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Welcome

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Welcome to Wikipedia and Wikiproject Medicine

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– the WikiProject Medicine team 

Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 00:34, 27 November 2017 (UTC)[reply]

Needs work first

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So moved here: Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 00:34, 27 November 2017 (UTC)[reply]

History

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The United States was the first country to require a health warning on cigarette packages in 1966.[1] Other countries have followed suit and also required tobacco packaging warning messages. In the United States, other measures have also been taken by the government to prevent tobacco use. Cigarette taxes in the United States started as early as 1862 to increase revenue but were only recognized as a preventative public health measure in 1955. In the 1970s in the United States, restrictions on smoking in public places, government buildings and airplanes started to be implemented. Another tactic to prevent smoking by the United States was when tobacco advertising was banned on television and the radio starting in 1971.

Low socioeconomic status

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Low-income tobacco users spend a higher percentage of their income on tobacco products.[2] They are also more likely to develop adverse health effects of tobacco than high-income tobacco users.[3]


Prevention

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Mental illness

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Individuals with mental illness have rates of tobacco use almost twice as high as individuals without mental illness,[4] and roughly 40 percent of all cigarettes sold in the United States are smoked by people with mental illness.[5] Despite high rates of tobacco use in people with mental illness, tobacco prevention and education are rarely integrated into psychiatric care.[4] Some successful strategies have included initiatives that promote tobacco prevention as part of a holistic, wellness-centered treatment plan. Peer leaders working with the mental health care team have been shown to positively enact cultural change surrounding tobacco use at mental health facilities. Additionally, peer-led support groups help lower rates of tobacco use and overall health and well-being at mental health facilities.[4]

Military

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Tobacco use prevalence is much higher among military personnel than the general population; tobacco use (smokeless and smoking tobacco) ranges from 40 percent in the Air Force to 61 percent in the Marine Corps.[6] There is limited data on the efficacy of various military smoking prevention programs, and there is currently no system in place to evaluate these programs.[7] According to focus group research on tobacco control, military personnel cited the “culture” of their command—their employment and social support networks—as a major factor contributing to the level of tobacco use.[7] This suggests that tobacco prevention efforts should be focused on the overall wellness and readiness of military personnel, and must take into account the unique workplace, cultural, social, and environmental factors that influence tobacco use behaviors in the military.[7]

Children

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Ninety percent of adult tobacco users begin use before age 18, and 99 percent do so before age 26.[8] Social and environmental factors, such as whether a child’s parents or friends use tobacco, are strong predictors for whether a child uses tobacco. So, tobacco prevention methods that target youth should implement both community- and individual-level preventative methods.[9]

Raising the price of tobacco products has been effective in reducing children’ and adolescents’ access to tobacco and therefore their rates of tobacco use.[10] Tobacco prevention programs in schools[11] and over the Internet[12] have had varying efficacy in reducing tobacco use among children and adolescents. The most effective strategies to address tobacco prevention in young populations involve education in the primary care setting, as well as interpersonal support and communication via peer leaders, parents, and primary care providers.[9] However, many of the same social and environmental factors that place children, adolescents, and young adults at higher risk for tobacco use, such as low socioeconomic status and educational attainment, also put them at risk for lower access to primary care and preventative health services.[13]

  1. ^ Wilson, Duff (2011-06-21). "Government Chooses Nine Graphic Images for Cigarette Packs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-11-26.
  2. ^ Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. Tobacco and Socioeconomic Status. Washington, D.C.: Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, 2015.
  3. ^ "CDC". Smoking and Tobacco Use. 3 February 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  4. ^ a b c American Legacy Foundation (2011). A hidden epidemic: tobacco use and mental illness. Washington, DC: American Legacy Foundation.
  5. ^ Health, CDC's Office on Smoking and. "CDC - Tobacco-Related Disparities - Tobacco Use Among Adults with Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders - Smoking & Tobacco Use". Smoking and Tobacco Use. Retrieved 2017-11-26.
  6. ^ Barlas, F. M., Higgins, W. B., Pflieger, J. C., & Diecker, K. (2013). 2011 Health related behaviors survey of active duty military personnel. ICF International, Inc.: Fairfax, VA.
  7. ^ a b c Smith, E. A., Poston, W. S., Haddock, C. K., & Malone, R. E. (2016). Installation tobacco control programs in the US Military. Military medicine, 181(6), 596.
  8. ^ US Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). The health consequences of smoking—50 years of progress: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 17.
  9. ^ a b Duncan, L. R., Pearson, E. S., & Maddison, R. (2017). Smoking Prevention in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Individualized Interventions. Patient Education and Counseling.
  10. ^ Van Hasselt, M., Kruger, J., Han, B., Caraballo, R. S., Penne, M. A., Loomis, B., & Gfroerer, J. C. (2015). The relation between tobacco taxes and youth and young adult smoking: What happened following the 2009 US federal tax increase on cigarettes?. Addictive behaviors, 45, 104-109.
  11. ^ Thomas, R. E., McLellan, J., & Perera, R. (2015). Effectiveness of school-based smoking prevention curricula: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open, 5(3), e006976.
  12. ^ Park, E., & Drake, E. (2015). Systematic review: internet‐based program for youth smoking prevention and cessation. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 47(1), 43-50.
  13. ^ Health, CDC's Office on Smoking and. "CDC - Tobacco-Related Disparities - African Americans and Tobacco Use - Smoking & Tobacco Use". Smoking and Tobacco Use. Retrieved 2017-11-26.
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