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Verrucula

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Verrucula
Verrucula arnoldaria (darkened parts of thallus) growing on Calogaya arnoldii
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Eurotiomycetes
Order: Verrucariales
Family: Verrucariaceae
Genus: Verrucula
J.Steiner (1896)
Type species
Verrucula egyptiaca
(Müll.Arg.) J.Steiner (1896)
Species

See text

Verrucula is a genus of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) lichens in the family Verrucariaceae.[1] Species in the genus are parasitic on saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichens, including Xanthoria elegans as well as lichens from genus Caloplaca that contain chemical substances called anthraquinones.

Taxonomy

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Verrucula was originally circumscribed in 1896 by Austrian lichenologist Julius Steiner to contain a group of parasitic Verrucaria species.[2] It was subsequently little used until 2007, when it was resurrected for use for Verrucaria found as parasites on Caloplaca with anthraquinone compounds. Other parasitic species were moved to genus Verruculopsis; these two genera are morphologically quite similar.[3] Molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that Verrucula has a sister taxon relationship with Placocarpus in the family Verrucariaceae.[4]

Description

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Verrucula lichens have a thallus that is areolate to a mixture of squamulose and areolate, and is sometimes reduced in form. The upper cortex is only weakly developed, and is termed a pseudocortex. The excipulum (the ring-shaped layer surrounding the hymenium) is pale except for the pale to pale brown area around the ostiole. Ascospores are colorless, and usually simple, although in rare instances they have a single septum. Pycnidia in Verrucula are similar in form to those found in genus Dermatocarpon. This is pycnidial type is characterised by its paraplectenchymatous net (paraplectenchyma is a fungal tissue with a cellular structure superficially like the parenchyma of vascular plants) and its multiple cavities.[3]

Species

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As of July 2022, Species Fungorum accepts 16 species of Verrucula.[5] The following list gives the species name, author citation (using standard abbreviations), year of publication, and host lichen.[6] The host specificity in genus Verrucula is quite high, as each species seems to parasitise a single host.[7][3]

Some species previously classified in Verrucula have since been reduced to synonymy with other species, or have been transferred to different genera:

References

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  1. ^ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl:10481/76378. S2CID 249054641.
  2. ^ Steiner, J. (1896). "Beitrag zur Flechtenflora Südpersiens". Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Math.-naturw. Klasse Abt. I. (in German). 105: 436–446.
  3. ^ a b c Navarro-Rosinés, P.; Roux, C.; Gueidan, C. (2007). "La generoj Verrucula kaj Verruculopsis (Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales)". Bulletin de la Société Linnéene de Provence (in Esperanto). 58: 133–180.
  4. ^ Gueidan, Cécile; Roux, Claude; Lutzoni, François (2007). "Using a multigene phylogenetic analysis to assess generic delineation and character evolution in Verrucariaceae (Verrucariales, Ascomycota)". Mycological Research. 111 (10): 1145–1168. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.08.010. PMID 17981450.
  5. ^ Source dataset. Species Fungorum Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+. "Verrucula". Catalog of Life Version 2022-06-23. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  6. ^ Diederich, Paul; Lawrey, James D.; Ertz, Damien (2018). "The 2018 classification and checklist of lichenicolous fungi, with 2000 non-lichenized, obligately lichenicolous taxa". The Bryologist. 121 (3): 340–425 [365–366]. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-121.3.340. S2CID 92396850.
  7. ^ Zehetleitner, G. (1978). "Über einige parasitische Arten des Flechtengattung Verrucaria" [About some parasitic species of the lichen genus Verrucaria]. Nova Hedwigia (in German). 29: 683–734.
  8. ^ Roux, C. et coll. (2014). Catalogue des lichens et champignons lichénicoles de France métropolitaine (in French). Fontainebleau: Association française de lichénologie. p. 1314. ISBN 978-2-9547896-9-9.
  9. ^ "Record Details: Verrucula ahlesiana (Hepp) J. Steiner, Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 107: 180 (1898)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  10. ^ "Record Details: Verrucula cahirensis (J. Steiner) J. Steiner, Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 105: 444 (1896)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  11. ^ "Record Details: Verrucula egyptiaca (Müll. Arg.) J. Steiner [as 'aegyptiaca'], Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 105: 444 (1896)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  12. ^ "Record Details: Verrucula fraudulosa (Nyl.) J. Steiner, Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 107: 180 (1898)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  13. ^ "Record Details: Verrucula fuscella (Turner) J. Steiner, Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 107: 180 (1898)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  14. ^ "Record Details: Verrucula granulosaria (Clauzade & Zehetl.) Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux, in Navarro-Rosinés, Roux & Gueidan, Bull. Soc. linn. Provence 58: 157 (2007)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  15. ^ "Record Details: Verrucula latericola (Erichsen) Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux, in Navarro-Rosinés, Roux & Gueidan, Bull. Soc. linn. Provence 58: 161 (2007)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  16. ^ "Record Details: Verrucula lecideoides (A. Massal.) J. Steiner, Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 107: 180 (1898)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  17. ^ "Record Details: Verrucula rheitrophila (Zschacke) M. Choisy [as 'rheithrophila'], Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Soc. Bot. Lyon 19: 69 (1950)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
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