lionel Fidel; Norabuena, Edmundo (15 September 2016). "Morphology, structure and kinematics of a rainfall controlled slow‐moving Andean landslide, Peru". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 41 (11): 1477–1493. Bibcode:2016ESPL...41.1477Z. doi:10.1002/esp.3913. ISSN 1096-9837. S2CID 130282743.
  18. ^ a b c d Alcalá-Reygosa, Jesús; Palacios, David; Orozco, José Juan Zamorano (19 October 2016). "Geomorphology of the Ampato volcanic complex (Southern Peru)". Journal of Maps. 12 (5): 1160–1169. Bibcode:2016JMaps..12.1160A. doi:10.1080/17445647.2016.1142479.
  19. ^ Silva, SL de; Francis, P. W. (1 March 1990). "Potentially active volcanoes of Peru-Observations using Landsat Thematic Mapper and Space Shuttle imagery". Bulletin of Volcanology. 52 (4): 286–301. Bibcode:1990BVol...52..286D. doi:10.1007/BF00304100. ISSN 0258-8900. S2CID 140559785.
  20. ^ Alcalá, Jesus; Palacios, David; Vazquez, Lorenzo; Juan Zamorano, Jose (1 April 2015). "Timing of maximum glacial extent and deglaciation from HualcaHualca volcano (southern Peru), obtained with cosmogenic 36Cl". EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. 17: 12930. Bibcode:2015EGUGA..1712930A.
  21. ^ Alcalá, Jesus; Palacios, David; Juan Zamorano, Jose (1 April 2015). "Reconstruction of glacial changes on HualcaHualca volcano (southern Peru) from the Maximum Glacier Extent to present". EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. 17: 13492. Bibcode:2015EGUGA..1713492A.
  22. ^ Boelens, Rutgerd; Gelles, Paul H. (1 July 2005). "Cultural Politics, Communal Resistance and Identity in Andean Irrigation Development". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 24 (3): 311–327. doi:10.1111/j.0261-3050.2005.00137.x. ISSN 1470-9856.
  23. ^ Pritchard, Matthew E.; Simons, Mark (11 July 2002). "A satellite geodetic survey of large-scale deformation of volcanic centres in the central Andes". Nature. 418 (6894): 167–171. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..167P. doi:10.1038/nature00872. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 12110886. S2CID 4342717.
  24. ^ Pritchard, Matthew E.; Simons, Mark (2004). "Surveying Volcanic Arcs with Satellite Radar Interferometry" (PDF). GSA Today. 14 (8): 4. doi:10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014<4:svawsr>2.0.co;2.
  25. ^ Ciesielczuk, Justyna; Żaba, Jerzy; Bzowska, Grażyna; Gaidzik, Krzysztof; Głogowska, Magdalena (March 2013). "Sulphate efflorescences at the geyser near Pinchollo, southern Peru". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 42: 186–193. Bibcode:2013JSAES..42..186C. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2012.06.016.
  26. ^ MacQueen, Patricia; Delgado, Francisco; Reath, Kevin; Pritchard, Matthew E.; Bagnardi, Marco; Milillo, Pietro; Lundgren, Paul; Macedo, Orlando; Aguilar, Victor; Ortega, Mayra; Anccasi, Rosa; Zerpa, Ivonne Alejandra Lazarte; Miranda, Rafael (2020). "Volcano-Tectonic Interactions at Sabancaya Volcano, Peru: Eruptions, Magmatic Inflation, Moderate Earthquakes, and Fault Creep" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 125 (5): e2019JB019281. Bibcode:2020JGRB..12519281M. doi:10.1029/2019JB019281. S2CID 218797689.
  27. ^ Biggar, John (2020). The Andes - A Guide for Climbers and Skiers (5th ed.). Andes. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-9536087-6-8.
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