There are such components (in the sense of 1,2,and 3, above): they are denoted material expressions. In the DNA story, biological components are the material expression of the genetic code (this isn't just academic; the terminology exists in the biotechnology sector -- see CRISPR).
For 1 above, sequences of base pairs in a nucleotide of DNA control control the development of materials (at the molecular biology level, at the higher levels of organelles; organs; and organisms), and beyond, extending to other sciences. Analogs exist for the other sciences: —— Sociology: individuals, families, and societies; — Chemistry: atoms, and molecules; — Physics: space, time, spacetime, energy state etc.; — Linguistics: moras, phonemes, words, subjects, verbs, objects, and expressions; — Mathematics: foundations, syntax, grammar, rules, proofs, axioms, and logical expressions; — Logic: (see mathematics) the material conditional is distinguished from other forms of conditional expressions.
For 2 above, — Biology: species, and clade — Physics: the existence and dissolution of entities fall naturally into temperature regimes, each regime has criteria for detection/discovery of the entities — Engineering:
For 3 above, — Biology/Ecology: populations are the entity which grow and shrink, as governed by the logistic curve —Physics: Gibbs free energy measures the energy available for useful work
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