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Vunivalu of Bau

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Ratu Epenisa Cakobau, 13th Vunivalu of Bau since 2023
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Turaga na Vunivalu na Tui Kaba, shortened as Vunivalu, is the Paramount Chief of the Kubuna Confederacy of the island of Bau in Fiji. Loosely translated the title means Warlord of Bau or "Root of War".[1] The succession to the title does not follow primogeniture, but the candidate must be a high-ranking member of the Tui Kaba clan.

History

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The Vunivalu was not always the senior Chieftain in Kubuna and Bau. When Vueti a great grandson of Lutunasobasoba defeated the Tui Viti's sons at Nakauvadra, he was awarded with a Tui Viti sacred stone- award signifying authority (tawake or flag).[2] From Nakauvadra, he left via Nakorotubu and had his 1st child, a son through supernatural powers or Gonesau [3] known as Nadurucoko who was raised by the Dewala tribe at Korolevu fort in Dewala, Nakorotubu. Nadurucoko the first (1st) Gonesau, was the father of Nabuinivuaka Nailatikau 1- the 1st Vunivalu of Bau.[4] He then continued on his returned journey to Moturiki and finally to Bau.[5] Vueti as the founder of Bau island in short for 'veibauyaki' or nomadic tribe (named after his last temporary nomadic residence in Bau in Wainibuka) was bestowed with the Roko Tui Bau title. Vueti then ordered for a sacred temple to be built in Bau and kept the Tui Viti sacred stone award of authority (tawake) that was given by the chiefs at Nakauvadra at the foundation mound and named the temple as Vatanitawake translated as 'the shelter or shelve of the signifying authority award or flag'.[6]

The Vunivalu of Bau title was considered subordinate to the Roko Tui Bau.[7][8] Power struggles between the various chiefly households came to a head with the exile of the Vunivalu Tanoa Visawaqa in the early 19th century after a series of murders and reprisals.[7][9] His son Seru Epenisa Cakobau however was allowed to remain in Bau during his fathers exile. Cakobau gained power by subverting the Lasakau people to plot and execute the overthrow of the ruling group, led by Ratu Ravulo Vakayaliyalo, in 1837; Seru Epenisa Cakobau then reinstated his father as ruler.[10]

Cakobau eventually succeeded to the title himself. He created much of its prestige by styling himself King of Fiji; he led the process that culminated in cession of the islands to the United Kingdom in 1874.[8]

The position fell vacant with the death of Ratu Sir George Cakobau, in 1989. For the next decade, there was a search for a successor. On 9 June 2005, his son Senator Ratu George Cakobau Jr. announced that the chiefs of Matanitu o Bau (the traditional chiefly government of Bau, which includes the districts of Namata, Namara, Nausori, Dravo, Buretu, Kiuva, and Viwa (Fiji), had selected four chiefly candidates, to be submitted to the Tui Kaba clan, which will be asked to choose one of them as the next Vunivalu. The four candidates are Ratu George Cakobau Jr. himself, his brother Ratu Epenisa Cakobau, Ratu George Kadavulevu Naulivou, and former Vice-President Ratu Jope Seniloli. A second meeting held a week later tentatively proposed Senator Cakobau as the new Vunivalu.

Cakobau's appointment had still not been finalized and was not without controversy. Adi Finau Tabakaucoro, a member of the Tui Kaba clan and a senior chief, complained on 27 June that the proper procedures were not being followed. The new Vunivalu should be elected by the whole clan, she said, rather than chosen by a few elders. She thought it wrong to exclude from the list of candidates the name of Senator Cakobau's sister, Adi Samanunu Cakobau-Talakuli, because she was the eldest child of the last Vunivalu.

Attempts to find an agreeable successor again failed in 2012, and the selection process was put on hold for the time being.[11] Former vice-president Seniloli died in 2015 and Senator Cakobau in 2018. In 2023 Ratu Epenisa Cokabau, great-great grandson of Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau and king of Fiji, was installed in a traditional ceremony.[12]

Other titles

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The Vunivalu when installed, also takes the title of Tui Levuka, as he is the traditional leader of the Levuka people of Lakeba, Lau. The wife of the Vunivalu is titled Radi Levuka.

List

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Order Portrait Vunivalu Reign Lifespan
1. Ratu Nailatikau ? – 1770 ? – 1770
2. Ratu Banuve Baleivavalagi 1770–1803 ? – February 1803
3. Ratu Naulivou Ramatenikutu 1803–1829 ? – 1829
4. Ratu Tanoa Visawaqa 1829–1832 ? – 8 December 1852
5. Ratu Navuaka Komainaqaranikula, Tui Veikoso 1832–1837 ? – ?
6. Ratu Tanoa Visawaqa 1837–1852 s.a.
7. Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau, Tui Viti 1852–1883 1815 – 1 February 1883
8. Ratu Epeli Nailatikau I† 1883–1901 1842–1901
9. Ratu Penaia Kadavulevu† 1901–1914 ? – 1914
10. Ratu Popi Seniloli 1914–1936 1883 – 11 October 1936
11. Ratu Tevita Naulivou† 1936–1957 ? – 1957
12. Ratu Sir George Cakobau 1957–1989 6 November 1912 – 25 November 1989
13. Ratu Epenisa Cakobau since 2023 1959/1960
† Never officially installed as Vunivalu, but posthumously generally recognized as such.


