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Keikyu N1000 series
Stainless steel (left) and aluminium (right) N1000 series sets in July 2021
In service15 April 2002 (2002-04-15) – present
Manufacturer
Constructed2002–
Number built506 vehicles (85 sets)
Number in service490 vehicles (83 sets) as of September 2023
Number scrapped8 vehicles (1 set; accident damage)
Formation4/6/8 cars per trainset
OperatorsKeikyu
Lines served
Specifications
Car body construction
Maximum speed
  • Service: 120 km/h (75 mph)
  • Design: 130 km/h (81 mph)
Traction systemVariable frequency (GTO/IGBT/MOSFET)
Traction motors3-phase AC induction motor or permanent-magnet synchronous motor
Acceleration3.5 km/(h⋅s) (2.2 mph/s)
Deceleration
  • Service: 4.0 km/(h⋅s) (2.5 mph/s)
  • Emergency: 4.5 km/(h⋅s) (2.8 mph/s)
Electric system(s)1,500 V DC (overhead catenary)
Current collector(s)Pantograph
Braking system(s)Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes with regenerative braking
Safety system(s)C-ATS
Multiple working600 series, 1500 series, 2100 series
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
Notes/references
This train won the 65th Blue Ribbon Award in 2022.


※ Awarded for 1000-1890 series "Le Ciel"

Overview

[edit]

The N1000 series trains first entered revenue service on 15 April 2002 as a successor to all remaining original 1000 series sets.[1]: 24–25 [2] The type garnered its designation as New 1000 series, frequently shortened to N1000 series, to distinguish it from the original 1000 series, which remained in service until 2010. Since then, the N1000 series has increasingly inherited the original type's designation.[3]

The N1000 series is Keikyu's most numerous train type, with 506 vehicles having been built as of April 2024,[4][5] surpassing Keikyu's next-most numerous train type, the original 1000 series, by 150 vehicles.[6] In March 2022, the type comprised approximately 60% of Keikyu's nearly 800-vehicle fleet.[6]

Variants

[edit]

Batches 1–5

[edit]
3rd-batch 8-car set 1041 in February 2023
5th-batch 4-car set 1445 in July 2021

These are four- and eight-car sets manufactured by Tokyu Car Corporation and Kawasaki Heavy Industries between 2002[7]: 71  and 2006.[8]

Design

[edit]

Largely based on the design of the 2100 series, the N1000 series trains incorporate several differences due to the services on which they are used. These include the use of three passenger doors per side per car (as opposed to the 2100 series' two[9]), and a commuter-oriented interior configuration.[7]: 70 

A second batch of N1000 series sets was introduced from mid-2003, consisting of eight-car sets 1025 and 1033, and four-car sets 1409 and 1413. With the first batch of sets, four- and eight-car sets could be rearranged to form six-car trains, but this possibility was removed with this batch's four-car sets. The four-car sets also featured minor technical changes, with pantographs and power supplies being consolidated to the third car; in contrast, the first batch's four-car sets were fitted with a pantograph and power supply for each intermediate car.[10]

Batch 3 (eight-car sets 1041 and 1049 and four-car sets 1417 and 1421), delivered in early 2005, was built with a motor car-to-trailer car ratio of 3:1 (compared to 1:1 for older sets), as well as other modifications for updated fire regulation compliance and weight reduction. Batches 4 (eight-car set 1057 and four-car sets 1425–1437) and 5 (eight-car set 1065 and four-car sets 1441 and 1445) were built with full-colour LED destination displays in place of the original roller-blind displays.[3]

Interior

[edit]

The interior incorporates a warm colour palette. Passenger accommodation consists primarily of longitudinal bucket-style seating, with transverse seating bays at car ends. Priority seating is also provided. When compared to the original 1000 series fleet, the N1000 series sets feature several accessibility improvements, such as audible door warnings, onboard passenger information displays, wheelchair spaces, and anti-slip flooring.[7]: 70, 72 

