Voss (Alexander McQueen collection)

Razor clamshell dress from Voss at Sleeping Beauties: Reawakening Fashion, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2024

Voss is the seventeenth collection by British fashion designer Alexander McQueen, made for the Spring/Summer 2001 season of his eponymous fashion house. The collection drew on imagery of madness and the natural world to explore ideas of bodily perfection, interrogating who and what was beautiful. Like many of McQueen's collections, Voss also served as a critique of the fashion industry, which McQueen was often ambivalent about. Voss featured a large number of showpiece designs, including dresses made with razor clam shells, an antique Japanese screen, taxidermy hawks, and microscope slides. The collection's palette mainly comprised muted tones; common design flourishes included Orientalist flourishes, surrealist elements, and ruffles.

The collection's runway show was staged on 26 September 2000 at the Gatliff Road Warehouse in London, as part of London Fashion Week. The show was staged inside a room-sized mirrored glass cube, with the audience seated outside. McQueen deliberately started the show an hour late, which forced the audience, comprised largely of industry professionals, to watch themselves uncomfortably in the mirror. When the show started, the cube became transparent to the audience, revealing a space designed to look like a padded room in a stereotypical mental asylum. The models were styled to look unhealthy, with hair covered by bandages. They were directed to act as though they were having a "nervous breakdown" while walking. Seventy-six looks were presented, followed by a finale in which a glass cube at the centre shattered to reveal Michelle Olley, fat, nude, and covered in moths.

Critical response was positive, especially towards the showpiece ensembles and the performance art aspect. The show is regarded as one of McQueen's best, and has attracted a large amount of academic analysis, particularly as pertaining to the collection's imagery of human-animal hybridisation and interrogation of beauty standards. Several models who walked in the show have discussed their experiences as challenging but positive. Ensembles from Voss are held by various museums and have appeared in exhibitions such as the McQueen retrospective Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty.

Background

British fashion designer Alexander McQueen was known for his imaginative, sometimes controversial designs, and dramatic fashion shows. During his nearly twenty-year career, he explored a broad range of ideas and themes, including historicism, romanticism, femininity, sexuality, and death. McQueen began his career in fashion as an apprentice with Savile Row tailors, which earned him a reputation as an expert tailor. From 1996 to October 2001, McQueen was – in addition to his responsibilities for his own label – head designer at French fashion house Givenchy.

McQueen frequently experimented with unconventional materials and references to nature in his collections. He often used animal parts, both natural and imitation, in his designs. McQueen was especially partial to the symbolism associated with birds; avian imagery was a recurring theme throughout his career. His fifth collection, The Birds (Spring/Summer 1995), was dually inspired by ornithology, the study of birds, and the 1963 Alfred Hitchcock film The Birds, for which it was named. Moths and butterflies were another repeat motif.

McQueen had a difficult relationship with the fashion industry and the media. Early in his career, journalists often framed him as a working-class trespasser in an upper-class industry. The press preyed on his insecurities about weight and looks. The extreme styling in his first collections resulted in accusations of misogyny; despite his objections, the label persisted through much of his career. His Givenchy collections were poorly received, which distressed him; he resorted to smoking and drug use to deal with the pressure he felt to satisfy management and the press. McQueen was often ambivalent about continuing his career in fashion, which he sometimes described as toxic and suffocating.

Several of McQueen's collections, including Voss, were intended as commentary and critique on fashion. With It's a Jungle Out There (Autumn/Winter 1997), McQueen used the short lifespan of the Thomson's gazelle as a metaphor for the "fragility of a designer's time in the press. You're there, you're gone; it's a jungle out there." What a Merry-Go-Round (Autumn/Winter 2001), which followed Voss, "portrayed fashion as a madhouse and a circus", in the words of fashion theorists Adam Geczy and Vicki Karaminas. At the end of his career, McQueen lashed out again with The Horn of Plenty (Autumn/Winter 2009), which satirised the concept of a runway show and the wastefulness of the industry.

Concept and collection

Blouse with necktie halter top from Voss presented at Lee Alexander McQueen: Mythos, Mind, Muse at Musée des beaux-arts du Québec

Voss (Spring/Summer 2001), stylised in all capitals and sometimes informally called the "asylum show", is the seventeenth collection McQueen created for his eponymous fashion house. The collection explored ideas of bodily perfection, interrogating who and what was beautiful. It is named for Voss, a Norwegian town well-known as a wildlife habitat; accordingly, McQueen made extensive use of unconventional natural materials for the clothing. Most prominently, Voss features garments covered with various seashells: razor clams, mussels, and oysters. Some four thousand shells were sourced from beaches on the coast of Norfolk, with the rest coming from Billingsgate Fish Market in London. McQueen's love of birds was represented in feathered skirts, avian-themed embroidery, and a headdress made from taxidermied hawks that emulated a bird attack from the film The Birds.

Equally, the collection drew on the aesthetics of madness, imprisonment, and medicine. McQueen was a cinemaphile and may have been drawing on cinematic depictions of insane asylums and prisons, such as those from One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), set in an asylum, or The Green Mile (1999), which depicted inmates on death row. Vermillion accents evoked blood; one dress, modelled by Erin O'Connor, had a bodice made from microscope slides painted red. Some items may have been referencing nurse's uniforms.

The palette mainly comprised muted tones: white, grey, beige, light green, and soft pink, as well as black and flourishes of red. McQueen said he sought to make a collection that would be broadly palatable, so he included stylish suits and "simple black dresses". Many items had pintucks and ruffles. Another repeated motif was faux-"Oriental" fashion, which appeared in the form of roundels stylised like chrysanthemum flowers, a grey ensemble with Asian-inspired embroidery, and the use of an antique Japanese silk wall screen. These items also exemplified McQueen's love of traditional handicrafts like embroidery. A half-completed jigsaw puzzle of a castle used as a top and a model sandcastle worn as a shoulder-piece provided a touch of surrealism.

There was a heavy emphasis on tailored items with reimagined menswear elements, such as Look 13, a bodysuit modelled on a suit jacket, or Look 20, an off shoulder dress whose upper bodice was made to look like a man's dress shirt and collar. Several items had halter tops structured like attached neckties; sometimes the entire garment was made from the type of silk fabric typically used for ties. Textile curators Clarissa M. Esguerra and Michaela Hansen identified this style as an example of McQueen's clever "deconstruction of form and function".

