User:Yugystudios/Sandbox4
This page is a sandbox for the BESA design M class locomotives. WIP
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| Reference(s): [1], unless where noted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Indian locomotive class M (Mixed) were a class of 4-6-0 mixed traffic metre-gauge locomotives introduced in 1903[a] that were one of four standard locomotive designs developed by the British Engineering Standards Committee (BESC) (later the British Engineering Standards Association (BESA)) for the metre-gauge railways of British India. Outside of British India (later India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh), locomotives of this design operated in Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, Cambodia, Aden, and Iraq.
Background
[edit]British Indian railways operated numerous steam locomotives built to their own design standards, and near and at the turn of the century, this created a considerable strain on British locomotive manufacturers who could not keep up with demand.[2][3] This led to British Indian railways outsourcing production of locomotives to non-British companies, which generated complaints from British locomotive manufacturers:[4] amidst this situation, proposals for standardisation of British Indian steam locomotives were made as early as the 1870s, in which there were prior plans to standardise locomotive designs for British Indian railways that never went through;[5] but later, a locomotive standardisation scheme for British Indian railways was finally realised when the BESC was requested by the British Indian government to develop standard locomotive classes for British Indian railways. [6][7][3] Its first report, compiled in 1903,[1][a] outlined plans for British Indian standard locomotives, being revised in 1907[8] and in 1910.[9]
History and operational service
[edit]![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion with: allocations of locomotives, classifications, if any design changes were added, builders, operators within British India. You can help by adding to it. (September 2024) |
The M class locomotives were first catalogued in the first report of the BESC on British Indian standard locomotive classes (1903).[1][a] They then found their way into British Indian (later Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi), Burmese, Cambodian, Thai, and Iraqi railways, and the Aden Railway, who then operated locomotives built to this design.
Engines built to this design worked the metre-gauge lines of British Indian railways; however, only government-operated railways designated these locomotives as the class M.[citation needed]
Design
[edit] | This section needs expansion with: superheated variants and design specifications and variations. You can help by adding to it. (September 2024) |
The design parameters outlined by the BESC in their original 1903[a] report were as follows: the locomotives were designed to use the same boilers as the class G (Goods) 4-8-0 and the P (Passenger) 4-6-0 locomotives—also of the metre gauge,[1] two outside cylinders, a Belpaire firebox[1] and saturated steam.[10] The valve gear used was the Walschaerts valve gear (some Thai locomotives were converted to Caprotti[citation needed]) with slide valves,[1] and the reversing gear was located on the right-hand side of the cab, controlled by a screw reverser.[1] The wheelbase between the two rear driving wheels are longer than those of the two front driving wheels to accommodate the firebox and grate,[b] and the size of the drivers did not neccessitate the need to fit splashers above the wheels on the running board.[c] The tender had a fuel capacity of 4 tons, a water capacity of 2000 gallons and fuel capacity of 4 tons, and a half-cab on the tender.
The locomotives were designed for a boiler pressure of 180 psi (1,200 kPa), commonplace with the rest of the BESC-designed locos outlined in the 1903 report.[1]
Design variations
[edit]Several design variations that can be seen on locomotives built to this design are as follows: superheated versions were classified as MS[d][10] (S means superheated) and were equipped with piston valves.[citation needed] The original BESC design specified an open half-cab on the tender. Some iterations had the half-cab fully enclosed; the Thai examples, on the other hand, lacked the half-cab.[citation needed] Other iterations also increased the fuel capacity to 7 tons and decreased the water capacity to 1850 gallons, a difference of 150 gallons.[citation needed]
Foreign operators
[edit]Burma (Myanmar)
[edit]Several locomotives of this BESC design were delivered to Burma Railways and were classified as class K.[11] Superheated versions were classified as Ks (S means superheated).[12][13]
Thailand
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The Royal State Railways of Siam/Thailand (RSR(S/T)), later the State Railways of Thailand (SRT), had several locomotives of this BESC design and were classified as the class E.[14] The E class, however, were shorter than other locomotives built to this design, as the E class had their wheelbase lengths measured at 5 ft (1.5 m) for the front wheels and 6 ft (1.8 m) for the second and third driving wheels,[citation needed] in comparison to what the BESC outlined, at 5 ft 4+1⁄2 in (1.638 m) for the first and second driving wheels and 6 ft 7+1⁄2 in (2.019 m) for the back wheels. Some were later donated to Cambodia in the 1970s, by then considered surplus by the SRT.[15]
Several E class locomotives are preserved at various locations in Thailand.[citation needed]
Cambodia
[edit]As stated earlier, some Thai E class locomotives were donated by the State Railways of Thailand (SRT) to Cambodia in the 1970s.[16] They were classified under the 230-0xx number series[e], upon withdrawal of the Indonesian C52s that were brought over from Java to Cambodia during the Japanese occupation which were numbered in the same number series.[17]
Aden Province
[edit]Construction on a metre gauge railway from Aden—the Aden Railway—were undertaken by the Royal Engineers during 1915-16, with administration being handled by the North Western Railway of India. An engine of this design became part of the Aden Railway's motive power fleet, built by Nasmyth, Wilson and Company, being numbered 1.[18]
Iraq
[edit]The Iraqi State Railways had several locomotives built to this design for the railway's metre gauge network, which were designated as their HG and HGS (superheated) class locomotives.[citation needed]
Preservation
[edit] | This section needs expansion with: preserved engines built to this design. You can help by adding to it. (November 2024) |
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c d The BESC report that first catalogued this locomotive design was compiled in 1903, but was not published until 1905 (British Standards Institution).
