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Samarium, ₆₂Sm
Samarium
Pronunciation	/səˈmɛəriəm/ (sə-MAIR-ee-əm)
Appearance	silvery white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Sm)
	150.36±0.02; 150.36±0.02 (abridged);
Samarium in the periodic table
	promethium ← samarium → europium
Atomic number (Z)	62
Group	f-block groups (no number)
Period	period 6
Block	f-block
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f6 6s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1345 K (1072 °C, 1962 °F)
Boiling point	2173 K (1900 °C, 3452 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	7.518 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	7.16 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	8.62 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	192 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	29.54 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	common: +3; 0, +1, +2
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.17
Ionization energies	1st: 544.5 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1070 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2260 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 180 pm
Covalent radius	198±8 pm
	Spectral lines of samarium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	rhombohedral (hR3)
Lattice constants	ar = 0.89834 nm; α = 23.307°; ah = 0.36291 nm; ch = 2.6207 nm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	poly: 12.7 (at r.t.) µm/(m⋅K)
Thermal conductivity	13.3 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	α, poly: 0.940 (at r.t.) µΩ⋅m
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	+1860.0×10−6 cm3/mol (291 K)
Young's modulus	49.7 GPa
Shear modulus	19.5 GPa
Bulk modulus	37.8 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	2130 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio	0.274
Vickers hardness	410–440 MPa
Brinell hardness	440–600 MPa
CAS Number	7440-19-9
History
Naming	after the mineral samarskite (itself named after Vassili Samarsky-Bykhovets)
Discovery and first isolation	Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1879)
Isotopes of samarium v; e;
	Category: Samarium; view; talk; edit; \| references

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Samarium is a chemical element with symbol Sm and atomic number 62. It is a moderately hard silvery metal that readily oxidizes in air. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, samarium usually assumes the oxidation state +3. Compounds of samarium(II) are also known, most notably the monoxide SmO, monochalcogenides SmS, SmSe and SmTe, as well as samarium(II) iodide. The last compound is a common reducing agent in chemical synthesis. Samarium has no significant biological role and is only slightly toxic.

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^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Samarium". CIAAW. 2005.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ ^a ^b Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^ Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
^ SmB₆^- cluster anion has been reported and contains Sm in rare oxidation state of +1; see Paul, J. Robinson; Xinxing, Zhang; Tyrel, McQueen; Kit, H. Bowen; Anastassia, N. Alexandrova (2017). "SmB₆^– Cluster Anion: Covalency Involving f Orbitals". J. Phys. Chem. A 2017,^? 121,^? 8,^? 1849–1854. 121 (8): 1849–1854. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00247. PMID 28182423. S2CID 3723987..
^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. p. 4-134. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
^ Weast, Robert (1983). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E112. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.
^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ Chiera, Nadine M.; Sprung, Peter; Amelin, Yuri; Dressler, Rugard; Schumann, Dorothea; Talip, Zeynep (1 August 2024). "The ¹⁴⁶Sm half-life re-measured: consolidating the chronometer for events in the early Solar System". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-024-64104-6. PMC 11294585.

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Samarium". CIAAW. 2005.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Arblaster_2018-3] Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[Cloke1993-4] Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.

[5] SmB₆^- cluster anion has been reported and contains Sm in rare oxidation state of +1; see Paul, J. Robinson; Xinxing, Zhang; Tyrel, McQueen; Kit, H. Bowen; Anastassia, N. Alexandrova (2017). "SmB₆^– Cluster Anion: Covalency Involving f Orbitals". J. Phys. Chem. A 2017,^? 121,^? 8,^? 1849–1854. 121 (8): 1849–1854. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00247. PMID 28182423. S2CID 3723987..

[GE28-6] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[magnet-7] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. p. 4-134. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[8] Weast, Robert (1983). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E112. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.

[NUBASE2020-9] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[Chiera2024-10] Chiera, Nadine M.; Sprung, Peter; Amelin, Yuri; Dressler, Rugard; Schumann, Dorothea; Talip, Zeynep (1 August 2024). "The ¹⁴⁶Sm half-life re-measured: consolidating the chronometer for events in the early Solar System". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-024-64104-6. PMC 11294585.

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