Showpiece ensembles

Close-up on razor clamshell dress

Voss included a large number of showpiece ensembles: elaborate designs meant to convey the idea of a collection and never intended for mass production.

The razor clam dress worn in Look 33 was created from approximately 1,200 razor clam shells. They were chemically stripped and re-varnished, then drilled and sewn to the canvas base with monofilament. McQueen was inspired to create the dress after seeing thousands of the shells on the coast of Norfolk while walking with a friend.

Look 63 is a feathered minidress with a conical silhouette which thrusts forward in the front. Fashion theorist Harold Koda identifies this style, which completely obscures the waist, as highly unusual in shape for Western fashion. He compared it to a t-shirt and vest combination by Martin Margiela from 2000 which had a similar silhouette. McQueen's design, he wrote, is a "chimerical pastiche: it is definitely avian, faintly reptilian, and possibly mammalian". It was styled on the runway with a pair of light pink mules with industrial screws for heels by Benoit Méléard. Koda describes these as an explicit embodiment of McQueen's "critique of the fashion system", as they have an air of eroticism but are constructed to be very uncomfortable to wear.

Voss had the real feel of a mind collecting things. Lee wasn't scared of an idea coming from anywhere. One day he came in with handfuls of mussel shells, and he said, "We're going to make a dress out of this." Another day, he said, "Get a student to buy a jigsaw." Then a week later, he went to his house in Fairlight, on the East Sussex coast, and came back with razor-clam shells and said, "We're going to make a dress out of these."

Sarah Burton, quoted in Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty exhibition catalogue

Look 65 is a dress made from the Japanese screen, embroidered with flowers and birds, worn over an underdress of oyster shells. McQueen purchased the screen at the Saint-Ouen flea market in Paris. After shipping it back to London, he cut it off its frame and fused the crumbling fabric to cotton and silk to stabilise its shape. He hand-sewed the majority of the dress himself, with minimal pleating or-reshaping so as to properly display the workmanship of the original item. Its shape may have been modelled on kimono or the hanbok; traditional Japanese and Korean garments, respectively. The motifs and colours of the embroidery in this screen inspired similar embroidery for the dress and hat of Look 10. Look 65 was worn on the runway with a neckpiece of silver and Tahitian black pearl by Shaun Leane. The neckpiece had pointed silver branches which curled up and over the model's neck and face, forcing her to hold her head carefully so as to not be spiked.

Look 74 featured a hand-painted corset in red venetian glass; Look 75 had a headpiece in the same glass. The corset was probably based on a body cast of Laura Morgan, McQueen's house model, who wore it on the runway. Glass production was handled by Columbia Glassworks of London. Theorist Caroline Evans noted that wearing the corset took a certain degree of courage, writing that a "model in a glass corset knows she cannot afford to fall".

The medical slide dress from Look 76 took six weeks of work to complete. Two thousand microscope slides, hand-painted red, were sewn onto the bodice of the dress. In an interview, McQueen said that the glass was meant to evoke a body being studied under a microscope. The slides were red because, in his words, "there's blood beneath every layer of skin". The Icelandic singer Björk, wore the dress once, in concert.

Runway show

Production details

The runway show for Voss was staged on 26 September 2000 at the Gatliff Road Warehouse in London, as part of London Fashion Week. The many showpiece designs and complex set, which took an entire week to construct, made for an expensive show. Production was supported by longtime sponsor American Express and reportedly cost £70,000 (US$110,000).

McQueen typically worked with a consistent creative team for his shows, which he planned with Katy England, his assistant and primary stylist. Voss was produced by Sam Gainsbury and Anna Whiting, with art direction by Joseph Bennett, lighting by Dan Landing, and music by DJ John Gosling. Some shoes were created by Benoit Méléard. Hair was styled by Guido Palau, makeup by Val Garland. The moths for the finale were provided by a husband and wife team of entomologists.

Both of McQueen's parents attended the show. Other well-known attendees included McQueen's mentor Isabella Blow, actress Gwyneth Paltrow, musician Grace Jones, photographer Nick Knight, gallerist Jay Jopling, jeweller Jade Jagger, artists Tracey Emin, Sam Taylor-Johnson, and Jake and Dinos Chapman, and celebrity couple Ronnie Wood and Jo Wood. Victoria Beckham, then still best known as "Posh Spice" of the girl group Spice Girls, was denied entry. McQueen explained that he preferred to only allow celebrity guests with whom he had a working relationship.

Staging

[In Voss] the idea was to turn people's faces on themselves. I wanted to turn it around and make them think, am I actually as good as what I'm looking at?

Alexander McQueen, The Fashion, Spring/Summer 2001

As with The Overlook (Autumn/Winter 1999) three seasons before, Voss was staged inside a room-sized glass cube, with the audience seated outside of it on bleachers. At the outset, the lights were low and the cube functioned as a mirror. McQueen deliberately started the show an hour late, which forced the audience to watch themselves uncomfortably in the mirror while the sounds of a heartbeat and heavy breathing played. Some in the front row tore holes in their invitations to turn them into makeshift face shields. McQueen watched the crowd's discomfort from a CCTV monitor, later declaring that turning their gaze back onto themselves was "a great thing to do in the fashion industry". Journalist Maureen Callahan described the mirror stunt as McQueen's act of vengeance against the fashion press, which had often criticised him for his looks.

When the show started, bright lights came up inside the cube, revealing a space designed to look like an observation room in a stereotypical mental asylum, with white tiled floors, padded walls, and one-way mirrors on the walls preventing the models from seeing the audience. At the centre of the room was a box made from darkened glass. Despite the visual resemblance to a padded cell, McQueen said he intended it to be "like the models were in the privacy of their own bedrooms and could do what they wanted".

Models and styling

Advertisement for Elizabeth Arden cosmetics by Adolph de Meyer, 1927

The styling made the models look unwell, like hospital patients recovering from operations. The clothing de-emphasised the models' breasts and femininity. Hair was covered with tightly wound bandages, as though the models had just had brain surgery. Some looks were styled with bandages wrapped around limbs. Makeup was used to make skin look pale and unhealthy. The lack of visible hair also meant that the focus was primarily on the looks rather than the models. Fashion historian Judith Watt felt the head wraps were reminiscent of close-fitting medieval caps called coifs. She wrote that the makeup produced "a look of scrubbed purity" that reminded her of the Johannes Vermeer painting Girl with a Pearl Earring (c. 1665). Sociologist Henrique Grimaldi Figueredo felt the aesthetic both desexualised and dehumanised the models. Curator Susanna Brown thought the bandages were a reference to a 1927 Elizabeth Arden advertisement photographed by Adolf de Meyer, which features a model wearing similar white head wrappings.

