Bakka, Lebanon

Aaqbe
	Shown within Lebanon
Alternative name	Akbeh, Aqbe, Akbe, Aqbeh
Location	85 kilometres (53 mi) east of Beirut
Region	Rashaya
Coordinates	33°35′36″N 35°55′28″E / 33.593334°N 35.924442°E
History
Cultures	Roman
Site notes
Condition	Ruins
Public access	Yes

Bakka

بكّا
Beka, Bekka
Bakka بكّا Beka, Bekka
Village
Country	Lebanon
Governorate	Beqaa Governorate
District	Rashaya District
Area
• Total	2.36 sq mi (6.12 km2)
Elevation	4,860 ft (1,480 m)

Bakka, Bekka or Beka (Arabic: بكّا) is a village and municipality situated 85 kilometres (53 mi) east of Beirut in the Rashaya District of the Beqaa Governorate in Lebanon.^[1]^[2] The population of the village is Sunni.^[3]

Wadi Bakka

The Wadi Bakka or Wadi Bekka runs alongside the village. The wadi was the scene of the Battle of Wadi Bakka where a Druze uprising was put down by Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt during the 1838 Druze revolt.^[4]

Roman temple

There are the ruins of a Roman temple in the village that are included in a group of Temples of Mount Hermon.^[5] George Taylor classified it as a prostylos temple and noted that the north and south walls remained standing and the podium floor had survived. The site has been heavily damaged by local construction of houses over the site. The temple featured an underground crypt that was accessible via one of the houses that had been built over it.^[6]

George Taylor divided up the Temples of Lebanon into three groups, one group of Temples of the Beqaa Valley lies north of the road from Beirut to Damascus. Second, there is the group in the area south of the same road, including the Wadi al-Taym and the western flank of Mount Hermon. Third, the group in the area west of a line drawn along the ridge of Mount Lebanon. There are relatively few temples along Lebanon's coastal plain. The Temples of Mount Hermon in Taylor's second group included Bakka and Ain Harcha, Aaiha, Deir El Aachayer, Dekweh, Yanta, Hebbariye, Ain Libbaya, Nebi Safa, Aaqbe, Khirbet El-Knese, Mejdal Anjar, Mdoukha.^{[citation needed]}

Edward Robinson suggested that word bakka could have derived from the later Arabic meaning of crowd. Others have linked it to the Hebrew word bikha meaning plain.^[7]

References

^ Daniel M. Krencker; Willy Zschietzschmann (1938). Römische Tempel in Syrien: nach Aufnahmen und Untersuchungen von Mitgliedern der Deutschen Baalbekexpedition 1901-1904, pp. 205-269 & pl, 83-116, Otto Puchstein, Bruno Schulz, Daniel Krencker. W. de Gruyter & Co. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
^ Ted Kaizer (2008). The Variety of Local Religious Life in the Near East In the Hellenistic and Roman Periods. BRILL. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-90-04-16735-3. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
^ "The Monthly - issue 91" (PDF). localiban. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin (1993). The Druzes: A New Study of Their History, Faith, and Society. BRILL. pp. 218–. ISBN 978-90-04-09705-6. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
^ Tallon, Maurice., “Sanctuaires et itinéraires romains du. Chouf et du sud de la Béqa,” Mélanges de l'université Saint Joseph 43, pp. 233-50, 1967.
^ George Taylor (1971). The Roman temples of Lebanon: a pictorial guide. Les temples romains au Liban; guide illustré. Dar el-Machreq Publishers. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
^ Emily Anne Beaufort Smythe Strangford (viscountess) (1862). Egyptian sepulchres and Syrian shrines: including some stay in the Lebanon, at Palmyra, and in western Turkey. Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. pp. 294–. Retrieved 20 September 2012.

External links

[KrenckerZschietzschmann1938c-1] Daniel M. Krencker; Willy Zschietzschmann (1938). Römische Tempel in Syrien: nach Aufnahmen und Untersuchungen von Mitgliedern der Deutschen Baalbekexpedition 1901-1904, pp. 205-269 & pl, 83-116, Otto Puchstein, Bruno Schulz, Daniel Krencker. W. de Gruyter & Co. Retrieved 17 September 2012.