Beginning in 2010, priority seats were given blue moquette.[3]

  • Interior in as-built condition
    Interior in as-built condition

Specifications

[edit]

The first two N1000 series batches were fitted with Siemens SIBAS32 GTO thyristor-based variable-voltage/variable-frequency (VVVF) propulsion systems,[7][3] like the preceding 2100 series fleet.[6]: 2  These systems garnered the nickname "Do-re-mi-fa Inverter" (ドレミファインバータ) due to the distinctive ascending musical scale they produced when accelerating from a standstill.[11] Keikyu began replacing these traction systems in 2010 with systems from domestic suppliers.[12] Eight-car set 1033 was the last set operating with these traction systems, making its final run with its original equipment on 20 July 2021.[6]: 2 

Batches 3–5 were fitted with IGBT (insulated-gate bipolar transistor)-based traction systems, also supplied by Siemens. These traction systems' control units were lighter and smaller than those used in earlier sets. Batch 3 also introduced lighter TH-2100BM/TH-2100BT bogies, which lacked amenities from the original TH-2100AM/TH-2100AT design such as sandboxes and yaw dampers.[3]

Build histories

[edit]
8-car sets[13][14]
Set No. Manufacturer Date delivered Batch
1001 Tokyu Car 23 February 2002 1
1009 28 June 2002[15]
1017 Kawasaki HI 31 May 2002[15]
1025 Tokyu Car 19 May 2003[16] 2
1033 Kawasaki HI 24 June 2003[16]
1041 Tokyu Car 19 January 2005[17] 3
1049 Kawasaki HI 1 March 2005[17]
1057 Tokyu Car 30 August 2005[14] 4
1065 30 October 2006[13] 5
4-car sets
Set No. Manufacturer Date delivered Batch
1401 Kawasaki HI 29 June 2002[15] 1
1405
1409 Tokyu Car 3 July 2003[16] 2
1413 Kawasaki HI
1417 Tokyu Car 11 March 2005[17] 3
1421 Kawaski HI
1425 Tokyu Car 26 July 2005[14] 4
1429 Kawasaki HI
1433 9 August 2005[14]
1437
1441 14 November 2006[13] 5
1445


Batches 6–15

[edit]
N1000 series (batches 6–15)
9th-batch 4-car set 1481 in July 2023
In service2007–present
Manufacturer
Constructed2007–2015
Number built
  • 220 vehicles
    • 13 × 8-car
    • 12 × 6-car
    • 11 × 4-car
Number in service212 vehicles (35 sets)
Number scrapped8 vehicles (1 set, accident damage)
Formation4/6/8 cars per trainset
Specifications
Car body constructionStainless steel
Car length18,000 mm (59 ft 1 in)
Width2,791.8 mm (9 ft 1.9 in)

These are four-, six-, and eight-car sets manufactured by Tokyu Car Corporation (J-TREC from 2012) and Kawasaki Heavy Industries between 2007[18] and 2015.

External and technical changes

[edit]
Opened front-end emergency exit

These sets were built with significant bodywork and system updates over previous batches, some of which would be firsts for the N1000 series fleet and Keikyu's history. These changes include the use of stainless steel bodies with film wrapping used for body colouring (earlier sets used painted aluminium[19]); the discontinuation of front-end wiper covers; and traction systems from domestic suppliers Mitsubishi, Toyo Denki, and Toshiba.[3][18] The new bodies are approximately 40 millimetres (2 in) narrower than their aluminium-bodied counterparts.[18] Four-car sets were built with motor cars throughout whilst eight-car sets preserved the motor car-to-trailer car ratio of 3:1.[3]

Batches 10 onward feature improved front-end emergency exits,[20] and batch 15 introduced external information displays with a wider colour spectrum.[3]

The sets have garnered the nickname Ginsen (銀千, lit. 'silver thousand') for their red and silver colouring.[6]

Internal changes

[edit]