Models were directed to act as though they were having a "nervous breakdown" while walking. Erin O'Connor, who wore the razor clam dress, recalled McQueen providing detailed directions for the models: "So, you're in a lunatic asylum, I need you to go mental, have a nervous breakdown, die, and then come back to life. And if you can, do that in three minutes and just follow the crescendo of the music." McQueen told some of the women wearing shell garments to purposefully destroy them on the runway.

Catwalk presentation

The show lasted fifteen minutes. Thirty-two models presented seventy-six looks, including a large number of showpiece ensembles. Following McQueen's directions, the models imitated madness by staggering around the space, stopping randomly in their tracks, and pressing themselves against the mirrors. Kate Moss opened the show in a ruffled cream-coloured knee-length dress. A series of asymmetrical dresses with black ruffles followed, then tailored suits in pale colours and black. The first showpiece item was Look 10, an embroidered grey jacket with matching rectangular hat and real green amaranthus attached. The arms were sewn to the jacket in the manner of a straitjacket.

Suits, denim, and halter tops with built-in ties followed. Jade Parfitt came out wearing Look 24, the next showpiece, which was inspired by Hitchcock's The Birds. The ensemble comprised a dress with an ostrich-feather skirt and taxidermy hawks attached at the shoulders, appearing to swoop down on her face. Look 28, a jacket with a thermal image of McQueen's face worn with a green ostrich-feather dress, was bookended on either side by suits and other tailored ensembles.

The shells had outlived their usefulness on the beach, so we put them to another use on a dress. Then Erin [O'Connor] came out and trashed the dress, so their usefulness was over once again. Kind of like fashion, really.

Alexander McQueen, "The McQueen chronicles", Women's Wear Daily, 28 September 2000

The lights temporarily dropped to blue for O'Connor in Look 33, the razor clam dress; she paused to rip shells out and toss them to the floor. Her hands were badly cut, but she was so deeply in character that she did not notice until she left the runway. When she went backstage afterwards, McQueen apologised, alarmed, then took O'Connor's hands and smeared the blood all over her head bandages to coordinate with her next look, a dress covered in microscope slides painted red. O'Connor recalled it as "an artistic moment [...] That was a real moment. That's a glimpse of the man."

Next were suits and dresses; these were mainly commercial, although one look featured a half-assembled jigsaw puzzle for a top, while another had a model sandcastle attached at the shoulder. A run of mussel-covered pieces appeared next. More tailored items followed, incorporating faux-Oriental embroidery and chrysanthemum motifs.

This culminated in Look 65, a dress made from an antique Japanese screen with underdress of oyster shells, paired with a neckpiece of silver and Tahitian black pearl by McQueen's regular jeweller Shaun Leane. The model, Karen Elson, stopped by the glass to nibble on its metal spikes. Elson tripped coming off the runway, cutting her neck and narrowly avoiding a more serious injury. Despite this, she insisted on leaving it on for the final walk. The debris on the floor made it too dangerous for Elson to take off her shoes, so McQueen held her hand to prevent her tripping again.

A series of tailored items followed, mostly in black with silver accessories. Look 74 featured a hand-painted corset in red venetian glass worn by Laura Morgan; Look 75 had a headpiece in the same glass. Morgan recalled it as "the most terrifying piece to wear" because the tightness of her skirt made it difficult for her to move her legs. The show's final look was Look 76, the medical slide dress with red ostrich-feather skirt, also worn by O'Connor.

After the models had departed the stage, the lights went down and the heartbeat that had underpinned the soundtrack faded into the sound of a flatlining heart monitor. The walls of the glass box at the centre of the room fell from the metal frame and shattered, revealing Michelle Olley lying nude on a chaise longue made from cow horns and draped with lace. Her head was covered in a grey full-face mask connected to a breathing tube. The mask had splatters of white paint intended to look like bird droppings, so that the mask would look like a stone statue. Several hundred moths fluttered around her, and a large number of dead moths were glued to her skin.

The lights came up and the models came out for their final turn, with McQueen joining in jeans and a T-shirt for his bow.

Finale

Michelle Olley in the Voss finale

Sanitarium (1983), the Joel-Peter Witkin photograph the finale is based on

McQueen was interested in challenging societal norms of beauty with Voss. He wanted to show that things conventionally considered ugly, such as moths or an obese woman, "could be beautiful depending on perception". He told Women's Wear Daily that "It was about trying to trap something that wasn't conventionally beautiful to show that beauty comes from within." He had been fat-shamed by the media and was well aware of what it would mean to present a fat, nude woman onstage at a fashion show, where the ideal body is tall and slim. The final visual was a recreation of "Sanitarium", a 1983 photograph by Joel-Peter Witkin.

Underground journalist Michelle Olley knew McQueen through mutual friends, and was recruited for the finale by his associate Sidonie Barton. Given McQueen's bent for the macabre, and aware of the way her body departed from the fashionable ideal – Olley described herself as "five foot three inches and the wrong side of a size 16 dress" – she anticipated being asked to perform a "visceral she-beast role". Although she had appeared in nude photographs before, Olley was apprehensive about being naked in a live setting while wearing a full-face hood. After some consideration, she agreed to appear, telling McQueen "I'll do it but I want you to know that I'm doing it for art". She later remembered that he said "I thought we all were weren't we?" before awkwardly leaving the room. Her diary describes ambivalent feelings of excitement and nervousness in the days leading up to the show. Olley's boyfriend felt she was being exploited, but Olley felt "a cheeky little buzz" from the idea of horrifying the fashion audience with her fatness, and ultimately concluded that she wanted "to be part of a ritual, however elegantly disguised".

During the show, Olley waited within the box, which was fitted with a hidden microphone so she could communicate in case of an emergency. The mask had earphones to allow the production team to give her updates. The live moths were kept in a net bag, which Olley cut open with a scalpel on cue to free them. The box was kept cold to keep the moths dormant until the end. Olley recalled that breathing through the mask's nose-holes was not difficult, although the tiny eye-holes severely restricted her vision. A robe and shoes were hidden under the chaise lounge for Olley to use after the show.

