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WikipediaForever Donate Now [Hide] Hippocratic Oath From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Hippocratic Oath (disambiguation).

The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page.

A twelfth-century Byzantine manuscript of the Oath, rendered in the form of a cross. The Hippocratic Oath is an oath traditionally taken by doctors swearing to ethically practice medicine. It is widely believed to have been written by Hippocrates, the father of western medicine, in Ionic Greek (late 5th century BC)[1], or by one of his students[2], and is usually included in the Hippocratic Corpus. Classical scholar Ludwig Edelstein proposed that the oath was written by Pythagoreans, a theory that has been questioned due to the lack of evidence for a school of Pythagorean medicine.[3] The phrase "first, do no harm" is often, incorrectly, attributed to the oath. Although mostly of historical and traditional value, the oath is considered a rite of passage for practitioners of medicine in some countries, although nowadays the modernized version of the text varies among the countries. Contents [hide] 1 Oath text 1.1 Original 1.2 Modern 2 Modern relevance 3 See also 4 References 5 External links [edit]Oath text

[edit]Original Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article: Ἱπποκράτειος ὅρκος Original, translated into English:[4] “ I swear by Apollo, the healer, Asclepius, Hygieia, and Panacea, and I take to witness all the gods, all the goddesses, to keep according to my ability and my judgment, the following Oath and agreement: To consider dear to me, as my parents, him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and, if necessary, to share my goods with him; To look upon his children as my own brothers, to teach them this art. I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone. I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion. But I will preserve the purity of my life and my arts. I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art. In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, keeping myself far from all intentional ill-doing and all seduction and especially from the pleasures of love with women or with men, be they free or slaves. All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commerce with men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal. If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot. ” [edit]Modern Modern translation of the English:[5] “ I swear by Apollo the Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panaceia and all the gods, and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfill according to my ability and judgment this oath and this covenant: To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art–if they desire to learn it–without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken the oath according to medical law, but to no one else. I will apply dietic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment; I will keep them from harm and injustice. I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect. Similarly I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy. In purity and holiness I will guard my life and my art. I will not use the knife, not even on sufferers from stone, but will withdraw in favor of such men as are engaged in this work. Whatever houses I may visit, I will come for the benefit of the sick, remaining free of all intentional injustice, of all mischief and in particular of sexual relations with both female and male persons, be they free or slaves. What I may see or hear in the course of treatment or even outside of the treatment in regard to the life of men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep myself holding such things shameful to be spoken about. If I fulfill this oath and do not violate it, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and art, being honored with fame among all men for all time to come; if I transgress it and swear falsely, may the opposite of all this be my lot. ” A widely used modern version of the traditional oath was penned by Dr. Luis Lasagna, former Principal of the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences of Tufts University.[6] In the 1970s, many American medical schools chose to abandon the Hippocratic Oath as part of graduation ceremonies, usually substituting a version modified to something considered more politically and medically correct, or an alternate pledge like the Oath of Maimonides. The Hippocratic Oath has been updated by the Declaration of Geneva. In the United Kingdom, the General Medical Council provides clear modern guidance in the form of its Duties of a Doctor[7] and Good Medical Practice[8] statements. [edit]Modern relevance

The original text of the Hippocratic Oath is usually interpreted as one of the first statements of a moral of conduct to be used by physicians, assuming the respect for all human life, even unborn. Most Christian tradition interprets the original Hippocratic Oath as a condemnation of abortion and infanticide. According to Margaret Mead : "For the first time in our tradition there was a complete separation between killing and curing. Throughout the primitive world, the doctor and the sorcerer tended to be the same person. He with the power to kill had power to cure, including specially the undoing of his own killing activities. He who had the power to cure would necessarily also be able to kill... With the Greeks the distinction was made clear. One profession, the followers of Asclepius, were to be dedicated completely to life under all circumstances, regardless of rank, age or intellect – the life of a slave, the life of the Emperor, the life of a foreign man, the life of a defective child..." [1]

Engraving of Hippocrates by Peter Paul Rubens, 1638.[9] Derivations of the oath have been modified over the years in various countries. In the USA, most Medicine schools administer some form of oath. It has been suggested that a similar oath should be undertaken by scientists, a Hippocratic Oath for Scientists. Modern challenged parts of the oath: To teach medicine to the sons of my teacher. In the past, medical schools gave preferential consideration to the children of physicians.[citation needed]

To practice and prescribe to the best of my ability for the good of my patients, and to try to avoid harming them. This beneficial intention is the purpose of the physician. However, this item is still invoked in the modern discussions of euthanasia.

I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan. Physician organizations in most countries have strongly denounced physician participation in legal executions. However, in a small number of cases, most notably the U.S. states of Oregon,[10] Washington,[11] Montana,[12] and in the Kingdom of the Netherlands,[13] a doctor can prescribe euthanasia with the patient's consent.

Similarly, I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion. Since the legalization of abortion in many countries, the inclusion of the anti-abortion sentence of the Hippocratic oath has been a source of contention.

To avoid violating the morals of my community. Many licensing agencies will revoke a physician's license for offending the morals of the community ("moral turpitude").

I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art. The "stones" referred to are kidney stones or bladder stones, removal of which was judged too menial for physicians, and therefore was left for barbers (the forerunners of modern surgeons). Surgery was not recognized as a specialty at that time. This sentence is now interpreted as acknowledging that it is impossible for any single physician to maintain expertise in all areas. It also highlights the different historical origins of the surgeon and the physician.

To keep the good of the patient as the highest priority. There may be other conflicting 'good purposes,' such as community welfare, conserving economic resources, supporting the criminal justice system, or simply making money for the physician or his employer that provide recurring challenges to physicians.