From batch 6, the transverse seat bays at the ends of cars were replaced with longitudinal bench seats, the seat partitions were recoloured beige, and the driver's position was raised by 150 mm (6 in).[18] Batch 7 introduced yellow warning tape around door interiors; batch 8 introduced floor covers for priority seating areas;[3] batch 10 introduced visual door warnings and LCD information displays;[20] and batch 11 introduced internal LED lighting (set 1313 only),[21] following trials with older trainsets from December 2009.[7]

  • Interior
    Interior
  • Interior with wheelchair/stroller space at left
    Interior with wheelchair/stroller space at left
  • Priority seating (batches 6–7)
    Priority seating (batches 6–7)
  • Priority seating (batches 8–15)
    Priority seating (batches 8–15)
  • LED info display (batches 6–9)
    LED info display (batches 6–9)
  • LCD info display (batches 10–15)
    LCD info display (batches 10–15)
  • Driver's cab

Build histories

[edit]
8-car sets
Set No. Manufacturer Date delivered Batch[6]
1073 Tokyu Car 14 March 2007[13] 6
1081 21 January 2008[22] 7
1089 8 February 2008[22]
1097 27 October 2008[23] 8
1105 17 November 2008[23]
1113 15 December 2008[23]
1121 10 May 2010[24] 10[20]
1129 2 June 2010[24]
1137[a] 21 June 2010[24]
1145 10 January 2012[25] 11
1153 J-TREC 6 April 2012[26] 12
1161 27 August 2013[27] 13
1169 24 June 2014[28] 14
6-car sets
Set No. Manufacturer Date delivered Batch[6]
1301 Kawasaki HI 15 April 2011[3] 11
1307 22 April 2011[3]
1313[b] 3 March 2012[3]
1319 17 April 2012[3] 12
1325 24 April 2012[3]
1331 7 January 2014[3] 13
1337 7 March 2014[3]
1343 22 April 2014[28] 14
1349 22 May 2014[28]
1355 8 August 2014[28]
1361 9 April 2015[29] 15
1367[c] 9 December 2015[29]
4-car sets
Set No. Manufacturer Date delivered Batch[6]
1449 Kawasaki HI 22 September 2008[3] 8
1453
1457 1 April 2009[3] 9
1461
1465 3 April 2009[3]
1469
1473 22 May 2009[3]
1477
1481 4 June 2009[3]
1485
1489 17 March 2011[3] 10


1000-1800 series

[edit]

Set 1809 was delivered ahead of the 16th batch on 30 September 2016.[31]

Batches 16–19

[edit]
N1000 series (batches 16–19)
17th-batch 6-car set 1619 in March 2022
In service2016–present
Manufacturer
Built at
  • Yokohama
  • Hyogo
Constructed2016–2019
Number built
  • 120 vehicles
    • 6 × 8-car
    • 12 × 6-car
Number in service120 vehicles (18 sets)
Formation6/8 cars per trainset
Headlight typeLED

These are six- and eight-car sets manufactured by J-TREC and Kawasaki Heavy Industries between 2016[32] and 2019.[33]

External changes

[edit]

While they inherit the stainless-steel bodies used with the N1000 series fleet since 2007, the 16th-batch sets carry a film-wrapped livery akin to that of the 1000-1800 series sets.[34] For the 17th batch of sets, film-wrapped liveries were discontinued in favour of painted liveries. Keikyu states that these sets are the first privately operated, stainless steel-bodied sets to incorporate full-surface painting on a large scale in the Kanto region.[35]

LED lighting is used throughout, and the 16th-batch sets are Keikyu's first to use LED headlights from new.[34]

Internal changes

[edit]

These batches incorporate a combination of longitudinal and transverse seating.[34] Each car has two bays of transverse seating, one at each end. The longitudinal seat partitions were enlarged to reduce wind gusts and interference between seated and standing occupants. Also provided are power outlets and LCD information displays, some of which support Japanese and English, and others that support Korean and simplified Chinese.[34]