[Kaizer2008-2] Ted Kaizer (2008). The Variety of Local Religious Life in the Near East In the Hellenistic and Roman Periods. BRILL. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-90-04-16735-3. Retrieved 20 September 2012.

[3] "The Monthly - issue 91" (PDF). localiban. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2015.

[Izzeddin1993-4] Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin (1993). The Druzes: A New Study of Their History, Faith, and Society. BRILL. pp. 218–. ISBN 978-90-04-09705-6. Retrieved 20 September 2012.

[5] Tallon, Maurice., “Sanctuaires et itinéraires romains du. Chouf et du sud de la Béqa,” Mélanges de l'université Saint Joseph 43, pp. 233-50, 1967.

[Taylor1971-6] George Taylor (1971). The Roman temples of Lebanon: a pictorial guide. Les temples romains au Liban; guide illustré. Dar el-Machreq Publishers. Retrieved 20 September 2012.

[(viscountess)1862-7] Emily Anne Beaufort Smythe Strangford (viscountess) (1862). Egyptian sepulchres and Syrian shrines: including some stay in the Lebanon, at Palmyra, and in western Turkey. Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. pp. 294–. Retrieved 20 September 2012.

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v t e Rashaya District, Beqaa Governorate
Capital: Rashaya
Towns and villages	Ain Arab Ain Ata Ain Harcha Akabeh Ayha Ayta el Fekhar Bakifa Bakka Beit Lahia Bireh Daher el Ahmar Deir El Aachayer Helwah Hoch Kaukaba Kfar Danis Kfarfouk Kfarmechki (including Nebi Safa) Kherbet Rouha Majdel Balhiss Mdoukha Mhaydseh Rashaya Al-Rafid Tannoura Yanta
Other	Aach ed Djâjé Khirbet El-Knese Tell Ain el Meten

v t e Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon
Roman Berytus (actual Beirut)	Berytus ¹ Roman Forum of Berytus Berytus Roman Baths Cisterns of Berytus Baths Berytus Cardo Decumanus Berytus Colonnaded street Byzantine mosaics Roman hippodrome of Berytus Roman Law school of Berytus
Roman Phoenicia (actual Lebanon)	Heliopolis Temple of Bacchus Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek) Temples of Mount Hermon Temples of the Beqaa Valley Aaqbe temple Afqa Ain Aata temple Ain Harcha roman temple Amioun Monastery Arca Caesarea Augusti Pagus Bakka temple Batroumine Bziza temple Canalizations of Zenobia Dakoue temple Mansourieh Roman aqueduct Hebbariye temple Iaat column Kafr Zabad temples Khirbet El-Knese roman temples Labweh Roman temple Libbaya roman temple Monastery of Qozhaya Monastery of Saint Maron Nahle roman temple Nebi Safa temple Niha Hosn Niha Qalaat Faqra Qal'at Bustra temple Castra Chbib Castra El Banat Saraain El Faouqa Schleem roman temple Colonia Aurelia Pia "Sidon" Temnin el-Foka nymphaeum Tripolis in Phoenicia Tyrus ¹ Tyre Necropolis Roman temple to Venus in Yammoune
Related	Roman Lebanon Phoenice (Roman province) Palaestina Secunda Phoenice Libanensis Stone of the Pregnant Woman Ulpianus Marcus Valerius Probus Eudokia of Heliopolis Saint Barbara of Heliopolis Coele-Syria List of Christian cathedrals in Lebanon Christianity in Lebanon Catholic Church in Lebanon Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral 2nd century in Lebanon 3rd century in Lebanon 4th century in Lebanon 5th century in Lebanon 6th century in Lebanon 551 Beirut earthquake
¹ UNESCO World Heritage Sites ² Proposed Category:Roman sites in Lebanon