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Psjammu (talk) 00:04, 14 November 2013 (UTC) This is in reference to your decision regarding speedy deletion of my page on Kambojas in Sindh, I state that the site www.jammups.org/book.pdf belongs to me, which does not contain a section on Kambojas in Sindh, and it does not involve any plagiarism. I also state that I have no objection in anybody's editing, modifying or using this page.
I have further polished the page and rewritten the summary. If still there is any specific suggestion I shall be glad to change accordingly,
KAMBOJAS IN SINDH : AN ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTE
Parkash Singh Jammu
MIGRATIONS AND THEIR FOOT PRINTS IN SINDH Around 4000 b.c.this tribe was living in Tajikstan,the state situated in the southern U.S.S.R, to the north of Tibet and Afghanistan in the Pamir-Badakhshan region(1), when most probably pushed by the Mongols from the northeast, its members crossed the Himalayas through the Kura Kuram passes, moved southwards along the Indus, and traveling through Kashmir, reached Panjab and Sindh, contributed to the development of the Indus Valley Civilization and merged with the Dravedian people. This process continued and the people reached Afghanistan and the areas further to its west, from where they used to travel along the Silk route to Europe to sell their horses, which they were expert in breeding and riding(2).During the third millennium they were well settled in Afghanistan,where
during the Vedic times they contributed to the creation, preservation and propagation of the Vedic lore and the formation of the Brahman varna, which explains the commonality of over two dozen clans/gotras between the Brahmans and the Kambojas(3).
Here the Kurus and the Kambojas, one tribe originally,split into two, but jointly participated in the Bharata war, in which they were defeated and the Kambojas were taken by Krishna as war prisoners to Gujarat ,where they were a free people after thirty six years(4). An other section went to southern Panjab and Sindh(5). The Vedas mention boats with hundred oars(6) sailing in the Panjab rivers, which may be taken to mean that many from this tribe moved to Sindh by boats. Besides the people have been moving from Afghanistan to Sindh via Bolan pass along with their flocks,and it is probable that several from amongst this tribe reached Sindh as shepherd(7). Scholars(8) mention Kambistholi in southern Panjab/Sindh during the b.c. era, which means that a section of this tribe had been living here to have a town associated with their name, and that they must have settled here centuries earlier to stamp their name on this place. Another town in this region is named Sarangoli ,which seems to be associated with Sarang, a clan of this tribe. During the janapada times Mc Crindle (9) mentions Kamboga janapada in this region, where letter g seems to have been used for j. It is probable that Kambistholi was its capital. Besides Lambrick (10) notes place names in the Sindh region which are evidently associated with this tribe. Some of these are: Kabana/ Kaumana , a place in the Arabian sea in the Sindh region at the time of Alexander which was visited by Nearchues (p.124). Kambali,a town in Sindh, three days journey from Sehwan and two days from Debal (p.240). Kambu , a range of mountains in Sindh, facing Lakhi Hills across Baran valley, made of limestones, twenty miles long and 2300 feet high, half way between Hyderabad and Karachi as the crow flies (p49). Kambah,
a lake by the river, corresponding to the western Nara(p.156). Kio, an islet 123 feet above the sea level 1.25 miles off shore (p.124). Kai ,a township and a flat topped hill, a few hundred yards from western Kohistan which is now inhabited by the Baloches .Evidently they formed an other stratum over the area inhabited by the people, whose name changed from Kamboja to Kavoch and then to Kaoch,Koch and Cutch. This area was adjacent to Gujarat, where the Kambojas had settled around 1000 b.c. Runn of Cutch like Kachha, seems to draw its name from this tribe (p.217). Kachhi are the people living in that area (p.108,218 ). Majumdar (11) notes a place in the Sindh noted by Nearchues as Kaumana. There is a mountain called Kamb and a tributary of Indus named Kambh to its western side in the Sindh province of Pakistan (12 ) . Kautilya in his Arthasastra (11.1.04.) mentions Kamboja Saurashtra Kshatrya shreni adayo varta shastra upajivinah_--Kamboja corporations of warriors, traders, farmers and shepherds in western India. Chachnama mentions a river named Kanbah and the community described as Kai and Ka'ab. These are just some of the footprints of this tribe in this region pertaining to the b.c. era, which have survived to these times, and many more can be found., but they suffice to mark its presence here in ancient times.
