w-shingling

In natural language processing a w-shingling is a set of unique shingles (therefore n-grams) each of which is composed of contiguous subsequences of tokens within a document, which can then be used to ascertain the similarity between documents. The symbol w denotes the quantity of tokens in each shingle selected, or solved for.

The document, "a rose is a rose is a rose" can therefore be maximally tokenized as follows:

(a,rose,is,a,rose,is,a,rose)

The set of all contiguous sequences of 4 tokens (Thus 4=n, thus 4-grams) is

{ (a,rose,is,a), (rose,is,a,rose), (is,a,rose,is), (a,rose,is,a), (rose,is,a,rose) } Which can then be reduced, or maximally shingled in this particular instance to { (a,rose,is,a), (rose,is,a,rose), (is,a,rose,is) }.

Resemblance

For a given shingle size, the degree to which two documents A and B resemble each other can be expressed as the ratio of the magnitudes of their shinglings' intersection and union, or

$r(A,B)={{|S(A)\cap S(B)|} \over {|S(A)\cup S(B)|}}$

where |A| is the size of set A. The resemblance is a number in the range [0,1], where 1 indicates that two documents are identical. This definition is identical with the Jaccard coefficient describing similarity and diversity of sample sets.

See also

• Bag-of-words model
• Jaccard index
• Concept mining
• k-mer
• MinHash
• N-gram
• Rabin fingerprint
• Rolling hash
• Vector space model

References

• Broder; Glassman; Manasse; Zweig (1997). "Syntactic Clustering of the Web". SRC Technical Note #1997-015.
• Manber (1993). "Finding Similar Files in a Large File System" (PDF). Does not yet use the term "shingling".
• Manning, Christopher D.; Raghavan, Prabhakar; Schütze, Hinrich (7 July 2008). "w-shingling". Introduction to Information Retrieval. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-47210-4.