  • Interior view
    Interior view
  • Transverse seating bay
    Transverse seating bay
  • Power outlets
    Power outlets

Technical changes

[edit]

Beginning with batch 16, eight-car sets use Mitsubishi-developed full SiC (silicon carbide)-based[d] traction systems with fully enclosed motors uprated to 190 kW (255 hp), compared to 155 kW (208 hp) in earlier sets.[3]

Build histories

[edit]
8-car sets
Set No. Manufacturer Date delivered Batch
1177 J-TREC 22 December 2016[31] 16[6]: 4 
1185 21 February 2017[31]
1201 2017[37] 17[6]: 4 
1209 2018[38]
1217 29 March 2018[3]
1225 2 September 2019[39] 19[6]: 4 
6-car sets
Set No. Manufacturer Date delivered Batch
1601 Kawasaki HI 7 November 2016[31] 16[6]
1607 29 November 2016[31]
1613 5 January 2018[3] 17[6]
1619 5 February 2018[3]
1625 2018[40] 18[6]
1631 2018[41]
1637 2018[42]
1643 J-TREC 8 August 2018[43]
1649 Kawasaki HI 25 December 2018[43]
1655 J-TREC 26 February 2019[43]
1661 19 March 2019[43]
1667 Kawasaki HI 2019[33] 19


1000-1890 series "Le Ciel" (batches 20 and 21)

[edit]
1000-1890 series
Le Ciel
Set 1891 in May 2021
In service6 May 2021 – present
Replaced1500 series
Number built20 vehicles (5 sets)
Number in service20 vehicles (5 sets)
Formation4 cars per trainset
Notes/references
This train won the 65th Blue Ribbon Award in 2022.

The 1000-1890 series four-car sets were manufactured from 2021. Due to replace older 1500 series trainsets,[44] the first two sets were introduced into service from 6 May of that year.[45] Three additional sets were delivered after their initial entry into service:[46] 1893–1895.[6]

Following a brand name contest for the 1000-1890 series fleet held between June and July 2021, it was announced that the nickname "Le Ciel" would be used for the 1000-1890 series fleet on 24 December.[47] The name is scheduled to be used from March 2022. Four entries were given honourable mentions: "Red Rabbit", "Leap", "Sunsun", and "Kofu".[48]

Overview

[edit]

The 1000-1890 series sets are built on J-TREC's "Sustina" platform, and incorporate techniques to hide welding marks, which are often visible on traditional stainless steel railcars.[49]

Interior

[edit]

The 1890 series sets differ from previous Keikyu sets by featuring banks of seating that can be configured transversely or longitudinally, being the first trains in Keikyu's fleet to do so. The seats are similar to those used on the 2100 series but are 10 mm (0.39 in) wider.[33] Power sockets are also provided. They are also the first in the fleet to feature toilets; car 2 features a universal-access Western toilet,[33] and car 3 features a men's toilet.[50][51]

Formation

[edit]

The 1000-1890 series sets are formed as follows.[44][52]

4-car sets 1891–1895
 
Designation DeHa 1000
(Muc2) 		SaHa 1000
(Tuv2) 		SaHa 1000
(Tpsv2) 		DeHa 1000
(Msc2)
Capacity (total) 101 107 111 101
Weight (t) 34.5 30.5 33.0 34.5
Numbering 1890-1 1890-2 1890-3 1890-4
  • The "Tpsv2" car has two single-arm pantographs.[52]

Batch 22

[edit]
22nd-batch 6-car set 1501 in September 2023

This batch was announced as part of Keikyu's investment plan for fiscal 2023. It consists of one 8-car set and one 6-car set.[53][5] The first set, 6-car set 1501, was delivered from the Kawasaki Railcar Manufacturing plant on 28 July 2023[4] and entered service on 7 September.[54]

Technical changes

[edit]

Mitsubishi developed an improved traction system for this batch, incorporating flux-based PWM control to reduce harmonic currents.[55]

