User talk:Afluegel/tmp

Bernard H. W. S. De Jong: "Definition and Historical Summary" in:

Bernard H. W. S. De Jong, Ruud G. C. Beerkens, Peter A. van Nijnatten: "Glass", in: "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry"; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2002, DOI: 10.1002/14356007.a12_365

The discoverer of glass manufacture will probably remain unknown. A source of inspiration may have been the abundant occurrence of glasses in nature. Obsidian, pumice (a natural foam glass), and tektites (glassy bodies probably of meteoric origin) are examples of naturally occurring glass. The earliest tektites worked by humans date from the Magdalenian period about 25000 years ago. A synopsis of the developmental history of glass follows.

B.C.

• ~2000: Glass was manufactured in the Caucasus.
• ~1500: Small artifacts were made in Atchana, Alalakh, and Tell al Rimah.
• ~1480: In what was probably the first occurrence of glass in Egypt (thutmose iii: Amarna period), alkali silicate glasses were colored with CaO, Pb2Sb2O7, Al2O3; chromophores were Cu, Fe, and Mn. Asian glassmakers settled in Egypt.
• ~1450: Beautiful glass vases were made, inlaid with multicolored filigree glass.
• ~1200: Glass technology declined in Asia minor (Egypt, Mesopotamia).
• ~900: New glass centers started on the coast of Syria and in Mesopotamia.
• ~700 – 600: Glass making was established on Rhodes and Cyprus.
• ~630: Clay tablets in the Sardanapal library in Assyria describe use of tin as opacifier, production of alkali from plants, manufacture of frits and colorants.
• ~500: First Chinese glass artifacts date from this period.
• ~332: alexander the great supported expansion of Syrian technology.
• ~250: The blowpipe was discovered.

A.D.

• ~1: Torso of an Aphrodite from Alexandria, cut from green glass, dates from this time.
• ~1: First glass retorts were made for alchemists.
• ~70: Glassworks were constructed in Spain and France (glass manufacture was imported by the Romans from Egypt).
• 79: pliny described the manufacture of glass.
• 100: Glass was manufactured in Köln.
• 100: Glass vessels were sold in Syrian shops in Sidon.
• ~100: First vessels with relief were blown in molds.
• 300: Late Roman glass art from this time has been found in Christian catacombs.
• ~500: Syrian glass shops manufactured vessels with glass filament supports, head vessels with cut and etched patterns.
• 591: gregory of tours mentioned glass church windows.
• 674: Glass windows were used in English churches.
• ~700: Window glass was manufactured in Syria by blowing, cutting, and sagging.
• ~700: Alkali content was lowered with respect to P2O5 (in bone ash).
• ~1000: Glass windows were made for Tegernsee cloister.
• ~1100: Small hand-held bend mirrors were introduced.
• 1180: Glass windows were first used in private English houses.
• 1202: Zenith of melt painting with copper containing colored glasses in the middle Rhine region.
• ~1300: Glass windows became more common in Europe.
• 1405: Silver engravings with glass layers were produced in Italy.
• 1453: Glass-making knowledge moved from Byzantium to Venice.
• ~1500: Clear glass was manufactured by glass shops in Murano, particularly wine glasses exported to Germany. Glass was decorated with pearls and buttons, painted, and gold plated.
• ~1500: Diamond was used to cut glass.
• 1507: orlando gallo improved Venetian glass technology. Mirrors were produced. Zenith of Venetian glass manufacture occurred.
• ~1550: Late blooming of Gothic glass painting appeared in Chartres and Paris.
• 1550: Glass thermometer was manufactured in Venice.
• 1590: Lenses were produced, presumably by zacharias janssen.
• 1665: Large mirrors were made in France.
• 1680: johan kunkel (1630 – 1702) manufactured ruby glass.
• 1688: Mirror glass was poured.
• 1697: Bohemian glass was produced in Venice.
• 1728: reamur observed devitrification.
• 1754: klingenstjerna disproved the thesis of newton that refractive index is independent of wavelength.
• 1757: dellond constructed achromatic objective lenses.
• 1782: Industrial temperature measurement became possible with the Wedgwood pyrometer.
• ~1800: The first attempts were made to understand the constitution of glass.
• 1834: leng interpreted devitrification as crystallization of silicic acid salts.
• 1845: Pocket watch industry started in a glass shop.
• 1857: The first glass oven with regenerative heating was developed.
• 1859: Semiautomatic bottle-blowing machine was used.
• 1867: Continuous tank was introduced.
• 1869: Silica was first drawn.
• 1879: The first blanks for incandescent lamps were made.
• 1900: Cylindrical blow machines were used for window manufacture.
• 1903: owens invented suction machine for bottle manufacture.
• 1904: The first neon light fixtures were made.
• 1906: fourcault developed sheet-draw machine.
• 1909: A 1.52-m telescope mirror was manufactured for Mount Wilson observatory.
• 1915: Pyrex was introduced.
• 1917: Tank-drawn sheet glass appeared (Colburn machine).
• 1922: Single gob feeder was developed.
• 1925: Pittsburgh process for sheet glass was introduced.
• 1925: Draw process was used for tubes.
• 1926: Ribbon machine was developed for incandescent lamp bulb blanks.
• 1934: World's largest piece of glass was cast for 200-inch (5.08-m) telescope mirror on Mount Palomar, California.
• 1949: Centrifugal casting of television tubes began.
• 1950: First photosensitive glasses were made.
• 1967: Floating glass process was invented by pilkington.
• 1970: Optical fibers were demonstrated with 20-dB/km loss.
• 1972: Vertical melting units were developed.
• 1978: Polychromatic glass was invented.
• ~1980: Development of fluoride-based glasses for optical fibers.
• 1983: Sol – gel extruded mullite fiber was invented.
• 1984: Pressing of elongated automobile headlights.

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