CHANDER GUPTA MAURYA STARTED FROM SINDH Alexander had to face stiff resistance from half a dozen states in Afghanistan around Koh-e-More area inhabited by this tribe, and during those days Sircar (13) mentions twenty eight states in north western India,the last one of those was called Patalene, which had its capital at Bahmanabad,and it was ruled by two hereditary kings ,one of which was named Moeres/Maurya. This state most probably belonged to the Kambojas,who were Brahmans belonging to the Chach clan of this tribe,who again ruled this area in the seventh century . According to Gupta(14) Chander Gupta Maurya belonged to the Ashvak section gf the Kambojas and he was called Maurya because he hailed from the Koh-e-More region of Afghanistan. It seems that his ancestors came from that area, but he belonged to Patalene , and this explains his recruiting his men and procuring horses from this region, starting his fight from here, and after shaking the Greek dispensation invading Patna.There is no doubt that Chander Gupta belonged to Panjab and Vishnu Gupta was his teacher at Taxila, and both the Guptas executed the plan to conquer Patna. It was because of a strong social base in this region that the Guptas could organize the resources to win the victories that they did. After a fight with the Guptas the Macedonians, the political inheritors of Alexander,accepted him the monarch of India and established diplomatic relations with him, while the Guptas focussed their attention on eastern India. THE EMPEROR MAUES/ MOGA Meanwhile the citadels of the Macedonians started crumbling in northwest. Under these circumstances a local leader ,previously associated with the Greeks, perhaps as a satrap, captured part of their territories along with their mints, declared himself a king, and later on after capturing Taxila, king of kings.The Sakas/ Scythians and the Pahalavas who along with some other tribes had joined the Kambojas in the formation of the Achaemenian empire in Iran, and had moved to the northern regions to escape the onslaught of Alexander, came down to Afghanistan,formed an organization of five tribes under the leadership of Maues, reestablished themselves in Sakestan,and then moved to the east,captured areas up to Mathura,where a Saka general, Ranjuvula/ Rajula was appointed king/satrap in the first half of the 1st.c.b.c. From Sakestan/ Sindh they advanced to Gujarat with a view to capturing Ujain, but they were defeated by Vikermaditya,who celebrated the occasion by starting Vikerami time series, which corresponds to 57th b.c. Soon after that king Maues died,after him his wife, Machene ,managed that empire for a short while ,but that slipped into the hands of the Sakas.
The king Maues/Mayoy/Mauou(85-60 b.c.) has been described by almost all the scholars as a Saka,but the facts are that he belonged to the Udyana in Afghanistan,the home of the
Kambojas; he was a Buddhist whose coins carried the image of Buddha and the Greeks ,while the Sakas who had just entered these areas were not Buddhists; he was associated with the Greek dispensation when the Sakas were nowhere around; his brother Arta, his son Khroshta and the Varmans of Bajour were his relatives who ruled various parts of Afghanistan; they spoke Kharoshti, the local language which they used on their coins; that the scholars ignored the role of the local forces in the power struggle and over emphasized that of outsiders because it sounded them high; and they did not take into consideration the fact that Maues could stand for Kamou ,because in English in initial consonant clusters the sound k before a nasal sound m/n goes silent e.g. nit, nife , nob, nowledge
etc. Besides, they seem to have given undue consideration to the word Sakestan in the Mathura Loin Capital inscription of the Saka satrap Rajula ,and ignored the fact that that endowment was made by his chief queen Aiyasi Kamuia,who was a Buddhist and the daughter of the king Khroshta Kamuio , the son of the king Arta,who again was the brother of the emperor Maues,also described as Moga ,and Mug/Mago is a clan of the Kambojas. Evidently all of them belonged to the Kamboja tribe (15) ,and it was an other occasion for the tribe to move to the Sindh region. After their initial defeat at the hands of Vikaramaditya the Sakas ,the Pahalavas, and the tribes present here during the time of Alexander, like Shibois and the Maloies along with others,may be also the Kambojas,captured Sindh and Gujarat in the 2nd c.a.d., and this amalgam ruled these regions up to the 5th c.a.d. under the leadership of the Sakas, when they were overthrown by the Sahasies, perhaps an amalgam of brave people from different tribes or a person named Sahas,who ruled for a couple of generations. This dynasty lost to the Chachs , stated to be the Brahmans.