[edit]See also

Declaration of Helsinki Geneva conventions Hippocrates Hospital Corpsman Pledge Medical ethics Nightingale Pledge Nuremberg code The White Coat Ceremony Primum non nocere Oath of Asaph Oath of the Hindu physician Seventeen Rules of Enjuin Sun Simiao Physician's Oath [edit]References

^ The Hippocratic oath: text, translation and interpretation By Ludwig Edelstein Page 56 ISBN 978-0801801846 (1943) ^ Farnell, Lewis R. (2004-06-30). "Chapter 10". Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 234-279. ISBN 978-1417921348. p.269: "The famous Hippocratean oath may not be an authentic deliverance of the great master, but is an ancient formula current in his school." ^ Temkin, Owsei (2001-12-06). "On Second Thought". "On Second Thought" and Other Essays in the History of Medicine and Science. Johns Hopkins University. ISBN 978-0801867743. ^ "The Hippocratic Oath". National Institute of Health. Retrieved 2009-02-02. ^ Edelstein, Ludwig; Owsei Temkin, C. Lilian Temkin (1987). Owsei Temkin, C. Lilian Temkin. ed. Ancient Medicine. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 6. ISBN 0801834910. Retrieved 2009-06-21. ^ Lasagna, Luis (1964, broadcast March 27, 2001 to April 10, 2001). "Hippocratic Oath—Modern Version". WGBH Educational Foundation for PBS and NOVA Online: Survivor M.D.. Retrieved 2007-11-07. ^ "Good Medical Practice: The duties of a doctor registered with the General Medical Council". General Medical Council. 2006. Retrieved 2007-11-05. ^ "Good Medical Practice". General Medical Council. 2006. Retrieved 2007-11-05. ^ National Library of Medicine 2006 ^ Roh, Jane (2006-01-17). "Supreme Court Backs Oregon Assisted Suicide Law". Fox News. Retrieved 2009-01-24. ^ Woodward, Curt (2008-11-04). "Wash. voters approve assisted suicide initiative". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2009-01-24. ^ "Montana Judge Endorses Right to Assisted Suicide". New York Times. 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2009-01-24. ^ Smartt, Ursula (2007-02-21). "Euthanasia and the law". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-01-24. The Hippocratic Oath - a BBC article about the oath The Hippocratic Oath Today: Meaningless Relic or Invaluable Moral Guide? - a PBS NOVA Online discussion with responses from doctors as well as 2 versions of the oath Lewis Richard Farnell, Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality, 1921. "Codes of Ethics: Some History" by Robert Baker, Union College in Perspectives on the Professions, Vol. 19, No. 1, Fall 1999 [2] [edit]External links

BBC - Hippocratic Oath Hippocratic Oath - Classical version Hippocratic Oath - Modern version Hippocratis jusiurandum - Image of a 1595 copy of the Hippocratic oath with side-by-side original Greek and Latin translation Hippocrates | The Oath - National Institutes of Health page about the Hippocratic oath Tishchenko P. D. Resurrection of the Hippocratic Oath in Russia Categories: Oaths of medicine | Medical ethics | Ancient Greek medicine | Texts in Ionic Greek article discussion edit this page history Try Beta Log in / create account navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article search

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This page was last modified on 12 November 2009 at 22:45. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.Contact us Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers

WikipediaForever Donate Now [Hide] Hippocratic Oath From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Hippocratic Oath (disambiguation). The examples and perspective in this article may not r

WikipediaForever Donate Now [Hide] Hippocratic Oath From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Hippocratic Oath (disambiguation).

The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page.

A twelfth-century Byzantine manuscript of the Oath, rendered in the form of a cross. The Hippocratic Oath is an oath traditionally taken by doctors swearing to ethically practice medicine. It is widely believed to have been written by Hippocrates, the father of western medicine, in Ionic Greek (late 5th century BC)[1], or by one of his students[2], and is usually included in the Hippocratic Corpus. Classical scholar Ludwig Edelstein proposed that the oath was written by Pythagoreans, a theory that has been questioned due to the lack of evidence for a school of Pythagorean medicine.[3] The phrase "first, do no harm" is often, incorrectly, attributed to the oath. Although mostly of historical and traditional value, the oath is considered a rite of passage for practitioners of medicine in some countries, although nowadays the modernized version of the text varies among the countries. Contents [hide] 1 Oath text 1.1 Original 1.2 Modern 2 Modern relevance 3 See also 4 References 5 External links [edit]Oath text

[edit]Original Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article: Ἱπποκράτειος ὅρκος Original, translated into English:[4] “ I swear by Apollo, the healer, Asclepius, Hygieia, and Panacea, and I take to witness all the gods, all the goddesses, to keep according to my ability and my judgment, the following Oath and agreement: To consider dear to me, as my parents, him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and, if necessary, to share my goods with him; To look upon his children as my own brothers, to teach them this art. I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone. I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion. But I will preserve the purity of my life and my arts. I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art. In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, keeping myself far from all intentional ill-doing and all seduction and especially from the pleasures of love with women or with men, be they free or slaves. All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commerce with men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal. If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot. ” [edit]Modern Modern translation of the English:[5] “ I swear by Apollo the Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panaceia and all the gods, and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfill according to my ability and judgment this oath and this covenant: To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art–if they desire to learn it–without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken the oath according to medical law, but to no one else. I will apply dietic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment; I will keep them from harm and injustice. I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect. Similarly I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy. In purity and holiness I will guard my life and my art. I will not use the knife, not even on sufferers from stone, but will withdraw in favor of such men as are engaged in this work. Whatever houses I may visit, I will come for the benefit of the sick, remaining free of all intentional injustice, of all mischief and in particular of sexual relations with both female and male persons, be they free or slaves. What I may see or hear in the course of treatment or even outside of the treatment in regard to the life of men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep myself holding such things shameful to be spoken about. If I fulfill this oath and do not violate it, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and art, being honored with fame among all men for all time to come; if I transgress it and swear falsely, may the opposite of all this be my lot. ” A widely used modern version of the traditional oath was penned by Dr. Luis Lasagna, former Principal of the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences of Tufts University.[6] In the 1970s, many American medical schools chose to abandon the Hippocratic Oath as part of graduation ceremonies, usually substituting a version modified to something considered more politically and medically correct, or an alternate pledge like the Oath of Maimonides. The Hippocratic Oath has been updated by the Declaration of Geneva. In the United Kingdom, the General Medical Council provides clear modern guidance in the form of its Duties of a Doctor[7] and Good Medical Practice[8] statements. [edit]Modern relevance

