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ZUNAIR AHMED QURESHI

Pakistan Movement From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012) The Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan (Urdu: تحریک پاکستان) refers to the successful historical movement against British Raj and Indian Congress to have an independent Muslim state named Pakistan created from the separation of the north-western region of the Indian subcontinent, partitioned within or outside the British Indian Empire. It had its origins in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (present day Uttar Pradesh). Muslims there were a minority, yet their elite had a disproportionate amount of representation in the civil service and a strong degree of cultural and literary influence. The idea of Pakistan spread from Northern India through the Muslim diaspora of this region, and spread outwards to the Muslim communities of the rest of India.[1] This movement was led by lawyer Muhammad Ali Jinnah, along with other prominent founding fathers of Pakistan including Allama Iqbal, Liaqat Ali Khan, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, Aga Khan III, Fatima Jinnah, Bahadur Yar Jung, Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar, Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman, A.K. Fazlul Huq, Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar, Jogendra Nath Mandal, Victor Turner, Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan, and Dr. Sir Ziauddin Ahmed. The movement ultimately achieved success in 1947, when part of northwest India was partitioned, granted independence and renamed Pakistan. Contents [hide] 1 History of the movement 1.1 Muslims minority 1.2 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1.3 Other regions 1.4 Conclusion 1.5 Non-Muslims contribution and efforts 2 Timeline 3 Notable quotations 4 Leaders and Founding fathers 5 See also 6 References 7 External links [edit]History of the movement

The Muslim League Governing Council at the Lahore session. The woman wearing the black cloak is Muhatarma Amjadi Banu Begum, the wife of Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar, a prominent Muslim League leader. Begum was a leading representative of the UP's Muslim women during the years of the Pakistan Movement.[2][3] [edit]Muslims minority The 1882 Local Self-Government Act had already troubled Syed Ahmed Khan. When, in 1906, the British announced their intention to establish Legislative Councils, Muhsin al-Mulk, the secretary of both the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference and MAO College, hoped to win a separate Legislative Council for Muslims by making correspondence to several prominent Muslims in different regions of the sub-continent and organising a delegation led by Aga Khan III to meet with Viceroy Lord Minto,[4][5][6][7] a deal to which Minto agreed because it appeared to assist the British divide and rule strategy.[citation needed]. The delegation consisted of 35 members, who each represented their respective region proportionately, mentioned hereunder.

Aga Khan III in 1936.

Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk,(left) who organized the Simla deputation, with Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (Centre), Sir Syed's son Justice Syed Mahmood (extreme right). Syed Mahmood was the first Muslim to serve as a High Court judge in the British Raj. 1. Sir Aga Khan III. (Head of the delegation); (Bombay). 2. Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk. (Aligarh). 3. Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk. (Muradabad). 4. Maulvi Hafiz Hakim Ajmal Khan. (Delhi). 5. Maulvi Syed Karamat Husain. (Allahabad). 6. Maulvi Sharifuddin (Patna). 7. Nawab Syed Sardar Ali Khan (Bombay). 8. Syed Abdul Rauf. (Allahabad). 9. Maulvi Habiburrehman Khan. (Aligarh). 10. Sahibzada Aftab Ahmed Khan. (Aligarh). 11. Abdul Salam Khan. (Rampur). 12. Rais Muhammed Ahtasham Ali. (Lukhnow) 13. Khan Bahadur Muhammed Muzammilullah Khan. (Aligarh). 14. Haji Muhammed Ismail Khan. (Aligarh). 15. Shehzada Bakhtiar Shah. (Calcutta). 16. Malik Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana. (Shahpur). 17. Khan Bahadur Muhammed Shah Deen. (Lahore). 18. Khan Bahadur Syed Nawab Ali Chaudhary. (Memon Singh). 19. Nawab Bahadur Mirza Shuja'at Ali Baig. (Murshidabad). 20. Nawab Nasir Hussain Khan Bahadur. (Patna). 21. Khan Bahadur Syed Ameer Hassan Khan. (Calcutta). 22. Syed Muhammed Imam. (Patna). 23. Nawab Sarfaraz Hussain Khan Bahadur. (Patna). 24. Maulvi Rafeeuddin Ahmed. (Bombay). 25. Khan Bahadur Ahmed Muhaeeuddin. (Madras). 26. Ibraheem Bhai Adamjee Pirbhai. (Bombay). 27. Maulvi Abdul Raheem. (Calcutta). 28. Syed Allahdad Shah. (Khairpur). 29. Maulana H. M. Malik. (Nagpur). 30. Khan Bahadur Col. Abdul Majeed Khan. (Patiala). 31. Khan Bahadur Khawaja Yousuf Shah. (Amritsar). 32. Khan Bahadur Mian Muhammad Shafi. (Lahore). 33. Khan Bahadur Shaikh Ghulam Sadiq. (Amritsar). 34. Syed Nabiullah. (Allahabad). 35. Khalifa Syed Muhammed Khan Bahadur. (Patna).[8] For Jinnah, Islam laid a cultural base for an ideology of ethnic nationalism whose objective was to gather the Muslim community in order to defend the Muslim minorities. Jinnah's representation of minority Muslims was quite apparent in 1928, when in the All-Party Muslim Conference, he was ready to swap the advantages of separate electorates for a quota of 33% of seats at the Centre. He maintained his views at the Round Table Conferences, while the Muslims of Punjab and Bengal were vying for a much more decentralized political setup. Many of their requests were met in the 1935 Government of India Act. Jinnah and the Muslim League played a peripheral role at the time and in 1937 could manage to gather only 5% of the Muslim vote. Jinnah refused to back down and went ahead with his plan. He presented the two-nation theory in the now famous Lahore Resolution in March 1940, seeking a separate Muslim state,[9][not specific enough to verify] The idea of a separate state had first been introduced by Allama Iqbal in his speech in December 1930 as the President of the Muslim League.[10] The state that he visualized included only Punjab, Sindh, North West Frontier Province (NWFP), and Balochistan. Three years later, the name Pakistan was proposed in a declaration in 1933 by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, a University of Cambridge graduate. Again, Bengal was left out of the proposal.[11] In his book Idea of Pakistan, Stephen P. Cohen writes on the influence of South Asian Muslim nationalism on the Pakistan movement:[12] "It begins with a glorious precolonial state empire when the Muslims of South Asia were politically united and culturally, civilizationally, and strategically dominant. In that era, ethnolinguistic differences were subsumed under a common vision of an Islamic-inspired social and political order. However, the divisions among Muslims that did exist were exploited by the British, who practiced divide and rule politics, displacing the Mughals and circumscribing other Islamic rulers. Moreover, the Hindus were the allies of the British, who used them to strike a balance with the Muslims; many Hindus, a fundamentally insecure people, hated Muslims and would have oppressed them in a one-man, one-vote democratic India. The Pakistan freedom movement united these disparate pieces of the national puzzle, and Pakistan was the expression of the national will of India's liberated Muslims." [edit]Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Further information: Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa In NWFP, the Muslim League faced its hardest challenge yet. It had intense competition from Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan dubbed as the "Frontier Gandhi" due to his efforts in following in the footstepsof Gandhi. The popularity of the Congress, along with the strong Paktoon identity created by Ghaffar Khan in the cultural and the political arenas made life hard for the Muslim League. With the support of Ghaffar Khan, the Congress was able to contain the Muslim League to the non-Pakhtoon areas, particularly, the Hazara region. The Muslim League could only manage to win 17 seats, against the 30 won by Congress, in the 1946 elections. The efforts was made by Jalal ud din khan Jalal Baba then, who was renowned leader of Pakistan that time. He won the seats in Hazara, due to active involvement of him the Muslim League captured all the Hazara District assembly seats except one in the crucial elections of 1946 against the than ANP who wanted to accede with India.[citation needed] [edit]Other regions During the Pakistan Movement in the 1940s, Rohingya Muslims in western Burma had an ambition to annex and merge their region into East Pakistan.[13] Before the independence of Burma, in May 1946, Muslim leaders from Arakan addressed themselves to Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, and asked his assistance in annexing of the Mayu region to Pakistan which was about to be formed.[13] Two months later, North Arakan Muslim League was founded in Akyab (modern: Sittwe, capital of Arakan State), it, too demanding annexation to Pakistan.[13] However, the proposal never materialised after it was reportedly turned down by Jinnah. [edit]Conclusion Further information: Partition of India and Indian Independence Act 1947 Muslim nationalism became evident in the provinces where the Muslim minorities resided as they faced social and political marginalization. The desire of the significant Muslim minorities to for self-government and self-determination, became obvious when a clause in the Lahore Resolution which stated that "constituent units (of the states to come) shall be autonomous and sovereign" was not respected. The Two-Nation Theory became more and more obvious during the congress rule. In 1946, the Muslim majorities agreed to the idea of Pakistan, as a response to Congress's one sided policies,[14][15] which were also the result of leaders like Jinnah leaving the party in favour of Muslim League,[16] winning in seven of the 11 provinces. Prior to 1938, Bengal with 33 million Muslims had only ten representatives, less than the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, which were home to only seven million Muslims. Thus the creation of Pakistan became inevitable and the British had no choice but to create two separate nations, Pakistan and India, in 1947.[17][18][19][20] According to Pakistan Studies curriculum, Muhammad bin Qasim is often referred to as the first Pakistani.[21] Muhammad Ali Jinnah also acclaimed the Pakistan movement to have started when the first Muslim put a foot in the Gateway of Islam.[22] [edit]Non-Muslims contribution and efforts Jinnah's vision also benefited the Hindus, Sikhs, Parsis, Jews and Christians existed lived in the Muslim dominated regions of undivided India.[23][24] Most notable and extremely influential Hindu figure in Pakistan Movement was Jogendra Nath Mandal from Bengal, and Jagannath Azad from the Urdu-speaking belt.[25] Mandal represented the Hindu representation calling for independent state of Pakistan, and was one of the Founding-fathers of Pakistan.[23] After the independence, Mandal was given ministries of Law, Justice, and Work-Force by Jinnah in Liaquat Ali Khan's government.[23] The Christian composition also stand behind Jinnah's vision, playing a pivotal role in the movement.[26] The notable Christians included Sir Victor Turner and Alvin Robert Cornelius.[27] Turner was responsible for carrying the economic, financial planning of the country, after gaining the independence.[27] Turner was among one of the founding fathers[27] of Pakistan, and guided Jinnah and Ali Khan on economic affairs, taxation and to handle the administrative units.[27] Alvin Robert Cornelius was elevated as Chief Justice of Lahore High Court bench by Jinnah and served as Law secretary in Liaquat Ali Khan's government.[27] The Hindu, Christian, and Parsi communities had also played their due role for the development of Pakistan soon after its creation.[26] [edit]Timeline