Reception

Contemporary

Contemporary critical response to Voss was universally positive, according to retrospective summaries. Several reviewers called it his best work yet. Many journalists regarded McQueen and fellow designer Hussein Chalayan as the two standouts of a disappointing London Fashion Week. Cathy Horyn of The New York Times went so far as to say they were the only two collections that mattered that season. The Globe and Mail reviewer Alexia Economou felt that both men had managed to be on-trend for the season while maintaining their own "immutable" styles.

Reviewers praised the combination of artistic showmanship with wearable, commercially-viable clothing. Christian McCulloch, writing for The Sydney Morning Herald, highlighted the showpiece designs, saying that McQueen "can't be beaten for ideas or execution". The slim tailored suits and draped jersey dresses were critical favourites highlighted in a number of reviews, as was the soft colour palette. Francesca Fearon at The Irish Times thought the tailored designs represented "the madness of modern business". Suzy Menkes of the International Herald Tribune suspected that the collection's sense of "luxurious calm" was a result of McQueen now having several years of training in French haute couture techniques at Givenchy. For her, the use of natural materials "suggested the ecological catastrophe of a silent spring". John Davidson at The Herald of Glasgow felt that the clothing, like much of McQueen's work, "conveyed a sense of confrontational eroticism".

Some felt that the designs, although attractive, did not represent a creative advancement for McQueen, although this was not necessarily seen as a detriment. Writing for The Independent, Rebecca Lowthorpe felt that the designs were a retread of McQueen's best work, but thought it was a "pleasure" regardless. Colin McDowell at The Sunday Times was more critical, saying both McQueen and Chalayan had produced clothes that were "worryingly static". He suggested they needed to "keep themselves alert" lest they be outdone by newer, younger designers.

The decision to theme the runway show around insanity polarised critics. Jess Cartner-Morley wrote that in "imagination and execution, McQueen is simply miles ahead of the pack". Lowthorpe noted that the concept was woven into the entire collection, with each look "play[ing] upon the tension between violence and delicacy". For the National Post, Serena French felt the performance art aspect "was one of his most complex to date" and suggested McQueen ought to sell tickets for future shows to the public. The staff reviewer for Women's Wear Daily wrote that the unusual theme "could have been a disjointed mess" in the hands of someone less skilled, but felt that the excellence of the designs made it a success. Conversely, Catherine Westwood of The Sun complained that McQueen had "lost the plot" with the theme and finale. McDowell was also critical of McQueen's focus on the runway presentation, saying that the "histrionics of high-camp drama" were less impactful than the designer imagined. Mind, a British charity dedicated to mental health, criticised the theme and staging.

The finale was generally seen as a classic McQueen spectacle. After the show, Paltrow said she thought it was "Pure theatre". Lisa Armstrong of The Times called it "sublimely sinister". The reviewer for Vogue magazine compared it to the work of several avant-garde artists, saying it was "Francis Bacon via Leigh Bowery and Lucian Freud". Davidson described it as a "fine example of a creative imagination teetering between the compelling and the repulsive, between the merely menacing and the utterly magical".

Retrospective

In retrospect, Voss is regarded as one of the highlights of McQueen's career. Fashion historian Judith Watt wrote that he had "deftly combined showpieces and set for impact". Author Chloe Fox felt that the showpiece designs lifted the collection from macabre to artistic, crediting the elegance to McQueen's time at Givenchy. Callahan described it as "peerless" and called McQueen "the designer to beat" from that point onward. In his book Blood Beneath the Skin (2015), Andrew Wilson described it as a high point for McQueen, "not so much a fashion show as a fully formed art installation that interrogated attitudes towards beauty and ugliness, sex and death, sanity and madness". Dana Thomas, in her book Gods and Kings (2015), wrote that the show's designs comprised "remarkably handsome and wearable clothes". Author Karen Homer reports it as one of McQueen's "most celebrated theatrical achievements".

In a 2015 retrospective, Dazed magazine called Voss one of McQueen's darkest shows, while the directors of the 2018 documentary McQueen, and a 2023 L'Officiel USA article described it as one of his most iconic. When Vogue asked various designers about their favourite shows by others, Simone Rocha and Catherine Holstein each picked Voss. Rocha said she wished she had seen it in person, while Holstein described it as "profoundly brave" and thought it would be impossible to do in the modern fashion industry.

In an overview of the collection from 2021, Cathy Horyn recalled that there were no show notes, so the audience was expected to interpret the themes and ideas for themselves. She felt the show stood out because of McQueen's tailoring abilities: "the workmanship and the expression of sexuality and femininity and all these plays on texture with tailoring that it's just really incredible". To her, Voss was evidence of fashion as art, both in the staging and in the quality of the clothing presented. Horyn suggested that for many people who were involved in fashion at the time and who had seen the show, it "would be in their top five or top ten shows".

Analysis

Materials and styles

Many academics have commented on the microscope slide dress. In her 2003 book Fashion at the Edge, Caroline Evans wrote that showpiece items such as the microscope slide dress functioned as elaborate marketing for a designer's ideas, and were therefore examples of how fashion used artistic concepts for capitalist ends. Fashion historian Ingrid Loschek discussed the microscope slide dress as an example of how McQueen explored dichotomies such as pleasure and pain or sexuality and death. In her analysis, the softness of the ostrich feathers on the skirt provides "tactile erotic charm", whereas the microscope slides evoke medical science and its connection to pain and death. Both she and Evans noted that when Bjork wore the dress in concert, her dancing caused the slides to audibly rattle against one another, transforming it from a garment into a percussion instrument. Johannes Birringer and Michèle Danjoux felt that the dress had become "a form of bodyworn instrument that is animated through a dynamic act of wearing". Faiers also commented on the microscope slide dress as part of his analysis, suggesting that it represented "forensic scrutiny of the art of [haute] couture", which is generally unseen and unacknowledged by the general public. Curator Eleanor Townsend called it an example of how McQueen's fascination with death and bodily fragility was ever-present in his work. Grimaldi Figueredo argued that the dress covered in blood red microscope slides "suggested the fragility of life" and was therefore an example of the aesthetic of the "abject" – that which "triggers disgust".

Kimono-inspired jacket from Scanners (Autumn/Winter 2003)

Anna Jackson felt that McQueen's incorporation of styles and motifs from Japanese clothing was more "transformative" than similar efforts by other designers, who treated these aesthetics as a novelty. McQueen's minimal alteration of the antique silk screen "preserved yet metamorphosed" the original work "into a piece of unexpected visual and tactile juxtapositions". The other significant Japanese-inspired showpiece, the embroidered straitjacket, borrowed several elements from Japanese clothing: "rejection of natural body shape, flat expanses, elaborate sleeves, constricting wrap style and overpowering headpiece". Jackson felt the design showed McQueen's understanding of Japanese garments, as well as how he "transfigured them into something uniquely his own". McQueen continued to reference Japanese aesthetics in future collections such as Scanners (Autumn/Winter 2003) and It's Only a Game (Spring/Summer 2005).