THE CHACHS OF THE SINDH (16) The history of the Sindh after this is relatively more clear. It is available in Chachnama originally written in Arabic by a distant ancestor of the Imam of Alor, Kazi Ismail, who inherited it and gave it to Ali Kufi in 1216 a.d.,who translated it into Persian for presentation to Nasir-ud- din Kabacha, the son-in-law and a senior minister of Qutab -ud-din Aiback, with a view to securing some favors . English translation of some parts was available in Eliot's History of India, but full translation of Chachnama was done by Mirza Kalichebeg Fredunbeg in 1900,the1970 edition of which is available on internet. The account in brief reveals that Alor was ruled by Sahras who was killed by the Arabs and he was succeeded by his son Rai Sahasi. His minister,Ram, a Brahman , hired Chach son of Salaij also a Brahman as his assistant , who impressed Ram, Sahasi and his queen Suhandi so much that he was appointed secretary and chamberlain. The queen fell in love with Chach, confined her old husband to the interior of the palace and helped Chach in capturing the throne after which he married her. Chach appointed his brother,Chander as his deputy at Alor. The Chachs captured power in 632 a.d. and conquered Sikkah, Multan, Sivistan and fixed boundaries with Kashmir. He captured Brahmanabad ruled by Agham Luhana/ Lubana, married his widow and gave his niece in marriage to Sarhand son of Agham, fixed boundaries with Kirman and divided his state lying in-between sea and Kashmir into four provinces-- Sehwan, Brahmanabad, Uch and Multan. After his death his brother Chander took over and he was succeed by his son Daharsiah,who died of small pox. After him Dahar,younger son of Chach became the king. During his rule some predators captured, looted and imprisoned some Muslim pilgrims from Sarandeep/ Lanka going to Macca for Hajj ,upon which Hajjaj wrote to Dahar to get them released and punish decoits,but Dahar wrote back that he had no control over the sea men and he himself could deal with them. Thereafter Hajjaj sent two expeditions against Dahar under the command of Ubaidulla and Budail, but both of them failed. Then he sent his son-in-law, Mohammad bin Kasim, a young man of seventeen, whose forces were strengthened by the ruler of Makran and he succeeded in reducing Debal after a siege of one month and getting the prisoners freed in 711 a.d. After this Kasim advanced to Nerun where the Buddhist subjects helped Kasim and the town was won. He then invaded Bachchra, a cousin of Dahar, where again the Buddhists/Samanis sided with the invader and Bachchra escaped at nigh. The Buddhists were honored by Kasim .He then advanced towards Raor and Jataur, where the people were the kinsmen of Dahar, who decided to fight in the low lying area (bet) of the rive Mehran and sent his son Jaisiaha to face Kasim as an advanced party, but he had to flee the scene ,and at the advice of Siakar decided to fight at Bramanabad ,which was the seat of his ancestors, people were friendly and where the godowns were full . On the one hand Dahar's fight with Kasim went on for four days, but he was killed in action on 10th of Ramzan in 93 h., his head was discovered in the mud and it was sent to the Khalifa. On the other hand Jaisiah stood the siege of Brahmanabad for six months, where Dahars wife Ladi was produced on the black camel of Dahar to convince the people that Dahar had been killed ,where upon inmates got discouraged and conspired to surrender,so Jaisiah escaped to Kurij , from where he moved to Jallandhar.Here Siakar surrendered and he was rehabilitated by Kasim as his minister.After that Kasim conquered Aror , Behror and Dahlela from Fofi/Foff s/o Dahar, Babia from Chach s/o Daharsiah and Buddhia from Dhall son of Chander. Kakash son of Chander was retained by Kasim as his personal advisor. .After that Kasim conquered Sikka and Multan, from where he got 230+1320=1500 monds of gold from two temples. By July 712 a.d. Sindh had been conquered .Then from Udaypore he sent 10000 