User talk:Evertype/sandbox
KS
[edit]The Standard Written Form or SWF (Cornish: Furv Scrifys Savonek, FSS) of the Cornish language is an orthography standard that is designed to "provide public bodies and the educational system with a universally acceptable, inclusive, and neutral orthography".[1] The acronym SWF is pronounced by some as [swʌf] and at the 2009 MAGA meeting in Lostwithiel, Jenefer Lowe mentioned a new verb swufhe 'to render into the SWF' had attained some currency.[citation needed]
The new form was agreed in May 2008 after two years of negotiations between proponents of different varieties of Cornish. The SWF was influenced by Unified Cornish, Kernewek Kemmyn, Unified Cornish Revised, Revived Late Cornish, Kernewek Dasunys, and Kernowek Standard. The agreement means that Cornish will become officially accepted and funded, with support from the European Union.[2] In a need for stability, the Standard Written Form will not be altered until 2013.
The negotiating teams comprised Andrew Climo, Rod Lyon, Bernard Deacon, Mina Dresser, Pol Hodge, Loveday Jenkin, George Ansell and Polinn Prees. The negotiations were chaired by Trond Trosterud, and supported by Albert Bock, Ben Bruch and Jenefer Lowe.[citation needed]
Orthography
[edit]Consonants
[edit]
Sonorants[edit]
Stops[edit]
Semivowels[edit]
|
Affricates[edit]
Fricatives[edit]
|
Vowels
[edit]Monophthong vowels
[edit]Graph | RMC | RLC and TC |
---|---|---|
<a>, <oa> | [a(ː)] | [æ(ː)], [ɒː] |
<e> | [ɛ(ː)] | [eː ɛ] |
<eu> | [oe(ː)] | [eː ɛ] |
<i>, <-ei> | [i(ː)] | [i(ː) ɪ], [-əɪ] |
<y> | [ɪ(ː)] | [iː ɪ eː ɛ] |
<o> | [ɔ(ː) ɤ] | [oː ɔ ɤ] |
<oo> | [oː uː] | [uː] |
<ou> | [u(ː)] | [uː ʊ] |
<u> | [y(ː)] | [i(ː) ɪ] |
<oa> (RLC only) | [aː] | [ɒː] (in a small group of words) |
Diphthong vowels
[edit]Graph | RMC | RLC and TC |
---|---|---|
<aw> | [aʊ] | [æʊ] |
<ew> | [ɛʊ] | [ɛʊ] |
<iw> | [iʊ] | [ɪʊ] |
<yw> | [ɪʊ] | [ɛʊ] |
<ow> | [ɔʊ] | [ɔʊ], [uː] (in hiatus) |
<uw> | [yʊ] | [ɪʊ] |
<ay> | [aɪ] | [əɪ] |
<ey> | [ɛɪ] | [əɪ] |
<oy> | [ɔɪ] | [ɔɪ] |
<-ei> (RLC only) | [iː] | [-əɪ] (word-finally and in hiatus) |
Orthographic variations
[edit]Over the course of the Cornish revival, different ways of pronouncing Cornish have formed, based on which period in the history of the language the speaker prefers. The different pronunciations are known as Revived Modern Cornish, Revived Late Cornish, and Tudor Cornish. In order to reflect this, and remain inclusive of all Cornish speakers' preferences, the Standard Written Form has had to include variations in its orthography. The Cornish speaker can choose which variation they use, based on their preferred way of speaking.
Umbrella graphs
[edit]The Standard Written Form has four umbrella graphs, which give one sound for speakers of Revived Modern Cornish (RMC) and another for speakers of Revived Late Cornish (RLC).
Graph | RMC | RLC | Example | RMC | RLC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
<u> | [y(ː)] | [i(ː)] | rudh | [ryːð] | [riːð] |
<eu> | [œ(ː)] | [e(ː)] | keus | [kœːz] | [keːz] |
<oo> | [o(ː)] | [u(ː)] | koos, coos | [koːz] | [kuːz] |
<gh> | [x] | [h], [ʰ] | flogh | [flɔːx] | [floːh] |
Variant graphs
[edit]Variant graphs represent the differences in pronunciation between Revived Modern Cornish and Revived Late Cornish that are too great to be bridged by an umbrella graph. Speakers of Tudor Cornish can pick the spelling that matches their pronunciation the closest.
RMC | RLC | Examples | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|
<a> | <oa> [ɒː] | bras, broas | big |
<ew> | <ow> | tewlel, towlel | throw |
<-i> | <-ei> [-əɪ] | chi, chei | house |
<mm> | <bm> | tamm, tabm | piece |
<nn> | <dn> | penn, pedn | head |
<s> | <j> | kerensa, kerenja | love |
<y> | <e> | bys, bes | world |
Traditional graphs
[edit]Some Cornish writers prefer to use the graphs found in traditional Cornish writings, rather than the changes introduced by Kernewek Kemmyn in the 1980s. These traditional graphs are represented in the Standard Written Form, but unlike variant graphs, they don't have equal status with their main form counterparts, and will not be found in school textbooks or official public body documents.