- ^ The wheelbase between the first and second drivers measured 5' 4 1/2", and between the second and third drivers it measured 6' 7 1/2". However, the wheelbase between the first and second drivers measured 5' second and third drivers on the Thai examples measured 6' upon comparison between the diagrams of the BESC and those presented in Ramaer's book.
- ^ The driving wheel diameter measured 4'. This also was the case with the G class 4-8-0 locomotives with a driving wheel diameter of 3' 7". The 4-6-0 P class had a wheel diameter of 4' 9", therefore neccessitating the addition of splashers on the running board to make space for and cover the wheels.
- ^ Locomotives of this design were classified as M and MS only in railways run by the British Indian government.
- ^ The Cambodian railway network—being developed by the French, used the French locomotive classification system, counting axles instead of wheels—therefore 230 meant a 4-6-0 type locomotive.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h Report of the Locomotive Committee on Standard Locomotives for Indian Railways (Report). British Standards Institution. November 1903. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^ "History of Steam: Broad Gauge". ISRS website. Indian Steam Railway Society (ISRS). Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
As the various railways grew in size and traffic at different pace, demand for larger and more powerful locomotives also increased. Due to individual practices followed by different railways and the local tastes the various railway systems adopted to their own configuration of engines and this led to considerable delay in supply of these engines from various manufacturers in England.
- ^ a b Bhandari, R. R. "Steam in History". IRFCA website. Indian Railways Fan Club (IRFCA). Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^ Bhandari, R. R. "Steam in History". IRFCA website. Indian Railways Fan Club (IRFCA). Retrieved 8 September 2024.
[The inability of British locomotive manufacturers to meet demand] resulted in orders being placed on German and American manufacturers and ... protest was made on behalf of the [British locomotive manufacturers] in the British Parliament.
- ^ "History of Steam: Broad Gauge". ISRS website. Indian Steam Railway Society (ISRS). Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
Attempts at standardisation of locomotives were made as early as 1872 and 1879 but these were not conclusive.
- ^ "Indian locomotive practice". The Locomotive, Railway Carriage & Wagon Review. Vol. 14. London: Locomotive Publishing Company. 15 June 1908. p. 103. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
- ^ Report of the Locomotive Committee on Standard Locomotives for Indian Railways (Report). British Standards Institution. November 1903. p. 2. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
The Locomotive Committee beg leave to report that, in accordance with instructions received through the Engineering Standards Committee from the Secretary of State for India, and with the assistance of a Conference between the Consulting Engineers and Locomotive Manufacturers of the country, they have carefully considered the questions of the most suitable designs of Locomotives for use on the Railways of India, and of the standardisation of their component parts.
- ^ Second Report of the Locomotive Committee on Standard Locomotives for Indian Railways (Report). British Standards Institution. February 1907. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
- ^ "[Third Report of the Locomotive Committee on Standard Locomotives for Indian Railways]". Indian Industries and Power. Vol. 7. 1909. p. 275. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
- ^ a b Smith, Jonathan. "BESA steam locomotives". The terminal: Standard steam locomotives. Iowa State University. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^ Diagram of Burma Railways class K: Goods B.E.S.A. Class K, Insein Works: Burma Railways, 1965, retrieved 16 November 2024 via Flickr
- ^ Diagram of Burma Railways Ks (superheated K) class locomotive: Goods B.E.S.A. Class Ks, Insein Works: Burma Railways, 1965, retrieved 16 November 2024 via Flickr
- ^ Smith, Jonathan. "Burma Railway steam locomotives". The terminal: Standard steam locomotives. Iowa State University. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^ Smith, Jonathan. "[Rot Fai Thai (SRT)] (metre-gauge) steam locomotives". The terminal: Standard steam locomotives. Iowa State University. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^ Roberts, Basil. "Thai E class before donation to Cambodia". Tiger Steam photo gallery: Thailand. International Steam Pages. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^ Roberts, Basil. "Ex-Thai E class locomotive in Cambodian service". Tiger Steam photo gallery: Cambodia. International Steam Pages. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^ Martindale, Colin. "Derelict ex-Thai E class locomotive in Cambodia". Tiger Steam photo gallery: Cambodia. International Steam Pages. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^ "Rolling stock for the Aden [Railway]". The Locomotive, Railway Carriage & Wagon Review. Vol. 34. London: Locomotive Publishing Company. 15 February 1928. pp. 42–43. Retrieved 13 November 2024. Retrieved via Flickr.