The original text of the Hippocratic Oath is usually interpreted as one of the first statements of a moral of conduct to be used by physicians, assuming the respect for all human life, even unborn. Most Christian tradition interprets the original Hippocratic Oath as a condemnation of abortion and infanticide. According to Margaret Mead : "For the first time in our tradition there was a complete separation between killing and curing. Throughout the primitive world, the doctor and the sorcerer tended to be the same person. He with the power to kill had power to cure, including specially the undoing of his own killing activities. He who had the power to cure would necessarily also be able to kill... With the Greeks the distinction was made clear. One profession, the followers of Asclepius, were to be dedicated completely to life under all circumstances, regardless of rank, age or intellect – the life of a slave, the life of the Emperor, the life of a foreign man, the life of a defective child..." [1]

Engraving of Hippocrates by Peter Paul Rubens, 1638.[9] Derivations of the oath have been modified over the years in various countries. In the USA, most Medicine schools administer some form of oath. It has been suggested that a similar oath should be undertaken by scientists, a Hippocratic Oath for Scientists. Modern challenged parts of the oath: To teach medicine to the sons of my teacher. In the past, medical schools gave preferential consideration to the children of physicians.[citation needed]

To practice and prescribe to the best of my ability for the good of my patients, and to try to avoid harming them. This beneficial intention is the purpose of the physician. However, this item is still invoked in the modern discussions of euthanasia.

I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan. Physician organizations in most countries have strongly denounced physician participation in legal executions. However, in a small number of cases, most notably the U.S. states of Oregon,[10] Washington,[11] Montana,[12] and in the Kingdom of the Netherlands,[13] a doctor can prescribe euthanasia with the patient's consent.

Similarly, I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion. Since the legalization of abortion in many countries, the inclusion of the anti-abortion sentence of the Hippocratic oath has been a source of contention.

To avoid violating the morals of my community. Many licensing agencies will revoke a physician's license for offending the morals of the community ("moral turpitude").

I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art. The "stones" referred to are kidney stones or bladder stones, removal of which was judged too menial for physicians, and therefore was left for barbers (the forerunners of modern surgeons). Surgery was not recognized as a specialty at that time. This sentence is now interpreted as acknowledging that it is impossible for any single physician to maintain expertise in all areas. It also highlights the different historical origins of the surgeon and the physician.

To keep the good of the patient as the highest priority. There may be other conflicting 'good purposes,' such as community welfare, conserving economic resources, supporting the criminal justice system, or simply making money for the physician or his employer that provide recurring challenges to physicians.

[edit]See also

Declaration of Helsinki Geneva conventions Hippocrates Hospital Corpsman Pledge Medical ethics Nightingale Pledge Nuremberg code The White Coat Ceremony Primum non nocere Oath of Asaph Oath of the Hindu physician Seventeen Rules of Enjuin Sun Simiao Physician's Oath [edit]References

^ The Hippocratic oath: text, translation and interpretation By Ludwig Edelstein Page 56 ISBN 978-0801801846 (1943) ^ Farnell, Lewis R. (2004-06-30). "Chapter 10". Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 234-279. ISBN 978-1417921348. p.269: "The famous Hippocratean oath may not be an authentic deliverance of the great master, but is an ancient formula current in his school." ^ Temkin, Owsei (2001-12-06). "On Second Thought". "On Second Thought" and Other Essays in the History of Medicine and Science. Johns Hopkins University. ISBN 978-0801867743. ^ "The Hippocratic Oath". National Institute of Health. Retrieved 2009-02-02. ^ Edelstein, Ludwig; Owsei Temkin, C. Lilian Temkin (1987). Owsei Temkin, C. Lilian Temkin. ed. Ancient Medicine. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 6. ISBN 0801834910. Retrieved 2009-06-21. ^ Lasagna, Luis (1964, broadcast March 27, 2001 to April 10, 2001). "Hippocratic Oath—Modern Version". WGBH Educational Foundation for PBS and NOVA Online: Survivor M.D.. Retrieved 2007-11-07. ^ "Good Medical Practice: The duties of a doctor registered with the General Medical Council". General Medical Council. 2006. Retrieved 2007-11-05. ^ "Good Medical Practice". General Medical Council. 2006. Retrieved 2007-11-05. ^ National Library of Medicine 2006 ^ Roh, Jane (2006-01-17). "Supreme Court Backs Oregon Assisted Suicide Law". Fox News. Retrieved 2009-01-24. ^ Woodward, Curt (2008-11-04). "Wash. voters approve assisted suicide initiative". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2009-01-24. ^ "Montana Judge Endorses Right to Assisted Suicide". New York Times. 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2009-01-24. ^ Smartt, Ursula (2007-02-21). "Euthanasia and the law". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-01-24. The Hippocratic Oath - a BBC article about the oath The Hippocratic Oath Today: Meaningless Relic or Invaluable Moral Guide? - a PBS NOVA Online discussion with responses from doctors as well as 2 versions of the oath Lewis Richard Farnell, Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality, 1921. "Codes of Ethics: Some History" by Robert Baker, Union College in Perspectives on the Professions, Vol. 19, No. 1, Fall 1999 [2] [edit]External links

BBC - Hippocratic Oath Hippocratic Oath - Classical version Hippocratic Oath - Modern version Hippocratis jusiurandum - Image of a 1595 copy of the Hippocratic oath with side-by-side original Greek and Latin translation Hippocrates | The Oath - National Institutes of Health page about the Hippocratic oath Tishchenko P. D. Resurrection of the Hippocratic Oath in Russia Categories: Oaths of medicine | Medical ethics | Ancient Greek medicine | Texts in Ionic Greek article discussion edit this page history Try Beta Log in / create account navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article search

interaction About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Donate to Wikipedia Help toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page languages Afrikaans Bosanski Български Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk (bokmål) Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / Srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文

This page was last modified on 12 November 2009 at 22:45. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.Contact us Privacy policy About Wikipedia DisclaimersWikipediaForever Donate Now [Hide] Hippocratic Oath From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Hippocratic Oath (disambiguation).

The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page.