soldiers under Shaibani to reduce Kanauj ,but he was called back by the Khalifa and he died on the way. Dahar"s wife Ladi was taken as a wife by Kasim after purchasing her from her captors,Dahar's niece Hasana and thirty other ladies were sent to Hajjaj, two virgin daughters of Dahar ,Surijdew and Pirmaldew/Devi were sent to the Khalifa , but Dahars sister along with several women committed Sati. It is difficult to imagine as to how many were enslaved ,but the number might have been in tens of thousands. It also goes without saying that most of them, if not all embraced Islam. THE PRINCIPALITY OF KOHTEWAL C. Ram Kamboj belonging to Dhot/Dhoat/ Dhaddi clan founded the principality of Kohtewal near Burewal in Vihari district to the north of Multan in 6th c. a. d. ,where several villages were occupied by the Hindu Kambojas till 1947. His elder son Ang Pal ruled from Multan. It was ruled by Raja Mahi Pal from this dynasty in the seventh century,who was married to Kangna Brahm, the daughter of a Chuhnia based landlord belonging to the Ratanpal gote, who gave her a village in dowery, and named it Kanganwal, which became a railway station later on. She gave birth to a son Mahachawar and a daughter. Dahar, the ruler of Sindh also married off one of his daughters to Mahi Pal, who gave birth to one daughter and ten sons,one of them being Suddh Ram,who succeeded his father,Mahi Pal and dug a canal from the Satluj called Dhoatbaha. Suddh Ram militarily helped Dahar,his father-in-law in his fight against Kasim , who after defeating them sent his general Ibn Ulhas to subdue him,who met with stiff resistance, but ultimately defeated and arrested Suddh Ram, who was released on the condition of paying war indemnity, and till this payment he handed over his step brother Machawar as surety to Ibn Ulhas. Since he could not pay the promised money Mahachawar was presented to the Khalifa where he embraced Islam and was named Hazrat Diwan Chawli Musaikh Rehmat Ullah. After his return he started preaching Islam, which his sister also embraced. However he was killed in 732 a.d. and his sister committed suicide after jumping from the window. In their memory Urs is celebrated on their Mazars in the beginning of July every year.Their death led to an attack from the Muslims leading to an exodus of many Kambojas to the north. This account is based on Hasan (1996) and Dardi (2005) which differs in one respect that while for the former the state met its end after that, for the later it lasted till the 14th century NASIR-UD -DIN KABACHA--THE KAMBOJA MUSLIM KING OF SINDH AND MULTAN Nasir-ud-din Kabacha was the son-in-law and the Prime minister of Kutb-ud-din Aiback the slave king of India. He distinguished himself in the battle of Andikui in 1205 a.d., as a result of which he was appointed the governor of Multan and Ucch and married to a daughter of Aiback . Kabacha accepted the sovereignty of Aiback, but after his death in 1210 a.d. he could not give the same deference to Iltutmish who after pushing away Aram Shah in 1211 a.d. took over the kingship of Delhi. During the times of Aiback Taj-ud-din, the governor of Kirman, the successor of Mohammad of Gazni and the sovereign of Panjab sent the armies against Kabacha,but with the help of Aiback he was driven away from Multan. Kabacha extended his authority from Multan to Sindh,Lahore and upper Panjab (18) ,and after the death of Aiback he ruled over U cch and Multan, but according to Shrivastva (19) he was the master of Multan, Bhatinda ,Kuhram (near Patiala) and Sarswati, and during the conflict between Aram Shah and Iltutmish he captured Lahore. In 1214 driven from Gazni Yildiz captured Lahore pushing Kabacha's men out. Iltutmish challenged him and in the bettle of Tarouri, Yildiz was defeated and killed and Lahore fell in his hands. In 1217 Kabacha again captured Lahore, but he was soon driven back by Iltutmish.. Driven by Changiz Khan , Jalal-ul din Mangburny saught shelter in Lahore, but Iltutmish wanted him to come to Delhi, which he did not