Researcher Lisa Skogh noted that McQueen often incorporated concepts and objects which might have appeared in a cabinet of curiosities – collections of natural and historical objects that were the precursor to modern museums. She identified the shell garments from Voss as being in this tradition, writing that they "evoke the [shell] grotto aesthetic of princely gardens" and other historical art objects made from shells.

Mirrored box

Fashion theorist Alma Hernandez Briseño analysed Voss in conjunction with Bellmer La Poupée (Spring/Summer 1997), arguing that in these runway shows, McQueen created spaces which blurred the line between fantasy and reality. In Voss, the glass cube separating the models from the audience is a fictional space in which McQueen was able to explore transgressive notions of what beauty and fashion meant. Fashion journalist Alex Fury argued that McQueen often staged spectacles that separated the audience from the models in a way that evoked cinema and television, offering The Overlook and Voss as examples; in this way, McQueen was expressing himself as a product of the modern, screen-based world. In contrast, author Claire Wilcox raised Voss as an example of McQueen making the audience a part of the performance. She compared the mirrored box, which "subverted the audience's role" of observation, to the staging of Plato's Atlantis, in which motion-controlled cameras on the stage projected the show and its audience onto the runway's backdrop, making the audience part of the show they were watching.

Evans argued that the impact of the mirror trick came from targeting an audience of fashion industry professionals, whose work typically involved "sharp scrutiny of the models". The reversal forced them to think about their objectification of the model and the clothes. McQueen then pushed the point further by concealing the audience from the models, turning the runway show into a "simulation of solitary pleasure [...] like a sex show", watched by an audience of voyeurs. Conversely, the models' "workaday narcissism" – a basic aspect of their vocation – was made to look "psychotic and dysfunctional". Writing separately, author Vanessa Guerrera argued a similar point, saying that it was "revolutionary" for McQueen to turn the audience into the subjects. She felt Voss represented McQueen more explicitly referencing elements of horror fiction in his work: "uncomfortable voyeurism, the ugly reflections of the worst parts of us, and the flair for the dramatic".

Design theorists A. Rabàdan and I. Bentz also commented on the mirror reversal, writing that McQueen had created a "non-place" by staging the show in the cube of mirrors, detaching it from reality to create "a conflict in the spectator of the performative runway". They likened the spectators and models to Narcissus of Greek myth: a young man who fell in love with his own reflection. Both spectators and models were forced to do so in the context of Voss.

Human-animal hybridisation

Some scholars viewed Voss through the lens of "becoming", developed by the French academics Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, which suggests that identity is a constant process of change, and is not bound to fixed ideas. For these analysts, the way the collection presented an apparent hybridisation of humanity with the natural world was an expression of "becoming" something other than human. Callahan described the collection as featuring "half-cyborg women now crossbreeding with the animal kingdom". Theorist Catherine Spooner, while not referencing Deleuze and Guattari, noted that McQueen frequently used imagery of human-animal hybrids, "enabling him to comment playfully on the notion of fashion as a transformational medium".

Gender theorist Stephen D. Seely explored this notion in an essay about fashion which enables "the becoming-nonhuman of the wearer's body" and defies standard binary categories such as "human/animal". For Seely, McQueen's designs achieve this "through the incorporation of animal and other natural features", with the bird attack dress as a specific example. While the model's upper half seems like it is being torn apart or carried away by the taxidermy hawks, her bottom half, covered in ostrich feathers, is seemingly transformed into a bird. Seely writes that "the model and the birds are becoming-indiscernible", neither one nor the other.

Fashion theorist Jonathan Faiers considered "McQueen's work as being in a constant state of 'becoming' something else", citing several examples from Voss. He described Look 28, the thermal image jacket with green feathered dress, as an "experiment in assimilation and displacement" through all the life stages of a butterfly or moth. He felt that the furry-looking green feathers and unusual forward-thrust abdomen of the dress resembled a caterpillar in camouflage. The grey silk coat was its cocoon, further representing "the point of transition". Finally, the rear view of the jacket, with the thermal print of McQueen's face resembles the eyespot patterns found on mature butterflies. Faiers described this as an "act of human aposematism, warning potential predators (other designers?) to keep away". He also discussed the hawk dress, comparing it to designs from It's a Jungle Out There which incorporated large animal parts. Although Faiers acknowledges the inspiration from the film The Birds, he asserts that the design is "no simple homage", but an imparting of the various qualities of a hawk into fashion as an attempt to "distill 'birdliness'". Finally, he examined the use of shells, calling them pieces of "something left behind that has served its purpose now that the life it contained has moved on". In his analysis, these items are most significant after they were destroyed by the models wearing them; a destruction that to him represented the models moving forward along an evolutionary path. Both Faiers and Spooner commented on the throughline from the shell garments of Voss to the underwater-adapted women of his final full collection, Plato's Atlantis (Spring/Summer 2010).

Designs from Plato's Atlantis on display at Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty, Victoria and Albert Museum, 2015

Post-humanist theorist Justyna Stępień built on Seely and Faiers, writing that Voss was an example of post-human fashion, with its "assimilation and transformation of the human and natural world". She was particularly interested in the way McQueen incorporated avian imagery into the collection, writing that the "mutation of different elements can be seen as the designer's attempt to understand this process of birds' variation". For Stępień, McQueen's use of natural and experimental materials hybridises the human body with plants and animals, "redefining the relationship between fabric and flesh".

Fashion historian Gertrud Lehnert, also not referencing Deleuze and Guattari, considered similar concepts. She suggested that McQueen's use of seashells and animal parts represented the natural duality of mortality and rebirth in his work. She, too, focused on the ambiguity presented by McQueen's half-animal women, wondering if they were transitioning to or from animals. Although they bore some resemblance to mythical bird-women such as sirens and harpies, Lehnert felt that the women in Voss seemed trapped within the glass, endangered themselves rather than presenting a danger to others.