Build histories

[edit]
Set No. Cars Manufacturer Date delivered
1501 6 Kawasaki Railcar Mfg. 28 July 2023
1701 8 J-TREC 2 November 2023[5]


See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Scrapped March 2020; accident damage[6]: 3 
  2. ^ First Keikyu trainset to use LED interior lighting from new
  3. ^ Fitted with Toshiba-supplied PMSMs[30]
  4. ^ "Full SiC" entails a power module combining an SiC MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) with an SiC SBD (Schottky barrier diode).[36]

References (to use)

[edit]
  • 京急｢ほぼ新型｣車両､これまでと何が違うのか [Keikyu's "almost new" rolling stock]. Toyo Keizai Online (in Japanese). 17 April 2021. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  • 車両解説 京浜急行電鉄1000形 [Rolling stock in a nutshell: Keikyu 1000 series]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 58, no. 686. Koyusha Co., Ltd. June 2018. pp. 106–115.

References (placeholder to prevent interference - will not be carried over)

[edit]
  1. ^ 大手私鉄の最新通勤形電車 [The newest commuter trains of the private railways]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 42, no. 497. Koyusha Co., Ltd. September 2002. pp. 9–45.
  2. ^ 京急1000形50年のあゆみ Period 3 [The 50-year history of the Keikyu 1000 series: Period 3]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 50, no. 594. Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. October 2010. pp. 106–111.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 車両解説 京浜急行電鉄1000形 [Rolling stock in a nutshell: Keikyu 1000 series]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 58, no. 686. Koyusha Co., Ltd. June 2018. pp. 106–115.
  4. ^ a b 【久しぶりの川崎製京急】1000形1501編成甲種輸送 [(Kawasaki & Keikyu after a long time) 1000 series set 1501 delivered]. RM News. Japan: Neko Publishing. 28 July 2023. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  5. ^ a b c 私鉄車両編成表 2024 [Private Railway Rolling Stock Formations - 2024] (in Japanese). Japan: Kotsu Shimbunsha. 11 July 2024. p. 38. ISBN 978-4-330-03424-9.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p 京急1000形､なぜ｢最大勢力｣にまで増えたのか [Why did the Keikyu 1000 series become Keikyu's largest fleet?]. Toyo Keizai Online (in Japanese). 27 January 2023. Archived from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e 2100形ベースの次世代通勤車, 京浜急行電鉄 新1000形 [Next-generation commuter vehicle based on the 2100 series, Keihin Electric Express Railway's New 1000 series]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 42, no. 493. Koyusha Co., Ltd. May 2002. pp. 70–75. Cite error: The named reference "railfan493" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  8. ^ 京浜急行電鉄 [Keihin Electric Express Railway]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 45, no. 530. Koyusha Co., Ltd. June 2005. pp. 38–39.
  9. ^ 3月28日デビュー! 京浜急行2100形 [Debut on 28 March! Keihin Electric Express Railway's 2100 series]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 38, no. 445. Koyusha Co., Ltd. May 1998. pp. 51–56.
  10. ^ 京急 「新1000形」2次車 [Keikyu "New 1000 series" 2nd batch]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 43, no. 510. Koyusha Co., Ltd. October 2003. pp. 72–73.
  11. ^ 通称「ドレミファインバータ」は運行を終了しました [The So-called "Do-re-mi-fa Inverter" Has Ended Its Operation] (in Japanese). Japan: Keikyu Electric Railway. 21 July 2021. Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
  12. ^ 【京急】新1000形1405F 営業運転復帰 [(Keikyu) N1000 series set 1405 returns to revenue service]. RM News. 22 February 2010. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  13. ^ a b c d 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 47, no. 557. Koyusha Co., Ltd. September 2007.
  14. ^ a b c d 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 46, no. 546. Koyusha Co., Ltd. October 2006.
  15. ^ a b c 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 43, no. 509. Koyusha Co., Ltd. September 2003.
  16. ^ a b c 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 44, no. 521. Koyusha Co., Ltd. September 2004.