1849 Annexation of the Punjab 1850 Introduction of Urdu in Punjab (almost all of west Pakistan excluding Sindh) 1857 War of Independence 1885 Formation of the Indian National Congress 1901 Partition of Punjab 1905 Partition of Bengal 1906 Simla Deputation 1906 Founding of the All-India Muslim League 1909 Minto–Morley Reforms 1911 Annulment of the Partition of Bengal 1914–18 World War I 1916 Lucknow Pact 1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1919 Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms 1919–23 Khilafat Movement 1922–29 Hindu–Muslim Riots 1927 Delhi Muslim Proposals 1928 Nehru Report 1929 Fourteen Points of Jinnah 1930 Simon Commission Report 1930 Separation of a strong Punjabi group from congress and formation of Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam 1930 Allama Iqbal Address 1931 Kashmir Resistance movement 1930–32 Round Table Conferences 1932 Communal Award (1932) 1933 Pakistan National Movement 1933 Pakistan Declaration / Now or Never Pamphlet 1935 Government of India Act 1937 Elections 1937–39 Congress Rule in 7 out of 11 Provinces 1937 Strong anti congress governments in Punjab and Bengal 1938 A. K. Fazlul Huq of Bengal joined Muslim League 1938 Jinah Sikandar pact 1938 Pirpur Report 1939-45 World War II 1939 Resignation of congress ministries and non congress power players got golden chance 1940 Pakistan Resolution 1940 March 19 Khaksar Massacre in Lahore[28][29] 1942 India Movement and non congress players further got space 1942 Cripps' mission 1944 Gandhi – Jinnah Talks 1945 The Simla Conference 1946 The Cabinet Mission the last British effort to united India 1946 Direct Action Day in the aftermath of cabinet mission plan 1946 Interim Government installed in office 1946 Quit Kashmir Campaign as the formation of the interim government of Azad Kashmir 1947 June 6 Partition Plan 1947 Creation of Pakistan [edit]Notable quotations

Allama Iqbal I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State. Self-government within the British Empire, or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.[30] Choudhary Rahmat Ali At this solemn hour in the history of India, when British and Indian statesmen are laying the foundations of a Federal Constitution for that land, we address this appeal to you, in the name of our common heritage, on behalf of our thirty million Muslim brethren who live in Pakistan – by which we mean the five Northern units of India, Viz: Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sind and Baluchistan – for your sympathy and support in our grim and fateful struggle against political crucifixion and complete annihilation.[11] Muhammad Ali Jinnah It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religious in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality, and this misconception of one Indian nation has troubles and will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Mussalmans derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes, and different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other and, likewise, their victories and defeats overlap. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built for the government of such a state.”[31][32] [edit]Leaders and Founding fathers

Muhammad Ali Jinnah Allama Muhammad Iqbal Liaquat Ali Khan Aga Khan III Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Ghulam Bhik Nairang Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari Khwaja Nazimuddin Jalal-ud-din Jalal Baba Chaudhry Naseer Ahmad Malhi Maulana Zafar Ali Khan Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan [edit]See also

A Short History of Pakistan, a book edited by I H Qureshi History of Pakistan National Monument, Islamabad Raja, Masood Ashraf. Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity, 1857–1947, Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-547811-2 Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan Pakistani nationalism Pakistan Zindabad [edit]References

^ Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples – Paul R. Magocsi, Multicultural History Society of Ontario. Retrieved 2012-01-31. ^ Muhammad Sheraz Kamran. "NPT – History of Pakistan Movement". Nazariapak.info. Retrieved 2012-01-31. ^ http://pakistanmovement.org/PakMovement.html ^ Pakistan was inevitable p. 51-52, Author Syed Hassan Riaz, published by University Karachi. ISBN 969-404-003-5 ^ History of Pakistan Movement (1857–1947), p. 237-238, Author Prof. M. Azam Chaudhary, published by Abdullah Brothers, Urdu Bazar, Lahore ^ History of Pakistan and its background, p. 338. Author Syed Asghar Ali Shah Jafri, published by Evernew Book Palace, Circular road, Urdu Bazar, Lahore. ^ History of Pakistan, p. 58-59. Author Prof. Muhammed Khalilullah (Ex-Principal Federal Govt. Urdu College, Karachi; Former Dean Law Faculty, University of Karachi), published by Urdu Academy Sindh, Karachi. ^ History of Pakistan. p. 232 to 234. by Muhammed Ali Chiragh, published by Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore. ISBN 969-35-0413-5. ^ Pakistan: nationalism without a nation? – Christophe Jaffrelot. Retrieved 2012-01-31. ^ Shafique Ali Khan (1987), Iqbal's Concept of Separate North-west Muslim State: A Critique of His Allahabad Address of 1930, Markaz-e-Shaoor-o-Adab, Karachi, OCLC 18970794 ^ a b Choudhary Rahmat Ali, (1933), Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?, pamphlet, published 28 January ^ The Idea of Pakistan. Stephen Philip Cohen. Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2004. ^ a b c Yegar, Moshe (1972). Muslims of Burma. Wiesbaden: Verlag Otto Harrassowitz. p. 96. ^ "South Asia | India state bans book on Jinnah". BBC News. 2009-08-20. Retrieved 2012-01-31. ^ Jaswant Singh. Jinnah: India-Partition-Independence. ^ Sarojini Naidu. Muhammad Jinnah: An Ambassador of Unity. ^ "Lahore Resolution [1940]". Storyofpakistan.com. Retrieved 2012-01-31. ^ Muhammad Munawwar. Dimensions of Pakistan movement. ^ Yusuf Ali Chowdhury, Muhammad Asad, Nawab Sir Ziauddin Ahmed, Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri. Pakistan Movement Activists. ^ Sikandar Hayat. Aspects of the Pakistan movement. ^ "History books contain major distortions". Daily Times. ^ "Pakistan Movement". cybercity-online.net. ^ a b c Heyworth-Dunne, James (1952). Pakistan: the birth of a new Muslim state. University of Michigan: Renaissance Bookshop. pp. 173. ISBN ASIN: B000N7G1MG. ^ Tai Yong Tan, Gyanes Kugaisya (2000). The Aftermath of partition in South Asia:Pakistan. London, UK.: Routledge Publishing Co.. pp. ix-327. ISBN 0-203-45766-8. ^ Sophia Ajaz. [criticalppp.com/archives/35305 "Hindus’ contribution towards making of Pakistan"]. Sophia Ajaz. ^ a b Staff Report. "Home » Local » Christians played vital role in Pakistan Movement Christians played vital role in Pakistan Movement". Daily Pakistan. Pakistan Daily. Retrieved 7 February 2012. ^ a b c d e Aminullah Chaudry (1999). The founding fathers. Karachi, Sindh Province: Oxford University Press, Karachi. ISBN 978-0-19-906171-6. ^ Allama Mashraqi ^ http://www.allamamashraqi.com/images/The_Khaksar_Martyrs_of_March_19,_1940_by_Nasim_Yousaf.pdf ^ Sir Muhammad Iqbal’s 1930 Presidential Address, from Columbia University site ^ "VIEW: March towards independence". Daily Times. 2011-03-23. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ Excerpt from the Presidential Address delivered by Quaid-e-Azam at Lahore, March 22–23, 1940, Nazariapak.info [edit]External links

"Pakistan Movement Workers Trust (Tehrik-i-Pakistan) تحریک پاکستان". Pakistan Movement Workers Trust's official website. "The Pakistan Movement". Story of Pakistan website. "Iqbal and the Pakistan Movement". Iqbal Academy Pakistan. "The Pakistan Movement (Picture Gallery)". Pakistan.gov. [show] v t e Muhammad Ali Jinnah [show] v t e Pakistan Movement View page ratings Rate this page What's this? Trustworthy Objective Complete Well-written I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional)

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