Transgression and beauty

The collection, like much of McQueen's work, explored ideas of bodily perfection, interrogating who and what was beautiful. Contemporary commentary and later retrospective analysis have touched on this aspect. Speaking in 2000, Barbara Atkin, fashion director for Holt Renfrew, felt that McQueen's exploration of beauty through ugliness was a part of a subversive rejection of classical beauty standards on the part of many designers. Horyn's review considered Voss in conjunction with Apocalypse: Beauty and Horror in Contemporary Art, an exhibition then running at the Royal Academy of Arts in London. She felt that viewing Apocalypse, with its similar subject matter, made it more clear to her that McQueen was not just making fashion, but "responding, like an artist, to the horror and insanity in contemporary culture".

Hernandez Briseño suggests that for McQueen, beauty was "uncomfortable and transgressive, but also transparent and organic". Theorist Mélissa Diaby Savané argued that McQueen used ugliness to elevate his fashion from mere commercial use to genuine artistic expression. In Voss, he achieved this by using imagery of mental illness, unwellness, and obesity to counter normative images of health and beauty depicted in the industry. In this way, the show serves as a reminder of human mortality. Art historian Rex Butler argued that McQueen, having successfully turned transgression into fashion with his controversial Highland Rape (Autumn/Winter 1995), "was left with nothing to do", as there was nothing further to transgress upon. For the rest of his career, Butler argued, McQueen attempted to reveal and critique the inner workings of the fashion industry. Butler called the main elements of Voss – showpiece items made from eclectic materials, mirror trick, and the subversive finale – an "obvious metaphor for the attempt to 'reflect' upon the fashion system". Henrique Grimaldi Figueredo argued that McQueen's shows were "spectacles", a type of fashion show using "theme, the models, the scenario and the closing act" to create a commercial performance that borders on art. He identified four elements from the show which aligned with this framework: the theme of hospitalisation and madness; the styling of the models to look de-sexualised and unhealthy; the mirrored box playing with unhealthy self-reflection; and the finale combining "beauty and horror".

Finale

I believe that the idea that we are trapped by our "civilised", socially approved identities is massively important. It causes women so much suffering. Fear of ageing, fear of not being thin enough. Fear of not having the right clothes.

Michelle Olley, diary entries, 2001

Curator Kate Bethune suggested that the finale "left the audience to ponder the meaning of beauty". Wilson wrote that the finale was a partial call-back to the final look from Bellmer La Poupée, which featured a model with a large polyhedral structure over her head and body and dozens of moths circling the transparent enclosure. Author Chloe Fox felt the finale forced the viewer to "visually confront the horror the larger body can instill in its beholder". Theorists Adam Geczy and Vicki Karaminas argued that the most significant aspect of the finale was the complete absence of actual fashion, in the usual sense of stylish clothing. McQueen, they felt, had "distilled fashion into its basest elements, being all the intangibles of perception and desire".

Evans argued that the increasingly-theatrical fashion shows of the late 1990s and early 2000s served as "phantasmagoria", which she defined as dramatic displays that existed to conceal the underlying "working mechanisms of capitalist production". She felt that the varied juxtapositions of beauty and horror in Voss "exemplified the ambivalence" necessary for a phantasmagoria slim models in attractive clothes contrasted with Olley's fat, nude body; the models acting psychotically while presenting fashionable clothing; the glass box reflecting the audience and the glass box containing Olley.

Cultural theologian Robert Covolo built on Evans's thoughts, citing Voss as evidence of McQueen's career-long ambivalence toward conventional standards of beauty. He saw the juxtaposition between Olley and the conventional models as a statement about how "the attractive power of clothing to accent the body's aesthetics" contrasted with "the horror, oppression, and insanity that the pursuit of a beautiful body can take". He continued his analysis from a lens of Christian philosophy, arguing that Voss served as a metaphor for secular attempts to obtain spiritual fulfilment. In his view, the models in the show seek to gain fulfilment from beauty and fashion, only to be left wanting by an experience that cannot spiritually nourish them. Covolo felt that the show therefore contained "traces of the Christian vision of resurrection which continues to haunt both collective memory and common culture".

In a paper exploring insects in fashion, entomologist Tierney Brosius argued that the climactic scene from the film Cruella (2021) bore visual and thematic similarities to the Voss finale. In Cruella, moths emerge from a dress secretly made from chrysalises, consuming the fashionable attire of runway show attendees as well as the remainder of the collection. Brosius notes that in both, swarms of moths are released, prompting "the transformation of something beautiful and wondrous into a terrifying nightmare".

Aftermath and legacy

Models' experiences

Erin O'Connor, who wore the razor clam and the microscope slide dresses; pictured in 2008

Olley detailed her experience in her diary. She described the sight of the moths flying around her as "unworldly and exciting", and the confinement as "a really strange type of reality, a really strange little bubble of time". After the show, she cried briefly from what she called "the physical release" of being free from confinement: four hours in the mask, and three in the glass box before the show ended. McQueen was delighted by the result, and called Olley "the star of the show". Blow, too, congratulated her after the show, as did a French representative from Elle, who Olley wrote called her "Ze mozzer of all Fashionne!" In a 2015 interview with Dazed magazine, Olley said she was glad to have done it, saying that it taught her "that I'm braver than I thought I was". Speaking to SHOWstudio that same year, she said "I can't help thinking that I was part of an act of magic".

In a 2014 interview with photographer Nick Knight, O'Connor described her experience walking in Voss as "probably the most exciting show I've ever done", and one which defined why she loved being a model. She recalled McQueen giving her the spontaneous direction to destroy the dress just before she went out. Although briefly uncertain, she found herself falling into the performance: "I did exactly as I was told and I had worried that it looked like in some way that I was victimized or a victim of being, you know, sort of in that mindset, and actually it was the complete opposite. It was stripping away the pain, and the armour, and going 'here I am'." In the adrenaline rush of performing, she was unaware that she had cut her hands, and was "really shocked" to discover her injuries when she went backstage. O'Connor was pleased that McQueen had "pushed" her to perform at this level, calling the experience "very special".

O'Connor expressed similar sentiments while speaking to Evans, saying that McQueen was unique in giving his models "freedom of expression" to develop a character for his shows. For Voss, she developed a separate persona for each of her outfits. In the shell dress, she described her character as "in charge of my illness [...] I was breaking free". For the microscope slide dress, she felt she embodied "the fragility of a human being and a woman possessed", which changed the way she moved.

