Valeriana woodsiana
| Valeriana woodsiana | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Dipsacales |
| Family: | Caprifoliaceae |
| Genus: | Valeriana |
| Species: | V. woodsiana
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| Binomial name | |
| Valeriana woodsiana | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Valeriana woodsiana (synonym Valerianella radiata), common name beaked cornsalad, is a plant native to the United States.[2] It is an annual self pollinating flowering plant and besides being edible there are no known uses.[3] Valerianella radiata flowers from April- May.[4]
Description
[edit]Valeriana woodsiana typically grows to a height of 0.6 m (2 ft).[3] Flowers are perfect.[4] It has 5 white flower petals that are arranged bilaterally symmetrical with fused sepals.[4] The leaves are simple, entire, and toothed[4] with opposite arrangement of two leaves per node on stem.[5] It has 3 stamens,[5] one pistil with three carpels, an inferior ovary with 3 locules and one ovule per locule, slightly 3-lobed stigmas and produces dry fruit 2 - 2.5 mm long.[4] Valerianella radiata has a corolla length of less than 2 mm.[6] The fruit is usually yellowish and glabrous to finely pubescent and the fertile cells are slightly narrower than sterile cells.[7] A groove forms between the narrow and fertile sides of the fruit.[7] It is a self-fertile plant due to having both male and female organs.[3] Stems are hollow and ascend to erect, dichotomously branching (an important diagnostic character), angled, and glabrous to sparse pubescence on stem wing margins.[4] Basal leaves are sessile, short-petiolate, spatulate, obovate with bases fused around the stem, glabrous along margins and midvein of the undersurface.[4] Inflorescences are clusters that are small, dense, and usually paired on branch tips that have lanceolate bracts to narrowly elliptic.[4]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Valeriana woodsiana is native to the deciduous forest regions of the eastern United States.[8] This species is commonly found in creek beds, roadsides, ditches, clearings, hilltops, and pasture lands.[8] Valeriana woodsiana can be found in areas ranging from moderate shade to full sunlight exposure.[6] It may be present in Japan as an introduced plant. [9]
Conservation status
[edit]It is listed as a special concern and believed extinct in Connecticut,[10] and listed as endangered in New Jersey. It is listed as a weed in other parts of the United States.[2]
Taxonomy
[edit]Valeriana woodsiana is an annual, meaning that it grows from a seed, produces seeds, and dies all within a growing season, leaving dormant seeds.[11] Valeriana woodsiana has funnelform flowers which commonly leads to inbreeding.[8] This species has two varieties: var. radiata and var. fernaldii.[8] The species is known by various synonyms including Valerianella radiata, which was originally described by Linnaeus [8] but was later renamed by Pierre Dufresne.[12]
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Toxicity
[edit]This plant is not known to be toxic.[3]
Edibility
[edit]Young raw leaves and the roots of the plant are edible.[3] Roots of plant are an unlikely food source due to their minuscule size.[3]
Weed control
[edit]Valeriana woodsiana is a common weed found in some gardens of the southeastern United States due to suitability in many types of soils and pH levels.[3] Applications of 0.11 kg glyphosate/ha was used to controlled V. woodsiana in non-crop situations[13].
References
[edit]- ^ Valeriana woodsiana (Torr. & A.Gray) Christenh. & Byng. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
- ^ a b "Plants Profile for Valerianella radiata (beaked cornsalad)". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Valerianella radiata Beaked Cornsalad PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Valerianella radiata page". www.missouriplants.com. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
- ^ a b "Valerianella radiata (beaked corn-salad): Go Botany". gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
- ^ a b Wallis, C. S. "Valerianella in Cherokee County, Oklahoma." Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science. 1952.
- ^ a b Cemper, Amanda B. "Valerianella radiata (Native) 4." (2011).
- ^ a b c d e Ware, Donna M. Eggers (January 1983). "Genetic Fruit Polymorphism in North American Valerianella (Valerianaceae) and Its Taxonomic Implications". Systematic Botany. 8 (1): 33–44. doi:10.2307/2418561. ISSN 0363-6445. JSTOR 2418561.
- ^ "Valerianella radiata (Willd.) Dufr". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
- ^ "Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved 31 December 2017.(Note: This list is newer than the one used by plants.usda.gov and is more up-to-date.)
- ^ "What Is An Annual, Perennial, Biennial?". aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
- ^ "Dufresne, Pierre | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
- ^ "Weed control in dormant turf grass with glyphosate". www.cabi.org. 1984. Retrieved 2021-11-12.