A twelfth-century Byzantine manuscript of the Oath, rendered in the form of a cross. The Hippocratic Oath is an oath traditionally taken by doctors swearing to ethically practice medicine. It is widely believed to have been written by Hippocrates, the father of western medicine, in Ionic Greek (late 5th century BC)[1], or by one of his students[2], and is usually included in the Hippocratic Corpus. Classical scholar Ludwig Edelstein proposed that the oath was written by Pythagoreans, a theory that has been questioned due to the lack of evidence for a school of Pythagorean medicine.[3] The phrase "first, do no harm" is often, incorrectly, attributed to the oath. Although mostly of historical and traditional value, the oath is considered a rite of passage for practitioners of medicine in some countries, although nowadays the modernized version of the text varies among the countries. Contents [hide] 1 Oath text 1.1 Original 1.2 Modern 2 Modern relevance 3 See also 4 References 5 External links [edit]Oath text

[edit]Original Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article: Ἱπποκράτειος ὅρκος Original, translated into English:[4] “ I swear by Apollo, the healer, Asclepius, Hygieia, and Panacea, and I take to witness all the gods, all the goddesses, to keep according to my ability and my judgment, the following Oath and agreement: To consider dear to me, as my parents, him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and, if necessary, to share my goods with him; To look upon his children as my own brothers, to teach them this art. I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone. I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion. But I will preserve the purity of my life and my arts. I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art. In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, keeping myself far from all intentional ill-doing and all seduction and especially from the pleasures of love with women or with men, be they free or slaves. All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commerce with men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal. If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot. ” [edit]Modern Modern translation of the English:[5] “ I swear by Apollo the Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panaceia and all the gods, and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfill according to my ability and judgment this oath and this covenant: To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art–if they desire to learn it–without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken the oath according to medical law, but to no one else. I will apply dietic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment; I will keep them from harm and injustice. I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect. Similarly I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy. In purity and holiness I will guard my life and my art. I will not use the knife, not even on sufferers from stone, but will withdraw in favor of such men as are engaged in this work. Whatever houses I may visit, I will come for the benefit of the sick, remaining free of all intentional injustice, of all mischief and in particular of sexual relations with both female and male persons, be they free or slaves. What I may see or hear in the course of treatment or even outside of the treatment in regard to the life of men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep myself holding such things shameful to be spoken about. If I fulfill this oath and do not violate it, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and art, being honored with fame among all men for all time to come; if I transgress it and swear falsely, may the opposite of all this be my lot. ” A widely used modern version of the traditional oath was penned by Dr. Luis Lasagna, former Principal of the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences of Tufts University.[6] In the 1970s, many American medical schools chose to abandon the Hippocratic Oath as part of graduation ceremonies, usually substituting a version modified to something considered more politically and medically correct, or an alternate pledge like the Oath of Maimonides. The Hippocratic Oath has been updated by the Declaration of Geneva. In the United Kingdom, the General Medical Council provides clear modern guidance in the form of its Duties of a Doctor[7] and Good Medical Practice[8] statements. [edit]Modern relevance

The original text of the Hippocratic Oath is usually interpreted as one of the first statements of a moral of conduct to be used by physicians, assuming the respect for all human life, even unborn. Most Christian tradition interprets the original Hippocratic Oath as a condemnation of abortion and infanticide. According to Margaret Mead : "For the first time in our tradition there was a complete separation between killing and curing. Throughout the primitive world, the doctor and the sorcerer tended to be the same person. He with the power to kill had power to cure, including specially the undoing of his own killing activities. He who had the power to cure would necessarily also be able to kill... With the Greeks the distinction was made clear. One profession, the followers of Asclepius, were to be dedicated completely to life under all circumstances, regardless of rank, age or intellect – the life of a slave, the life of the Emperor, the life of a foreign man, the life of a defective child..." [1]

Engraving of Hippocrates by Peter Paul Rubens, 1638.[9] Derivations of the oath have been modified over the years in various countries. In the USA, most Medicine schools administer some form of oath. It has been suggested that a similar oath should be undertaken by scientists, a Hippocratic Oath for Scientists. Modern challenged parts of the oath: To teach medicine to the sons of my teacher. In the past, medical schools gave preferential consideration to the children of physicians.[citation needed]

To practice and prescribe to the best of my ability for the good of my patients, and to try to avoid harming them. This beneficial intention is the purpose of the physician. However, this item is still invoked in the modern discussions of euthanasia.

I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan. Physician organizations in most countries have strongly denounced physician participation in legal executions. However, in a small number of cases, most notably the U.S. states of Oregon,[10] Washington,[11] Montana,[12] and in the Kingdom of the Netherlands,[13] a doctor can prescribe euthanasia with the patient's consent.

Similarly, I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion. Since the legalization of abortion in many countries, the inclusion of the anti-abortion sentence of the Hippocratic oath has been a source of contention.

To avoid violating the morals of my community. Many licensing agencies will revoke a physician's license for offending the morals of the community ("moral turpitude").

I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art. The "stones" referred to are kidney stones or bladder stones, removal of which was judged too menial for physicians, and therefore was left for barbers (the forerunners of modern surgeons). Surgery was not recognized as a specialty at that time. This sentence is now interpreted as acknowledging that it is impossible for any single physician to maintain expertise in all areas. It also highlights the different historical origins of the surgeon and the physician.

To keep the good of the patient as the highest priority. There may be other conflicting 'good purposes,' such as community welfare, conserving economic resources, supporting the criminal justice system, or simply making money for the physician or his employer that provide recurring challenges to physicians.

[edit]See also

Declaration of Helsinki Geneva conventions Hippocrates Hospital Corpsman Pledge Medical ethics Nightingale Pledge Nuremberg code The White Coat Ceremony Primum non nocere Oath of Asaph Oath of the Hindu physician Seventeen Rules of Enjuin Sun Simiao Physician's Oath [edit]References