Main form graph | Traditional graph | Examples | Meaning | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
<hw> | <wh> | hwegh, whegh | six | |
<-y> | <-i> | kelli, kelly | lose | Not used in stressed syllables |
<k> | <c> | koos, coos | wood | Used before <a o u l r> |
<ks> | <x> | boks, box | box | |
<kw> | <qw> | kwit, qwit | quite |
Example text
[edit]The following is an example of how a text by William Bodinar looks in the Standard Written Form. Both the main and traditional forms are given, for the purpose of showing the minor differences between the two.
Main form
[edit]“ | Bloodh vy ew trei ugens ha pymp. Th ero’vy den bohojek an puskes. My rug dyski Kernowek y’n termyn my veu maw. My veu dhe mor gen sira vy ha pymp den moy y’n kok. My rug skant lowr klowes udn ger Sowsnek kowsys y’n kok rag seythen warbar’. Na rug evy byskath gweles lyver Kernowek. My rug dyski Kernowek o’ mos dhe mor gen tus koth. Nag eus moy ’vel pajar po pymp y’n drev nei ’ell klappya Kernowek lebmyn, pobel koth pajar ugens bloodh. Kernowek ew oll nakevys gen pobel yonk. | ” |
Traditional form
[edit]“ | Bloodh vy ew trei ugens ha pymp. Th ero’vy den bohojek an puskes. My rug dysky Kernowek y’n termyn my veu maw. My veu dhe mor gen sira vy ha pymp den moy y’n cok. My rug scant lowr clowes udn ger Sowsnek cowsys y’n cok rag seythen warbar’. Na rug evy byscath gweles lyver Kernowek. My rug dysky Kernowek o’ mos dhe mor gen tus coth. Nag eus moy ’vel pajar po pymp y’n drev nei ’ell clappya Kernowek lebmyn, pobel coth pajar ugens bloodh. Kernowek ew oll nakevys gen pobel yonk. | ” |
References
[edit]External links
[edit]- An Outline of the Standard Written Form of Cornish - final June 2008 specification
- Emendations to the Specification, November 2008
William Bodinar's letter 1776
[edit]This is probably the one of the last examples of Cornish written by the hand of a native speaker[1]. The text is also interesting from a sociolinguistic point of view in that Bodinar speaks about the contemporary state of the Cornish language in 1776.
Bodinar's original spelling | Curnoack Nowedga or Modern Cornish transcription | |
---|---|---|
Bluth vee try egance a pemp. |
Bluth vee ewe try egence a pemp. |
|
Standard Written Form transcription |
Kernowek Standard or Standard Cornish transcription | |
Bloodh vy ew trei ugens ha pymp. |
Bloodh vy yw try ugans ha pymp. | |
Kernewek Kemmyn or Common Cornish translation |
English translation | |
[Ow] bloedh vy [yw] tri ugens ha pymp. |
I'm sixty-five years old. |
The Consonants of Revived Cornish
[edit]This is a table of the phonology of Revived Cornish as recommended for the pronunciation of Kernowek Standard (KS) orthography, using symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This table contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible. |
bilabial | labio- dental |
dental | alveolar | post- alveolar |
palatal | labio-velar | velar | glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plosive | p b | t d | k g | ||||||
nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||||
fricative | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | x | h | |||
approximant | ɹ | j | ʍ w | ||||||
lateral approximant | l |
The Vowels of Revived Cornish
[edit]These are tables of the phonology of Revived Cornish as recommended for the pronunciation of Kernowek Standard (KS) orthography, using symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
Front | Near- front | Central | Near- back | Back | |
Close | |||||
Near-close | |||||
Close-mid | |||||
Mid | |||||
Open-mid | |||||
Near-open | |||||
Open |
Front | Near- front | Central | Near- back | Back | |
Close | |||||
Near-close | |||||
Close-mid | |||||
Mid | |||||
Open-mid | |||||
Near-open | |||||
Open |
Speakers who prefer a later pronunciation merge the rounded vowels with the unrounded one.
done
[edit]- The following poll is CLOSED as of 21:00 (UTC) on 1 July 2009. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.
Grammar
[edit]Radical | Soft | Aspirate | Hard | Mixed |
---|---|---|---|---|
p | b | f | ||
t | d | th | ||
k | g | h | ||
b | v | p | f | |
b | v | p | f | |
d | dh | t | t | |
g1 | disappears | k | h | |
g2 | w | k | hw | |
gw | w | kw | hw | |
m | v | f | ||
ch | j |
- The above is preserved as an archive of the poll. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.
Ordinaries
[edit]Ordinaries | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
English | Argent, a chief gules | Argent, a pale gules | Argent, a fess gules | Argent, a bend gules | Argent, a bend sinister gules | Argent, a chevron gules |
Ordinaries | ||||||
English | Argent, a cross gules | Argent, a saltire gules | Argent, a pall gules | Argent, a pall subverted gules | Argent, a pile throughout gules | Argent, a bordure gules |
Variations | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
English | Barry (of eight) | Paly (of eight) | Bendy (of eight) | Chevronny | Chequy | Lozengy | Gyronny |
Deutsch | (Achtmal) geteilten | (Achtmal) gepfahlt | (Achtmal) geschrägt | Gesparrt | Geschacht | Gerautet | Geständert |