like. He entered into an alliance with the Khokhars, married the daughter of their chief, reinforced his army of 10000 with that of the Khokhars , attacked Kabacha and got an exorbitant tribute. Later on after getting the news that Changiz Khan had discovered his refuge and was to follow him, he extorted more tribute from Kabacha, plundered Sindh and Gujarat and with a large treasure fled to Parsia (20) . Shrivastava observes that Mangbarny drove away Kabacha from Sindh Sagar Doab, and succeeded in securing Multan in 1224. Iltutmish had recovered Delhi, Bhatinda,Kurham and Sarswati from him, leaving only Multan and Ucch to him. After dealing with Bengal Iltutmish focused on Kabacha. So in 1228 he despatched armies, both from Lahore and Delhi to attack Multan and Ucch, whereupon Kabacha fled to Bakr on the lower Sindh asking his minister to escort the treasure left in Ucch to Bakr. On 9th February 1228 when Iltutmish reached Ucch and despatched forces under his minister after Kabacha, he sent his son from Aiback's daughter, Allla-ud-din,Bahram to sue for peace,and an agreement was also arrived at, but perhaps it was not conveyed to the minister or was disregarded by him, who attacked Kabacha, who was drowned in the Indus ,according to some(21) accidentally,while for others (22) he committed suicide. A sentence in R. . C. Majumdar (23) sums up his case: After the death of Kutb-ud-din Aiback, Multan fell to the share of Nasir-ud-din Kabacha, who defended it successfully against a Mongol attack in 1227 a.d., but lost it to Iltutmish. Eliot, Dowson,Princep and Wilson, (24,) none could find out as to who this Nasir-ud-din was and what does Qabacha,which was also written as Kabacha,Kabaja or Kabachaha mean. But any Kamboja living in western Panjab, what ever his religion may be, can easily understand that Kabaja written on his coins means Kamboja. Persian translator of the Chachnama Abu Bakr ,whose ancestors like those of Kabacha were the slaves of Kasim, who fought for the cause of Islam in Ajam and Khurasan, is Kufi which smells Kou-Fu, the Chinese word for Kamboja, and he wants to present this work to Kabacha,a sakifi, which according to Eliot means 'of the same tribe', which means that four centuries old linkages are sought to be used to curry favor. The Imam from whom Kufi procured the Arabic script has been stated in the Chachnama to be of the Arabic descent. Had it been so, he could not have been able to write the history of the Chachs pertaining to the times prior to Kasim's innvasion. It may therefore be inferred that either Kufi himself wrote that part or the ancestors of the Imam were local people, most probably belonging to the Chach tribe,who were appointed to that post and who learnt Arabic later and wrote that book. So far as the question of the ethnicity of the Chachs is concerned it may be stated that Chach/Chachrey is a clan of Kambojas belonging to the section of 84 clans ,who adopted the Brahmanical identity, and Dahar/Dahrey/Dahri is still a clan of the Kambojas, though it is difficult to state as to whether this clan name was inherited by them or Daharey and Dhall clans started from them. This however ,seems certain that they all belonged to the Kamboja community because a daughter of Dahar was married to a prince from the Kohtewal principality governed by the Dhoat clan of this tribe. It seems that after the occupation of this region by the Muslims most of them got absorbed into that society based on the commonality of some ideas , and many of them adopted new identities like Zaberi ,Ka'ab and Quraishi. AFTER THE FORMATION OF PAKISTAN After the formation of Pakistan most of the Muslim Kambojas/Kamohs from eastern Panjab and Uttra Pradesh migrated to Pakistan. Most of them were allotted lands in the western Panjab, but many were dispersed in other parts, including Sindh. Hasan ( 25) after traveling extensively in that state has given an idea of the dispersal of this community in different districts and villages, where they have organized associations /Anjamans at village and district levels ,besides an association at the state level. It is difficult to give their exact number in the state since caste wise data are not collected in the country, but it may be conjectured on the basis of the accounts given by Hasan that it may be around some tens of thousands. A significant number of them pass on as Zaberies are engaged in services,professions and business, but most of them living in the villages are agriculturists and some are even landlords, who more than once contested national elections. SUMMARY During the fourth millennium b.c. the Kamboja tribe was located to the north of Kashmir and Afghanistan from where it moved south along the Indus reaching Panjab and Sindh and merging with the local people. They used to travel along the Silk Route to Europe to sell their horses,and many of them settled in Iran and other European countries .During the third millennium they occupied Afghanistan ,which was first called Kamboja and later on Afghanistan after their nick name Ashvakan .From here many moved to Sindh as shepherds along with their flocks through the Bolan pass. During second millennium b.c.they contributed to the Vedic Vedic lore and the formation 0f the Brahman varna, and travelled down to Sindh through the boats plying in the Indus . After their defeat in the Mahabharata one section of their's had to accompany Krishna to Gujarat, while an other migrated to the Sindh .During Alexander's time they had at least one state in the Sindh region called Patalene ,where one of the kings was Moereo/ Maurya ,an ancestor of Chandra Gupta Maurya ,who was a student of Vishnu Gupta /Kautilya at Taxila. These Guptas ,who were Kambolas according to H.R. Gupta, recruited their armies from the north western India, shook the roots of the Macedonian dispensation and captured Maghda/Patna. In the first c.b.c. the king Maues/Moga ,a Kamboja from from Afghanistan, invaded Sindh and areas to its east, which means migration of many more from his tribe going to Sindh. All this explains several habitations , some rivers , mountains and islands bearing the stamp of this tribe's name, and Kautilya mentioning the Kamboja corporations of warriors, traders and shepherds in this region. One also finds a mention of a Kamboga/ Kamboja janapada during the first millennium b,c, in this region ruled most probably from Kambistholi . A Chach dynasty belonging to this tribe , captured Sindh and ruled the land between the sea and Kashmir for three generations during the 6th c a.d., but it lost to Kasim, a Muslim invader. An other Kamboja principality of Kohtewal met with the same fate resulting in the conversion of most of the Kambojas to Islam and joining the Islamic forces. One of these wrote Chachnama in the beginning of the the thirteenth c.a.d. to be presented to Nasir-ud- din Kabacha/Kamboja, son -in-law of Qutb-ud-din Aiback, and king of Sindh . Kabacha was also a descendant of the Kambojas, who embraced Islam four centuries earlier. He was exterminated by Iltutmish. After the formation of Pakistan many of the Muslim Kambojas/Kamohs migrating from India were allocated to the Sindh, where traders and professionals settled in the urban areas ,who tend to call themselves Zaberies and merge in the Islamic social order ,while the agriculturists tend to organize their Kamoh identity.
REFERENCES
1. For detailed description see Jammu P. S.; Kamboja; Antiquity And Dispersal ,2013,pp. 50-66 ;,Dardi K.S. Kambojas Yugan De Arpar ;2005 pp.19-34): Vidyalankar J.C., Bhartya Itihas Ki
Ruprekha, p. 531 ;D.C. Sircar , The Land Of Kambojas 1962,p .250; B.N. Mukerji, Political History Of Ancient India,1996 p,718. .
2. Jammu .P.S.; Kambojas:Antiquity and Dispersal,2013 p.30.
3. Kirpal Singh Dardi, Kamboja Yugan De Arpar, 2005,pp. 19-32.: Jammu Parkash Singh, Kambojas :Antiquity And Dispersal,2013 pp.50-66.; J.L.Kamboj, Prachin Kamboj: Jana Aur Janapad,
1981 p.206-7 ; Pusalkar in Majumdar R. C.; History And Culture Of Indian People, The Vedic Age ,1965p.2.