^ The Hippocratic oath: text, translation and interpretation By Ludwig Edelstein Page 56 ISBN 978-0801801846 (1943) ^ Farnell, Lewis R. (2004-06-30). "Chapter 10". Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 234-279. ISBN 978-1417921348. p.269: "The famous Hippocratean oath may not be an authentic deliverance of the great master, but is an ancient formula current in his school." ^ Temkin, Owsei (2001-12-06). "On Second Thought". "On Second Thought" and Other Essays in the History of Medicine and Science. Johns Hopkins University. ISBN 978-0801867743. ^ "The Hippocratic Oath". National Institute of Health. Retrieved 2009-02-02. ^ Edelstein, Ludwig; Owsei Temkin, C. Lilian Temkin (1987). Owsei Temkin, C. Lilian Temkin. ed. Ancient Medicine. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 6. ISBN 0801834910. Retrieved 2009-06-21. ^ Lasagna, Luis (1964, broadcast March 27, 2001 to April 10, 2001). "Hippocratic Oath—Modern Version". WGBH Educational Foundation for PBS and NOVA Online: Survivor M.D.. Retrieved 2007-11-07. ^ "Good Medical Practice: The duties of a doctor registered with the General Medical Council". General Medical Council. 2006. Retrieved 2007-11-05. ^ "Good Medical Practice". General Medical Council. 2006. Retrieved 2007-11-05. ^ National Library of Medicine 2006 ^ Roh, Jane (2006-01-17). "Supreme Court Backs Oregon Assisted Suicide Law". Fox News. Retrieved 2009-01-24. ^ Woodward, Curt (2008-11-04). "Wash. voters approve assisted suicide initiative". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2009-01-24. ^ "Montana Judge Endorses Right to Assisted Suicide". New York Times. 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2009-01-24. ^ Smartt, Ursula (2007-02-21). "Euthanasia and the law". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-01-24. The Hippocratic Oath - a BBC article about the oath The Hippocratic Oath Today: Meaningless Relic or Invaluable Moral Guide? - a PBS NOVA Online discussion with responses from doctors as well as 2 versions of the oath Lewis Richard Farnell, Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality, 1921. "Codes of Ethics: Some History" by Robert Baker, Union College in Perspectives on the Professions, Vol. 19, No. 1, Fall 1999 [2] [edit]External links

BBC - Hippocratic Oath Hippocratic Oath - Classical version Hippocratic Oath - Modern version Hippocratis jusiurandum - Image of a 1595 copy of the Hippocratic oath with side-by-side original Greek and Latin translation Hippocrates | The Oath - National Institutes of Health page about the Hippocratic oath Tishchenko P. D. Resurrection of the Hippocratic Oath in Russia Categories: Oaths of medicine | Medical ethics | Ancient Greek medicine | Texts in Ionic Greek article discussion edit this page history Try Beta Log in / create account navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article search

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A twelfth-century Byzantine manuscript of the Oath, rendered in the form of a cross. The Hippocratic Oath is an oath traditionally taken by doctors swearing to ethically practice medicine. It is widely believed to have been written by Hippocrates, the father of western medicine, in Ionic Greek (late 5th century BC)[1], or by one of his students[2], and is usually included in the Hippocratic Corpus. Classical scholar Ludwig Edelstein proposed that the oath was written by Pythagoreans, a theory that has been questioned due to the lack of evidence for a school of Pythagorean medicine.[3] The phrase "first, do no harm" is often, incorrectly, attributed to the oath. Although mostly of historical and traditional value, the oath is considered a rite of passage for practitioners of medicine in some countries, although nowadays the modernized version of the text varies among the countries. Contents [hide] 1 Oath text 1.1 Original 1.2 Modern 2 Modern relevance 3 See also 4 References 5 External links [edit]Oath text

[edit]Original Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article: Ἱπποκράτειος ὅρκος Original, translated into English:[4] “ I swear by Apollo, the healer, Asclepius, Hygieia, and Panacea, and I take to witness all the gods, all the goddesses, to keep according to my ability and my judgment, the following Oath and agreement: To consider dear to me, as my parents, him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and, if necessary, to share my goods with him; To look upon his children as my own brothers, to teach them this art. I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone. I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion. But I will preserve the purity of my life and my arts. I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art. In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, keeping myself far from all intentional ill-doing and all seduction and especially from the pleasures of love with women or with men, be they free or slaves. All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commerce with men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal. If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot. ” [edit]Modern Modern translation of the English:[5] “ I swear by Apollo the Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panaceia and all the gods, and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfill according to my ability and judgment this oath and this covenant: To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art–if they desire to learn it–without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken the oath according to medical law, but to no one else. I will apply dietic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment; I will keep them from harm and injustice. I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect. Similarly I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy. In purity and holiness I will guard my life and my art. I will not use the knife, not even on sufferers from stone, but will withdraw in favor of such men as are engaged in this work. Whatever houses I may visit, I will come for the benefit of the sick, remaining free of all intentional injustice, of all mischief and in particular of sexual relations with both female and male persons, be they free or slaves. What I may see or hear in the course of treatment or even outside of the treatment in regard to the life of men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep myself holding such things shameful to be spoken about. If I fulfill this oath and do not violate it, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and art, being honored with fame among all men for all time to come; if I transgress it and swear falsely, may the opposite of all this be my lot. ” A widely used modern version of the traditional oath was penned by Dr. Luis Lasagna, former Principal of the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences of Tufts University.[6] In the 1970s, many American medical schools chose to abandon the Hippocratic Oath as part of graduation ceremonies, usually substituting a version modified to something considered more politically and medically correct, or an alternate pledge like the Oath of Maimonides. The Hippocratic Oath has been updated by the Declaration of Geneva. In the United Kingdom, the General Medical Council provides clear modern guidance in the form of its Duties of a Doctor[7] and Good Medical Practice[8] statements. [edit]Modern relevance

The original text of the Hippocratic Oath is usually interpreted as one of the first statements of a moral of conduct to be used by physicians, assuming the respect for all human life, even unborn. Most Christian tradition interprets the original Hippocratic Oath as a condemnation of abortion and infanticide. According to Margaret Mead : "For the first time in our tradition there was a complete separation between killing and curing. Throughout the primitive world, the doctor and the sorcerer tended to be the same person. He with the power to kill had power to cure, including specially the undoing of his own killing activities. He who had the power to cure would necessarily also be able to kill... With the Greeks the distinction was made clear. One profession, the followers of Asclepius, were to be dedicated completely to life under all circumstances, regardless of rank, age or intellect – the life of a slave, the life of the Emperor, the life of a foreign man, the life of a defective child..." [1]

Engraving of Hippocrates by Peter Paul Rubens, 1638.[9] Derivations of the oath have been modified over the years in various countries. In the USA, most Medicine schools administer some form of oath. It has been suggested that a similar oath should be undertaken by scientists, a Hippocratic Oath for Scientists. Modern challenged parts of the oath: To teach medicine to the sons of my teacher. In the past, medical schools gave preferential consideration to the children of physicians.[citation needed]

To practice and prescribe to the best of my ability for the good of my patients, and to try to avoid harming them. This beneficial intention is the purpose of the physician. However, this item is still invoked in the modern discussions of euthanasia.