Knight interviewed Karen Elson, who wore the thorned neckpiece, in 2015. She recalled it as "terrifyingly dangerous", telling Knight that she had cut her neck quite badly during her fall, and saying she was surprised not to have lost an eye. Elson's shoes had very slender high heels, and she was "not the best in a high shoe" in general, leading to her losing her balance. There was a stunned silence, broken by Val Garland saying "oh my god, I thought you were dead". Because it was a McQueen show, Elson said, "we laughed it off within two minutes". She described McQueen holding her throughout the final walk "so tenderly" to make sure she did not fall again.

Vogue magazine interviewed several McQueen models for their February 2020 issue, two of whom discussed Voss specifically. Jade Parfitt, who wore the bird attack outfit, remembered Voss as an unusual experience for the models. Compared to normal shows, in which models could "feed off the music and the audience", Voss was an exercise in sensory deprivation, where "all you had was your mirror image and silence and the knowledge that there were hundreds of audience members beyond the glass". Laura Morgan, McQueen's house model, described how McQueen subverted notions of beauty: "He introduced you to characters that were wild, mysterious, weird, ugly, insane." She cited the Voss finale as an example of McQueen striking out at the fashion industry for its monotonous presentations: "No pretty girls walking down a white runway here."

Ownership

The Victoria and Albert Museum (the V&A) of London owns a grey jacket with chrysanthemum-embroidered sash, from the retail collection. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (the Met) in New York City owns two ensembles from Voss: an unspecified ensemble made from feathers, cotton, silk, glass, and metal, and the razor clam dress. The damage done to the razor clam dress during the runway show was noticeable. For exhibition purposes, reproduction shells made from paper were inserted to cover spots where original shells had fallen off. These were made by printing photographs of original shells, then cutting and curling them to the desired shape before attaching them to the dress base.

Museum appearances

For Radical Fashion, a 2001 exhibition at the Victoria and Albert Museum, McQueen recreated the padded cell from Voss, albeit on a smaller scale. Items featured included the microscope slide dress, the McQueen face jacket, and several of the chrysanthemum dresses.

A large number of items from Voss appeared in the exhibition Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty, both the original staging at the Met in 2011 and the 2015 staging at the V&A. Garments from Voss were mainly placed in the Romantic Exoticism section of the show. They included the following: Look 10, the embroidered grey "straitjacket" with matching hat; Look 24, the dress with taxidermied birds; Look 28, the thermal image jacket with green dress; Look 33, the razor clam dress; a coat and dress with chrysanthemum roundels from Looks 56 and 60, respectively; Look 65, the Japanese screen dress with silver and black pearl neckpiece; and Look 76, the microscope slide dress, which was placed separately in the Romantic Gothic section. The Cabinet of Curiosities, which held accessories like shoes and jewellery, had several from Voss: a bodice of mussel shells from Look 42; a pair of shoes in tan leather and metal from Look 63, loaned by socialite Daphne Guinness; and the corset backplate and headpiece in etched, red-painted glass, from Looks 74 and 75, respectively.

For the 2015 staging of Savage Beauty, the items from Voss were placed at the end of the exhibition, in a mirrored room reminiscent of the set for the original runway show. A film of the finale played in place of the living tableau. The razor clam dress had to be transported from New York City to London pre-placed on a fiberglass mannequin due to its weight, fragility, and the difficulty involved in mounting it. The ten-step process of preparing the dress for travel involved padding the dress at potential contact points, stuffing tissue between every layer of shell, attaching further padding, and securing the mannequin inside the crate. The dress made it to London and back without issue.

One item from Voss appeared in the exhibition Lee Alexander McQueen: Mythos, Mind, Muse, a retail variant of several halter-top looks from the runway show. The razor clam dress appeared in Sleeping Beauties: Reawakening Fashion, accompanied by a recording of the sound made by the dress when worn. Reviewer Cathy Horyn called the sound "off the charts", but questioned its educational utility.

Bibliography

Audio-visual media

• Alexander McQueen | Women's Spring/Summer 2001 | Runway Show. Alexander McQueen. 12 March 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2024 – via YouTube.
• Horyn, Cathy (21 May 2021). "Cathy Horyn: Alexander McQueen S/S 01". SHOWstudio. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
• Knight, Nick (6 August 2014). "Interview: Erin O'Connor on Alexander McQueen". SHOWstudio. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
• Knight, Nick (11 February 2015). "Interview: Karen Elson on Alexander McQueen". SHOWstudio. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
• Stoppard, Lou (20 March 2015). "Interview: Michelle Olley on Lee McQueen". SHOWstudio. Retrieved 27 October 2024.