  17. ^ a b c 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 45, no. 533. Koyusha Co., Ltd. September 2005.
  18. ^ a b c d 京浜急行電鉄 新1000形6次車 [Keihin Electric Express Railway New 1000 series batch 6]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 47, no. 554. Koyusha Co., Ltd. June 2007 [segment written 31 March 2007]. pp. 78–79.
  19. ^ 新形車両形態分析進化論1　京浜急行電鉄 [New vehicle evolution analysis No. 1: Keihin Electric Express Railway]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 48, no. 563. Koyusha Co., Ltd. March 2008. pp. 90–95.
  20. ^ a b c 京浜急行電鉄 新1000形10次車 [Keikyu N1000 series 10th-batch cars]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 50, no. 692. Koyusha Co., Ltd. August 2010 [segment written 5 June 2010]. p. 69.
  21. ^ 京浜急行電鉄 新１０００形（１１次車） [Keikyu New 1000 series (11th batch unit)]. Tetsudō Daiya Jōhō Magazine. Vol. 41, no. 337. Japan: Kotsu Shimbun. May 2012. p. 75.
  22. ^ a b 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 48, no. 569. Koyusha Co., Ltd. September 2008.
  23. ^ a b c 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 49, no. 581. Koyusha Co., Ltd. September 2009.
  24. ^ a b c 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 51, no. 605. Koyusha Co., Ltd. September 2011.
  25. ^ 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 52, no. 616. Koyusha Co., Ltd. August 2012.
  26. ^ 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 53, no. 628. Koyusha Co., Ltd. August 2013.
  27. ^ 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 55, no. 640. Koyusha Co., Ltd. August 2014.
  28. ^ a b c d 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 55, no. 652. Koyusha Co., Ltd. August 2015.
  29. ^ a b 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 56, no. 664. Koyusha Co., Ltd. August 2016.
  30. ^ "Toshiba's Propulsion Systems Power Keikyu's New Train". Toshiba. 9 December 2015. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  31. ^ a b c d e 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 57, no. 676. Koyusha Co., Ltd. August 2017.
  32. ^ 京浜急行電鉄新1000形16次車 [Keikyu New 1000 series 16th-batch EMUs]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 57, no. 670. Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. February 2017. p. 61.
  33. ^ a b c d "京急新1000形6両が甲種輸送される" [Keikyu New 1000 series 6-car set transported]. Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. 1 June 2019. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  34. ^ a b c d Kamishin, Daisuke (11 October 2016). "京急電鉄新1000形マイナーチェンジ! 車端部にボックス席、コンセントも設置" [Minor changes to Keikyu New 1000 series! Box seats and outlets installed at the ends of cars]. Mynavi News (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  35. ^ 京急新1000形17次車 2018年春導入へ [Keikyu New 1000 series 17th batch trainsets to be introduced in spring 2018]. Tetsudo Hobidas (in Japanese). Japan: Neko Publishing Co., Ltd. 30 November 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  36. ^ "MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC News Releases Mitsubishi Electric to Launch Second-generation Full-SiC Power Modules for Industrial Use". MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC Global Website. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
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  38. ^ "【京急】1209編成 総合車両製作所出場" [[Keikyu] Set 1209 on test by Japan Transport Engineering Company]. Tetsudo Hobidas. 19 February 2018. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  39. ^ 私鉄車両編成表 2023 [Private Railway Rolling Stock Formations - 2023] (in Japanese). Japan: Kotsu Shimbunsha. 13 July 2023. p. 38. ISBN 978-4-330-04223-7.
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  42. ^ "京急新1000形6両が甲種輸送される" [Keikyu New 1000 series 6-car set transported]. Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. 11 June 2018. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  43. ^ a b c d 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 59, no. 702. Koyusha Co., Ltd. August 2019.
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