I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan. Physician organizations in most countries have strongly denounced physician participation in legal executions. However, in a small number of cases, most notably the U.S. states of Oregon,[10] Washington,[11] Montana,[12] and in the Kingdom of the Netherlands,[13] a doctor can prescribe euthanasia with the patient's consent.

Similarly, I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion. Since the legalization of abortion in many countries, the inclusion of the anti-abortion sentence of the Hippocratic oath has been a source of contention.

To avoid violating the morals of my community. Many licensing agencies will revoke a physician's license for offending the morals of the community ("moral turpitude").

I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art. The "stones" referred to are kidney stones or bladder stones, removal of which was judged too menial for physicians, and therefore was left for barbers (the forerunners of modern surgeons). Surgery was not recognized as a specialty at that time. This sentence is now interpreted as acknowledging that it is impossible for any single physician to maintain expertise in all areas. It also highlights the different historical origins of the surgeon and the physician.

To keep the good of the patient as the highest priority. There may be other conflicting 'good purposes,' such as community welfare, conserving economic resources, supporting the criminal justice system, or simply making money for the physician or his employer that provide recurring challenges to physicians.

[edit]See also

Declaration of Helsinki Geneva conventions Hippocrates Hospital Corpsman Pledge Medical ethics Nightingale Pledge Nuremberg code The White Coat Ceremony Primum non nocere Oath of Asaph Oath of the Hindu physician Seventeen Rules of Enjuin Sun Simiao Physician's Oath [edit]References

^ The Hippocratic oath: text, translation and interpretation By Ludwig Edelstein Page 56 ISBN 978-0801801846 (1943) ^ Farnell, Lewis R. (2004-06-30). "Chapter 10". Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 234-279. ISBN 978-1417921348. p.269: "The famous Hippocratean oath may not be an authentic deliverance of the great master, but is an ancient formula current in his school." ^ Temkin, Owsei (2001-12-06). "On Second Thought". "On Second Thought" and Other Essays in the History of Medicine and Science. Johns Hopkins University. ISBN 978-0801867743. ^ "The Hippocratic Oath". National Institute of Health. Retrieved 2009-02-02. ^ Edelstein, Ludwig; Owsei Temkin, C. Lilian Temkin (1987). Owsei Temkin, C. Lilian Temkin. ed. Ancient Medicine. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 6. ISBN 0801834910. Retrieved 2009-06-21. ^ Lasagna, Luis (1964, broadcast March 27, 2001 to April 10, 2001). "Hippocratic Oath—Modern Version". WGBH Educational Foundation for PBS and NOVA Online: Survivor M.D.. Retrieved 2007-11-07. ^ "Good Medical Practice: The duties of a doctor registered with the General Medical Council". General Medical Council. 2006. Retrieved 2007-11-05. ^ "Good Medical Practice". General Medical Council. 2006. Retrieved 2007-11-05. ^ National Library of Medicine 2006 ^ Roh, Jane (2006-01-17). "Supreme Court Backs Oregon Assisted Suicide Law". Fox News. Retrieved 2009-01-24. ^ Woodward, Curt (2008-11-04). "Wash. voters approve assisted suicide initiative". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2009-01-24. ^ "Montana Judge Endorses Right to Assisted Suicide". New York Times. 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2009-01-24. ^ Smartt, Ursula (2007-02-21). "Euthanasia and the law". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-01-24. The Hippocratic Oath - a BBC article about the oath The Hippocratic Oath Today: Meaningless Relic or Invaluable Moral Guide? - a PBS NOVA Online discussion with responses from doctors as well as 2 versions of the oath Lewis Richard Farnell, Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality, 1921. "Codes of Ethics: Some History" by Robert Baker, Union College in Perspectives on the Professions, Vol. 19, No. 1, Fall 1999 [2] [edit]External links

BBC - Hippocratic Oath Hippocratic Oath - Classical version Hippocratic Oath - Modern version Hippocratis jusiurandum - Image of a 1595 copy of the Hippocratic oath with side-by-side original Greek and Latin translation Hippocrates | The Oath - National Institutes of Health page about the Hippocratic oath Tishchenko P. D. Resurrection of the Hippocratic Oath in Russia Categories: Oaths of medicine | Medical ethics | Ancient Greek medicine | Texts in Ionic Greek article discussion edit this page history Try Beta Log in / create account navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article search

interaction About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Donate to Wikipedia Help toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page languages Afrikaans Bosanski Български Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk (bokmål) Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / Srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文

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William III of England (1650–1702) was the Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of the main provinces of the Dutch Republic, and King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Born a member of the House of Orange-Nassau, William III won the English, Scottish and Irish crowns following the Glorious Revolution, in which his uncle and father-in-law, James II, was deposed. In England, Scotland and Ireland, William ruled jointly with his wife, Mary II, until her death in 1694. A Protestant, William participated in several wars against the powerful Catholic King Louis XIV of France in coalition with Protestant and Catholic powers in Europe. Many Protestants heralded him as a champion of their faith. Largely due to that reputation, William was able to take the British crowns where many were fearful of a revival of Catholicism under James. William's victory over James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 is commemorated by the Orange Institution in Northern Ireland to this day. His reign marked the beginning of the transition from the personal rule of the Stuarts to the more Parliament-centered rule of the House of Hanover. (more...) Recently featured: I Don't Remember – Grim Fandango – Battle of Arras Archive – By email – More featured articles... Did you know... From Wikipedia's newest articles:

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NASA announces that the LCROSS project (artist's rendering of satellite pictured) has discovered evidence of water in the Cabeus crater on the Moon. An illegal gold mine collapses in Dompoase, Ghana, killing 18 people. Brazil and Paraguay suffer a blackout after a short circuit causes the Itaipu hydroelectric dam to shut down for the first time in its history. A German man is sentenced to life imprisonment for fatally stabbing Marwa El-Sherbini in a court in Dresden. The discovery of Aardonyx, a genus of prosauropod dinosaur, in South Africa is announced. El Salvador declares a state of emergency as at least 140 people are killed by floods and mudslides. Wikinews – Recent deaths – More current events... On this day... November 14: World Diabetes Day; Children's Day in India; Day of the Colombian Woman in Colombia