Note that the position of Vunivalu has often fallen vacant for lengthy periods. It was thought that disagreements about the succession had kept the title vacant since the death of Ratu Sir George Cakobau in 1989.

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ The Fijians - Page 62, 1908.
  2. ^ Archeological Investigation of Vatanitawake; A Ceremonial Mound on the Island of Bau. Tui Viti signifying authority award or flag (tawake) is mentioned on pg 103
  3. ^ Gonesau n. chiefly title, centred in Ra province in the area of Nakorotubu. There is confusion and dispute as to the origin and lineage associated with this title. There is no tradition of a formal installation ceremony. Close connection to super-tribe Dewala and the early history of Bau Island.The origin has a very close relationship with Bau. Curiously, this title has no extensive territory and no direct control over any extensive tribe. N. L. C. official report lists the title as Na Sau. (Tribe Dewala itself has become fragmented and dispersed widely.)Fijian–English Dictionary: with notes on Fijian culture and natural history-Ronald Gatty. Suva,Fiji, pg 90, 2009.
  4. ^ Genealogy on the Origin of the 1st Vunivalu from Nakorotubu, Ra presented on page 31 by the late Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi, Roko Tui Bau & 2006-2009 Vice President of Fiji in 'The Life and Times of Cakobau: The Bauan State to 1855'- A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Otago, New Zealand By Hurray P. Heasley, B.A. (Hons.), Otago. August, 2010.
  5. ^ Native Lands Commission (NLC), Ratu Meli Salabogi (2), 1918
  6. ^ Archeological Investigation of Vatanitawake; A Ceremonial Mound on the Island of Bau. Tui Viti signifying authority award or flag (tawake) is mentioned on pg 103
  7. ^ a b Apologies to Thucydides: Understanding History as culture and Vice Versa – pages 27, 52, 63, 162, 198, 211, 216, 233, 249,
  8. ^ a b Fiji’s Heritage a history of Fiji by Kim Gravelle reprinted under its new name in 2000 it was originally published as Fiji Times a history of Fiji in 1979. ISBN 982-214-001-0, Published by Tiara enterprises Nadi, Part 10 Page 44 – reference to Paper by Deve Toganivalu documenting Bauan pre-history and the superiority of the Roko Tui Bau as supreme Chief of Bau and the Vunivalu as his second.
  9. ^ Oceania By University of Sydney, Australian National Research Council - 1930, Ratu Tanoa and the battle at Lomaloma secures his supremacy
  10. ^ Tukutuku, Raraba, History of Bau
  11. ^ Naming of new Vunivalu put on hold. Retrieved 2012-09-26.
  12. ^ "Ratu Epenisa installed as the Vunivalu Tui Kaba".

References

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  • Fiji and the Fijians, by Thomas Williams, James Calvert.
  • Voyage Round the World: Embracing the Principal Events of the Narrative of the United States... - Page 383, by Charles Wilkes - 1849
  • Elites: choice, leadership and succession - Page 116, by João de Pina-Cabral, Antónia Pedroso de Lima - Social Science - 2000
  • The Fijians - Page 62, 1908.
  • The Golden Bough A Study in Magic and Religion: A New Abridgement from the Second and Third Editions - Page 149, by Sir James George Frazer - 1998.
  • ‘Matanitu’ the struggle for power in early Fiji by David Routledge 1985 – published by the Institute of Pacific studies and the University of the South Pacific Fiji, Chapter 2 Struggle between the Chiefs 1760 to 1842 Page 40,56
  • Tukutuku Raraba – History of Bau – Chapter 1 Page 1, records tabulated by the Native Lands and Fisheries Commission, the book 'The Pacific Way – A Memoir by Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara published by the University of Hawaii press Honolulu refers to the ‘Tukutuku Raraba’ as the ‘registrar of land owners rights and customs’
  • Oceania By University of Sydney, Australian National Research Council - 1930.
  • Fiji’s Heritage a history of Fiji by Kim Gravelle reprinted under its new name in 2000 it was originally published as Fiji Times a history of Fiji in 1979. ISBN 982-214-001-0, Published by Tiara enterprises Nadi.
  • The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders, Page 189 - 190, By Malama Meleisea, Donald Denoon, Karen .L Nero, Jocylyn Linnekin, Stewart Firth
  • Apologies to Thucydides: Understanding History as culture and Vice Versa, By Marshal Sahlins.
  • Vunivalu of Bau - NLC Family Tree (1923).
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