4. Jammu P. S;. Kambojas :Antiquity And Dispersal ,2013 pp.76-80.
5. Maloney Clarence, People Of South Asia, 1974 p.103, in Jammu P. S. 2013 p.78.
6. Schwatrzberg Joseph .E. .Historical Atlas Of South Asia, 1978, p. 163.
7. Hasan C. M. U. Tarikh Quom Kamboh, 1996 p. 215-16 . ; Jammu .P.S , 2013 p. 181-82 ; Dardi K.S.,2005 p.205.
8. In Jain K.C, Mc Crindle's Ancient India, 1972 pp.11; R. C, Majumdar, The Clasical Accounts Of India ,1960-217., Panini,1V, 1-42 in Sethna ,1989 p. 262; B,C. Law, Historical Geography Of Ancient India , 1967 p.103.
9. Jain R.. C. Mc Crindle's Ancient India, 1972 p. X.. ; B.C.Law, 1967 p. 336 and R. S.Tripathy, 1960 p.57mention Pnini in his Ashtadhyai 11,1.72 referring to Koccha in westren India.
10. Lambrick H. T, Sindh -A General Introduction ,1975 p., 108-215.
11. Majumdar R .C ;The Classical Accounts Of India, 1961 p.308.
12. Lamark. 1964,44 in Dardi K.S. ;Kamboja Yugan De Arpar, 200 p. 161
13. Sircar D. C.,Iranians And Greeks In Ancient Panjab, 1973 p. 17 ; Jammu P. S Kambojas : Antiquity And Dispersal, .2013 p.112.
14. Hari Ram Gupta in History Of Panjab From Prehistoric Times, edited by Fauja Singh and L ..M.Joshi, 1977; Kirpal Singh Dardi, 2005 pp. 140-43. ; Parkash Singh Jammu ,2013 pp. 134-39.
15. Scholars differ on the question of the times as well as the ethnicity of Maues,but almost all of them describe him a Saka. Some of the scholars in this category are: Sastri N .K .A ;A.
Comprehensive History Of India ,1957pp. 192-98;. Smith V. A., Early History Of India, 1962 p.241 ; Sircar D.C, in Majumdar R.C., History And Culture Of Indian People ,1964 p.133 ;Raychoudhari
Hem Chandra, Political History Of Ancient India ,1953 p.435; Rapson E.J. History Of India vol 1, 1968 pp.500-15. However, none is sure about both the questions. Tarn W,W. in The Greeks In
Bactria And India ,1966 p.33 noted that Maues was a ruler from a small tribe who was holding large tribes to a precarious allegiance ,because his command alone gave promise of victory. Frye N.R . in his work The Heritage Of Persia , 1963 p.164-5 describes Maues as a Saka,but also observes that he was an Indo-Greek belonging to Swat area and that the Kambojas never belonged to
the five Yueh Chih tribes.For a detailed discussion see Parkash Singh Jammu, Kambojas: Antiquity And Dispersal,2013 pp.147-156.
16. This very brief account of the Chach rule is based on the internet edition of The Chachnama: An Ancient History Of Sindh translated into English by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg first published in
1900, reprint 1979.
17. This account is based on Tarikh Quom Kamboh ,1996,p263 by Ch. .M .U. Hasan; Kirpal Singh Dardi, Kamboja Yugan De Arpar ,2005 ,pp.206-7.
18. Haig Sir Wolseley, The Cambridge History Of India , Vol. 111, 1958 pp. 48-52
19. Shrivastva Ashirwdi Lall, The Sulanate Of Delhi, 1969 ,711-1526 pp.95-7.
20. Haig Sir Wolsley, The Cambrridge History Of India ,1958 Vol.. 11 p.53.
21. Haig Sir Wolsley, The Cambrridge History Of India ,1958 Vol.. 11 p.53.
22. Shrivastva Ashirwdi Lall, The Sulanate Of Delhi, 1969 ,711-1526 pp.95-7.
23. Majumdar R. C. ,The Classical Accounts Of India, 1960, p.227.
24. Jammu Parkash Singh, Kambojas: Antiquity And Dispersal , 2013 p.397.
25. Ch. .Mohammad Usif Hasan , Tarikh Quom Kamboh ,1996.pp 396-418.