1817 – Bolívar's War: Colombian seamstress Policarpa Salavarrieta (pictured) was executed in Bogotá for working as a spy for the revolutionary forces in New Granada. 1889 – New York World reporter Nellie Bly embarked on her successful attempt to travel Around the World in Eighty Days, eventually completing her journey in only 72 days. 1940 – World War II: Coventry Cathedral and much of the city centre of Coventry, England were destroyed by the German Luftwaffe during the Coventry Blitz. 1990 – Germany and Poland signed the German-Polish Border Treaty, confirming their border at the Oder-Neisse line, which was originally defined by the Potsdam Agreement in 1945. 2003 – Astronomers Michael E. Brown, Chad Trujillo, and David L. Rabinowitz discovered the trans-Neptunian object 90377 Sedna. More anniversaries: November 13 – November 14 – November 15 Archive – By email – List of historical anniversaries It is now November 14, 2009 (UTC) – Refresh this page Today's featured picture

An African American man climbs the stairs to a theater's "colored" entrance in Belzoni, Mississippi, in 1939. The door on the ground floor is labeled "white men only". De jure (legally enforced) racial segregation in the United States was eliminated by a series of Supreme Court decisions starting with Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. De facto racism, however, persists to the present day. Photo: Marion Post Walcott; Restoration: Lise Broer Recently featured: Great White Pelican – Sydney at dusk – Sinai and Palestine Campaign Archive – More featured pictures... Other areas of Wikipedia

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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.Contact us Privacy policy About Wikipedia DisclaimersKnowledge Forever Ad-Free Forever Wikipedia Forever Donate Now [Hide] Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit. 3,093,878 articles in English Arts Biography Geography History Mathematics Science Society Technology All portals Overview · Editing · Questions · Help Contents · Categories · Featured content · A–Z index

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William III of England (1650–1702) was the Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of the main provinces of the Dutch Republic, and King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Born a member of the House of Orange-Nassau, William III won the English, Scottish and Irish crowns following the Glorious Revolution, in which his uncle and father-in-law, James II, was deposed. In England, Scotland and Ireland, William ruled jointly with his wife, Mary II, until her death in 1694. A Protestant, William participated in several wars against the powerful Catholic King Louis XIV of France in coalition with Protestant and Catholic powers in Europe. Many Protestants heralded him as a champion of their faith. Largely due to that reputation, William was able to take the British crowns where many were fearful of a revival of Catholicism under James. William's victory over James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 is commemorated by the Orange Institution in Northern Ireland to this day. His reign marked the beginning of the transition from the personal rule of the Stuarts to the more Parliament-centered rule of the House of Hanover. (more...) Recently featured: I Don't Remember – Grim Fandango – Battle of Arras Archive – By email – More featured articles... Did you know... From Wikipedia's newest articles:

... that Ceylon Rose (pictured) is a critically endangered endemic butterfly of Sri Lanka? ... that Louisiana State Senator Jack Donahue through his philanthropic Suited for Success helped Hurricane Katrina victims refurbish their business clothing? ... that Marcus Baebius Tamphilus instituted the first Roman law against electoral bribery in 181 BC? ... that during his trial, Colin Ferguson planned to examine himself as a witness? ... that the 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was held in a church in London in 1907? ... that figure skater Tonya Harding was once treated at Kaiser Sunnyside Medical Center in Oregon for injuries from an assault? ... that Shanti Bhushan is an advocate in India who has represented Deve Gowda, Arundhati Roy and the accused in the 1993 Mumbai bomb blasts case and the 2001 Indian Parliament attack? ... that athletes in the 1928 Winter Olympics competed in skijoring, a demonstration sport in which the competitors wore skis while being pulled behind horses? Archive – Start a new article – Nominate an article In the news

NASA announces that the LCROSS project (artist's rendering of satellite pictured) has discovered evidence of water in the Cabeus crater on the Moon. An illegal gold mine collapses in Dompoase, Ghana, killing 18 people. Brazil and Paraguay suffer a blackout after a short circuit causes the Itaipu hydroelectric dam to shut down for the first time in its history. A German man is sentenced to life imprisonment for fatally stabbing Marwa El-Sherbini in a court in Dresden. The discovery of Aardonyx, a genus of prosauropod dinosaur, in South Africa is announced. El Salvador declares a state of emergency as at least 140 people are killed by floods and mudslides. Wikinews – Recent deaths – More current events... On this day... November 14: World Diabetes Day; Children's Day in India; Day of the Colombian Woman in Colombia

1817 – Bolívar's War: Colombian seamstress Policarpa Salavarrieta (pictured) was executed in Bogotá for working as a spy for the revolutionary forces in New Granada. 1889 – New York World reporter Nellie Bly embarked on her successful attempt to travel Around the World in Eighty Days, eventually completing her journey in only 72 days. 1940 – World War II: Coventry Cathedral and much of the city centre of Coventry, England were destroyed by the German Luftwaffe during the Coventry Blitz. 1990 – Germany and Poland signed the German-Polish Border Treaty, confirming their border at the Oder-Neisse line, which was originally defined by the Potsdam Agreement in 1945. 2003 – Astronomers Michael E. Brown, Chad Trujillo, and David L. Rabinowitz discovered the trans-Neptunian object 90377 Sedna. More anniversaries: November 13 – November 14 – November 15 Archive – By email – List of historical anniversaries It is now November 14, 2009 (UTC) – Refresh this page Today's featured picture

An African American man climbs the stairs to a theater's "colored" entrance in Belzoni, Mississippi, in 1939. The door on the ground floor is labeled "white men only". De jure (legally enforced) racial segregation in the United States was eliminated by a series of Supreme Court decisions starting with Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. De facto racism, however, persists to the present day. Photo: Marion Post Walcott; Restoration: Lise Broer Recently featured: Great White Pelican – Sydney at dusk – Sinai and Palestine Campaign Archive – More featured pictures... Other areas of Wikipedia

Help desk – Ask questions about using Wikipedia. Reference desk – Serving as virtual librarians, Wikipedia volunteers tackle your questions on a wide range of subjects. Village pump – For discussions about Wikipedia itself, including areas for technical issues and policies. Community portal – Bulletin board, projects, resources and activities covering a wide range of Wikipedia areas. Site news – Announcements, updates, articles and press releases on Wikipedia and the Wikimedia Foundation. Local embassy – For Wikipedia-related communication in languages other than English. Wikipedia's sister projects