Books

• Birringer, Johannes; Danjoux, Michèle (2019). "Sound and Wearables". In Filimowicz, Michael (ed.). Foundations in Sound Design for Embedded Media: A Multidisciplinary Approach. New York City: Routledge. pp. 243–274. ISBN 978-1-351-60388-1.
• Bolton, Andrew (2011). Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty. New York City: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1-58839-412-5. OCLC 687693871.
  • Frankel, Susannah. Introduction. In Bolton (2011), pp. 17–27.
• Butler, Rex (2022). "Rei Kawakubo: Fashion Degree Zero". Rei Kawakubo: For and Against Fashion. London: Bloomsbury Visual Arts. pp. 209–230. ISBN 978-1-350-11823-2.
• Callahan, Maureen (2014). Champagne Supernovas: Kate Moss, Marc Jacobs, Alexander McQueen, and the '90s Renegades Who Remade Fashion. New York City: Touchstone Books. ISBN 978-1-4516-4053-3.
• Esguerra, Clarissa M.; Hansen, Michaela (2022). Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse. New York City: Delmonico Books. ISBN 978-1-63681-018-8. OCLC 1289986708.
• Evans, Caroline (2003). Fashion at the Edge: Spectacle, Modernity and Deathliness. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10192-8.
• Fairer, Robert; Wilcox, Claire (2016). Alexander McQueen: Unseen. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-22267-8. OCLC 946216643.
• Fox, Chloe (2012). Vogue On: Alexander McQueen. Vogue on Designers. London: Quadrille Publishing. ISBN 978-1849491136. OCLC 828766756.
• Frankel, Susannah (2001). Visionaries: Interviews With Fashion Designers. London: V&A Publications. ISBN 978-0-8109-6589-8.
• Geczy, Adam; Karaminas, Vicki (2019). Fashion Installation: Body, Space, and Performance. London: Bloomsbury Visual Arts. ISBN 978-1-350-03253-8.
• Gleason, Katherine (2012). Alexander McQueen: Evolution. New York City: Race Point Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61058-837-9. OCLC 783147416.
• Homer, Karen (2023). Little Book of Alexander McQueen: The Story of the Iconic Brand. London: Welbeck Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-80279-270-6.
• Honigman, Ana Finel (2021). What Alexander McQueen Can Teach You About Fashion. London: Frances Lincoln. ISBN 978-0-7112-5906-5.
• Knox, Kristin (2010). Alexander McQueen: Genius of a Generation. London: A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4081-3223-4. OCLC 794296806.
• Koda, Harold (2001). Extreme Beauty: The Body Transformed. New York City: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-300-10312-0.
• Lehnert, Gertrud (2016). "Queere Mode | Körper" [Queer Fashion | Body]. In Lehnert, Gertrud; Weilandt, Maria (eds.). Ist Mode queer?: Neue Perspektiven der Modeforschung [Is Fashion Queer?: New Perspectives in Fashion Research] (in German). Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag. pp. 17–36. ISBN 978-3-8394-3490-1.
• Loschek, Ingrid (2009). When Clothes Become Fashion: Design and Innovation Systems. Oxford: Berg Publishers. doi:10.2752/9781847883681. ISBN 978-0-85785-144-4. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
• Picardie, Justine (2005). My Mother's Wedding Dress: The Life and Afterlife of Clothes. New York City: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-59691-880-1.
• Rabàdan, A.; Bentz, I. (2018). "Performative runway in backstage liquidity". In Broega, Ana Cristina; Cunha, Joana; Carvalho, Helder; Blanco, Manuel; García-Badell, Guillermo; Goméz-Chacón, Diana (eds.). Reverse Design: A Current Scientific Vision From the International Fashion and Design Congress. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-429-76632-9.
• Thomas, Dana (2015). Gods and Kings: The Rise and Fall of Alexander McQueen and John Galliano. New York City: Penguin Publishing. ISBN 978-1-101-61795-3. OCLC 951153602.
• Watt, Judith (2012). Alexander McQueen: The Life and the Legacy. New York City: Harper Design. ISBN 978-1-84796-085-6. OCLC 892706946.
• Wilcox, Claire, ed. (2015). Alexander McQueen. New York City: Abrams Books. ISBN 978-1-4197-1723-9. OCLC 891618596.
  • Bethune, Kate. "Encyclopedia of Collections". In Wilcox (2015), pp. 303–326.
  • Brown, Susanna. "Nightmares and Dreams". In Wilcox (2015), pp. 284–301.
  • Evans, Caroline. "Modelling McQueen: Hard Grace". In Wilcox (2015), pp. 189–202.
  • Faiers, Jonathan. "Nature Boy". In Wilcox (2015), pp. 123–137.
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  • Townsend, Eleanor. "Memento Mori". In Wilcox (2015), pp. 159–163.
  • Wilcox, Claire. "Plato's Atlantis: Anatomy of a Collection". In Wilcox (2015a), pp. 83–103.
• Wilcox, Claire (2017). "Radicalizing the Representation of Fashion: Alexander McQueen at the V&A, 1999–2015". In Brooks, Mary M.; Eastop, Dinah D. (eds.). Refashioning and Redress: Conserving and Displaying Dress. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute. ISBN 978-1-60606-511-2.
• Wilson, Andrew (2015). Alexander McQueen: Blood Beneath the Skin. New York City: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-7674-3. OCLC 1310585849.

Journals

• Birringer, Johannes (2016). "Performance In the Cabinet of Curiosities: Or, The Boy Who Lived in the Tree". PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art. 38 (3): 27–28. doi:10.1162/PAJJ_a_00331. ISSN 1520-281X. JSTOR 26386804. S2CID 57559845.
• Brosius, Tierney (Fall 2023). "The Insect as Fashion Muse and Provocateur: Angelic Maggots and Subversive Lobsters". American Entomologist. 69 (3): 42–50. doi:10.1093/ae/tmad043. ISSN 1046-2821.
• Covolo, Robert (June 2014). "Beyond the low-rise jean: Traces of resurrection on the catwalks of the late Alexander McQueen". The Other Journal (23: Body). Wipf and Stock Publishers: 30–37. ISBN 978-1-63087-237-3.
• Elenowitz-Hess, Caroline (16 April 2022). "Reckoning with Highland Rape: Sexuality, Violence, and Power on the Runway". Fashion Theory. 26 (3): 400. doi:10.1080/1362704X.2020.1846325. ISSN 1362-704X. S2CID 229432510.
• Grimaldi Figueredo, Henrique (20 November 2020). "Performing the risk: four contemporary obituaries in Alexander McQueen". Conceição/Conception. 9: 1–18. doi:10.20396/conce.v9i00.8659720. ISSN 2317-5737.
• Hernandez Briseño, Alma (11 June 2020). "La Poupee and Voss: Alexander McQueen's heterotopias". The Fashion Studies Journal. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
• Kim, Hyun-joo; Kang, Hae-Seung (1 August 2012). "The design trend and identity of Alexander McQueen based on the cultural and the artistic background of England". Journal of Korean Society of Design Science. 25 (3): 292. S2CID 143075005.
• Mora, Juliana Luna; Berry, Jess (2 September 2022). "Creative Direction Succession in Luxury Fashion: The Illusion of Immortality at Chanel and Alexander McQueen". Luxury. 9 (2–3): 126, 128, 132. doi:10.1080/20511817.2022.2194039. ISSN 2051-1817.
• Savané, Mélissa Diaby (20 June 2021). "The fantasy of ugliness in Alexander McQueen collections (1992–2009): How did literature and the visual arts inspire Alexander McQueen to merge sex and horror in his own art form?". Revista 2i: Estudos de Identidade e Intermedialidade. 3 (3): 95–108. doi:10.21814/2i.3157. ISSN 2184-7010. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
• Seely, Stephen D. (2013). "How Do You Dress a Body Without Organs?: Affective Fashion and Nonhuman Becoming". Women's Studies Quarterly. 41 (1): 247–265. doi:10.1353/wsq.2013.0069. ISSN 1934-1520.
• Stępień, Justyna (3 July 2017). "'Savage Beauties'. Alexander McQueen's performance of posthuman bodies". International Journal of Performance Arts and Digital Media. 13 (2): 170–182. doi:10.1080/14794713.2017.1345584. ISSN 1479-4713.

External links

• Alexander McQueen | Women's Spring/Summer 2001 | Runway Show. Alexander McQueen. 12 March 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2024 – via YouTube.
• Production stills from designer Joseph Bennett