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Base
Verbs
Adjectives
Use
godan
ichidan
ka-hen
sa-hen
keiyōshi
keiyōdōshi
iku
aru
kami
shimo
na
ta
Example
ka-ku
i-ku
a-ru
goza-ru
m-iru
tab-eru
kuru
suru
kuro-i
shizuka-na
dōdō-to
mizenkei
~a
ka
ra
ra
i
e
ko
se
kara
nara
tara
All : negative: -zu, -nu, -n. Non-v5 : negative subjunctive: -mai.
shi
All : negative: -nai. suru : negative subjunctive: -mai.
~o
ko
ro
ro
karo
daro
v5 : subjunctive: -u. Non-v5 : subjunctive: -yō. Adjectives : subjunctive: -u.
renyōkei
~i
ki
ri
i
i
e
ki
shi
Verbs : polite: -masu. gozaru -type : imperative.
ri
ku
de
All : listing. Adjectives : predicative: aru; negative: nai.
ni
to
Verbs : various. Adjectives : adverbial. Keiyōshi : -te.
Varies
kat
dat
All : past/perfective: -ta. Verbs : -te.
shūshikei
~u
ku
ru
ru
iru
eru
kuru
suru
i
da
All : predicative; subjunctive: -rashii, sō-da. Verbs : requirement: beki. v5 : negative subjunctive: -mai.
rentaikei
na
All : attributive; subjunctive: yō -da; nominalisation: no, (n), mono. Verbs : nominalisation: koto.
naru
taru
kateikei
~e
ke
re
re
ire
ere
kure
sure
kere
nara
All : conditional: ba. Keiyōdōshi : conditional.
meireikei
~e
ke
re
re
iro
ero
koi
shiro
kare
nare
tare
All : imperative.
~eru
keru
reru
reru
irareru
erareru
korareru
dekiru
Verbs : possibility.
~areru
kareru
rareru
rareru
irareru
erareru
korareru
sareru
Verbs : spontaneity, passive, respect, (possibility).
~aseru
kaseru
raseru
raseru
isaseru
esaseru
kosaseru
saseru
Verbs : causative, respect.
Chart of -te/-ta for godan verbs[ edit ]
k
g
s
t
n
b
m
r
w
Irr.
Example
ka-ku
oyo-gu
ka-su
ta-tsu
shi-nu
aso-bu
yo-mu
kae-ru
ka-u
iku
-te
ite
ide
shite
tte
nde
tte
-ta
ita
ida
shita
tta
nda
tta
Base
Assert.
Pol.
Past
Neg.
Use
da
desu
masu
ta
nu (n)
mizenkei
mase
masu : negative: -n.
daro
desho
masho
taro
All : subjunctive: -u.
renyōkei
de
mashi
tari
zu
All : listing. masu : imperative. nu : adverbial.
dat
deshi
Assertion : past/perfective -ta. masu : past/perfective -ta; -te.
shūshikei
da
desu
masu
ta
nu
All : predicative. masu : negative subjunctive: -mai.
n
rentaikei
masu
nu
All : attributive.
taru
n
kateikei
nara
tara
ne
All : conditional.
meireikei
mase
masu : imperative.
Classical conjugation [ edit ]
i , o and e represent kōrui or neutralised i , o and e .
ï , ö and ë represent otsurui i , o and e .
The kō-otsu distinction is only made with:
ki, fi, mi, gi, bi
ke, fe, me, ge, me
ko, so, to, (mo), yo, ro, go, zo, do
The e of keru , to kick, the only shimo-ichidan verb, does not have an attested distinction between kōrui or otsurui e .
The i of miru , to curve, is thought to be otsurui , but it is not well-attested. All other kami-ichidan verbs are kōrui , if a kō-otsu distinction is made at all.
Thanks to Bart Mathias for providing information on the kō-otsu distinctions.
Base
Verbs
Adjectives
yodan
nidan
ichidan
ra-hen
na-hen
ka-hen
sa-hen
keiyōshi
keiyōdōshi
kami
shimo
kami
shimo
ku
shiku
nari
tari
Example
kak-u
kar-u
tab-u
m-iru
k-eru
ar-i
shin-u
ku
su
yo-ki
kana-shiki
shizuka-nari
dōdō-tari
mizenkei
a
i
e
i
e
a
a
kö
se
kara
shikara
nara
tara
ku
shiku
renyōkei
i
i
e
i
e
i
i
ki
shi
ku
shiku
ni
to
kari
shikari
nari
tari
shūshikei
u
u
u
iru
eru
i
u
ku
su
shi
shi
nari
tari
rentaikei
u
uru
uru
iru
eru
u
uru
kuru
suru
ki
shiki
naru
taru
karu
shikaru
izenkei
ë
ure
ure
ire
ere
e
ure
kure
sure
kere
shikere
nare
tare
meireikei
e
i
e
i
e
e
e
kö
se
kare
shikare
nare
tare