Wikipedia is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization that also hosts a range of other projects: Commons Free media repository Wikinews Free-content news Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Wikiquote Collection of quotations Wikibooks Free textbooks and manuals Wikisource Free-content library Wikispecies Directory of species Wikiversity Free learning materials and activities Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination Wikipedia languages

This Wikipedia is written in English. Started in 2001, it currently contains 3,093,878 articles. Many other Wikipedias are available; some of the largest are listed below. More than 250,000 articles: Deutsch · Español · Français · Italiano · Nederlands · 日本語 · Polski · Português · Русский · Svenska · 中文 More than 100,000 articles: العربية · Bahasa Indonesia · Català · Čeština · Dansk · Esperanto · 한국어 · Magyar · Norsk (bokmål) · Română · Slovenčina · Suomi · Tiếng Việt · Türkçe · Українська More than 40,000 articles: Bahasa Melayu · Български · Eesti · Ελληνικά · English (simple) · Euskara · فارسی · Galego · עברית · Hrvatski · Lietuvių · Norsk (nynorsk) · Slovenščina · Српски / Srpski · ไทย main page discussion view source history Try Beta Log in / create account navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article search

interaction About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Donate to Wikipedia Help toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link languages Simple English العربية Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Български Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego עברית Hrvatski Italiano 한국어 Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk (bokmål) Norsk (nynorsk) Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / Srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe Українська 中文 Complete list

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William III of England (1650–1702) was the Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of the main provinces of the Dutch Republic, and King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Born a member of the House of Orange-Nassau, William III won the English, Scottish and Irish crowns following the Glorious Revolution, in which his uncle and father-in-law, James II, was deposed. In England, Scotland and Ireland, William ruled jointly with his wife, Mary II, until her death in 1694. A Protestant, William participated in several wars against the powerful Catholic King Louis XIV of France in coalition with Protestant and Catholic powers in Europe. Many Protestants heralded him as a champion of their faith. Largely due to that reputation, William was able to take the British crowns where many were fearful of a revival of Catholicism under James. William's victory over James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 is commemorated by the Orange Institution in Northern Ireland to this day. His reign marked the beginning of the transition from the personal rule of the Stuarts to the more Parliament-centered rule of the House of Hanover. (more...) Recently featured: I Don't Remember – Grim Fandango – Battle of Arras Archive – By email – More featured articles... Did you know... From Wikipedia's newest articles:

... that Ceylon Rose (pictured) is a critically endangered endemic butterfly of Sri Lanka? ... that Louisiana State Senator Jack Donahue through his philanthropic Suited for Success helped Hurricane Katrina victims refurbish their business clothing? ... that Marcus Baebius Tamphilus instituted the first Roman law against electoral bribery in 181 BC? ... that during his trial, Colin Ferguson planned to examine himself as a witness? ... that the 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was held in a church in London in 1907? ... that figure skater Tonya Harding was once treated at Kaiser Sunnyside Medical Center in Oregon for injuries from an assault? ... that Shanti Bhushan is an advocate in India who has represented Deve Gowda, Arundhati Roy and the accused in the 1993 Mumbai bomb blasts case and the 2001 Indian Parliament attack? ... that athletes in the 1928 Winter Olympics competed in skijoring, a demonstration sport in which the competitors wore skis while being pulled behind horses? Archive – Start a new article – Nominate an article In the news

NASA announces that the LCROSS project (artist's rendering of satellite pictured) has discovered evidence of water in the Cabeus crater on the Moon. An illegal gold mine collapses in Dompoase, Ghana, killing 18 people. Brazil and Paraguay suffer a blackout after a short circuit causes the Itaipu hydroelectric dam to shut down for the first time in its history. A German man is sentenced to life imprisonment for fatally stabbing Marwa El-Sherbini in a court in Dresden. The discovery of Aardonyx, a genus of prosauropod dinosaur, in South Africa is announced. El Salvador declares a state of emergency as at least 140 people are killed by floods and mudslides. Wikinews – Recent deaths – More current events... On this day... November 14: World Diabetes Day; Children's Day in India; Day of the Colombian Woman in Colombia

1817 – Bolívar's War: Colombian seamstress Policarpa Salavarrieta (pictured) was executed in Bogotá for working as a spy for the revolutionary forces in New Granada. 1889 – New York World reporter Nellie Bly embarked on her successful attempt to travel Around the World in Eighty Days, eventually completing her journey in only 72 days. 1940 – World War II: Coventry Cathedral and much of the city centre of Coventry, England were destroyed by the German Luftwaffe during the Coventry Blitz. 1990 – Germany and Poland signed the German-Polish Border Treaty, confirming their border at the Oder-Neisse line, which was originally defined by the Potsdam Agreement in 1945. 2003 – Astronomers Michael E. Brown, Chad Trujillo, and David L. Rabinowitz discovered the trans-Neptunian object 90377 Sedna. More anniversaries: November 13 – November 14 – November 15 Archive – By email – List of historical anniversaries It is now November 14, 2009 (UTC) – Refresh this page Today's featured picture

An African American man climbs the stairs to a theater's "colored" entrance in Belzoni, Mississippi, in 1939. The door on the ground floor is labeled "white men only". De jure (legally enforced) racial segregation in the United States was eliminated by a series of Supreme Court decisions starting with Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. De facto racism, however, persists to the present day. Photo: Marion Post Walcott; Restoration: Lise Broer Recently featured: Great White Pelican – Sydney at dusk – Sinai and Palestine Campaign Archive – More featured pictures... Other areas of Wikipedia

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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.Contact us Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers —Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.76.175.56 (talk) 09:12, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Template:Du-u1

A tag has been placed on Template:Du-u1 requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section T3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a deprecated or orphaned template. After seven days, if it is still unused and the speedy deletion tag has not been removed, the template will be deleted.

If the template is intended to be substituted, please feel free to remove the speedy deletion tag and please consider putting a note on the template's page indicating that it is substituted so as to avoid any future mistakes (<noinclude>{{transclusionless}}</noinclude>).

Thanks. —fetch·comms 02:19, 8 May 2010 (UTC)