User:Woodrowfnd1/sandbox/stakeholders

Discipline 1	Discipline 2	Publication Title	Description	Author	Author's Affiliation(s) (for individuals only)	Publication Year	Publication Type	Publisher	Major Funders
Educational research	Political science	11 Ways New Governors Can Lead on Education Through Executive Actions	One of CAP's recommendations for new governors is to "Establish a commission on the status of civics education," with the goal of reviewing the typical coursework and topics of civics education in their states and assessing students' civic knowledge and experiences after completing the coursework.	Scott Sargrad	Center for American Progress	2019	Issue brief	Center for American Progress
Educational research	Political science	11 Ways New Governors Can Lead on Education Through Executive Actions	One of CAP's recommendations for new governors is to "Establish a commission on the status of civics education," with the goal of reviewing the typical coursework and topics of civics education in their states and assessing students' civic knowledge and experiences after completing the coursework.	Lisette Partelow	Center for American Progress	2019	Issue brief	Center for American Progress
Educational research	Political science	11 Ways New Governors Can Lead on Education Through Executive Actions	One of CAP's recommendations for new governors is to "Establish a commission on the status of civics education," with the goal of reviewing the typical coursework and topics of civics education in their states and assessing students' civic knowledge and experiences after completing the coursework.	Jessica Yin	Center for American Progress	2019	Issue brief	Center for American Progress
Educational research		2018 Brown Center Report on American Education: An inventory of state civics requirements	This chapter of the 2018 Brown Center Report on American Education examines the extent to which states have incorporated recommended practices into requirements for civics education and uses survey data to investigate whether student experiences reflect these practices.	Brown Center on Education Policy at the Brookings Institution	--	2018	Report	Brown Center on Education Policy at the Brookings Institution
Educational research		2018 Brown Center Report on American Education: An inventory of state civics requirements	This chapter of the 2018 Brown Center Report on American Education examines the extent to which states have incorporated recommended practices into requirements for civics education and uses survey data to investigate whether student experiences reflect these practices.	Michael Hansen	Brookings Institution, Brown Center on Education Policy	2018	Report	Brown Center on Education Policy at the Brookings Institution
Educational research		2018 Brown Center Report on American Education: An inventory of state civics requirements	This chapter of the 2018 Brown Center Report on American Education examines the extent to which states have incorporated recommended practices into requirements for civics education and uses survey data to investigate whether student experiences reflect these practices.	Elizabeth Mann Levesque	Brookings Institution, Brown Center on Education Policy	2018	Report	Brown Center on Education Policy at the Brookings Institution
Educational research		2018 Brown Center Report on American Education: An inventory of state civics requirements	This chapter of the 2018 Brown Center Report on American Education examines the extent to which states have incorporated recommended practices into requirements for civics education and uses survey data to investigate whether student experiences reflect these practices.	Jon Valant	Brookings Institution, Brown Center on Education Policy	2018	Report	Brown Center on Education Policy at the Brookings Institution
Educational research		2018 Brown Center Report on American Education: An inventory of state civics requirements	This chapter of the 2018 Brown Center Report on American Education examines the extent to which states have incorporated recommended practices into requirements for civics education and uses survey data to investigate whether student experiences reflect these practices.	Diana Quintero	Brookings Institution, Brown Center on Education Policy	2018	Report	Brown Center on Education Policy at the Brookings Institution
Educational research	Community health	Actions Speak Louder than Words: Community Activism as Curriculum	How do educators engage students in community action projects without telling them what to think, how to think, or what to do? Is it possible to integrate social justice organizing into the curriculum without imposing one's political views on students? In Actions Speak Louder than Words, longtime activist and teacher educator Celia Oyler delves into such questions through firsthand accounts of social action projects.	Celia Oyler	Teachers College, Columbia University	2012	Book	Routledge
Political science		All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement	This report, the result of an in-depth analysis of prior research and extensive original research conducted during and after the 2012 election, is intended to engage Americans in a new discussion about educating the next generation of voters, leading to experiments, partnerships, and reforms.	Commission on Youth Voting and Civic Knowledge	--	2013	Report	x	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, W.T. Grant Foundation, the Robert R. McCormick Foundation, the Spencer Foundation and the Youth Engagement Fund
Political science		All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement	This report, the result of an in-depth analysis of prior research and extensive original research conducted during and after the 2012 election, is intended to engage Americans in a new discussion about educating the next generation of voters, leading to experiments, partnerships, and reforms.	David Campbell	University of Notre Dame, Rooney Center for the Study of American Democracy	2013	Report	x	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, W.T. Grant Foundation, the Robert R. McCormick Foundation, the Spencer Foundation and the Youth Engagement Fund
Political science		All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement	This report, the result of an in-depth analysis of prior research and extensive original research conducted during and after the 2012 election, is intended to engage Americans in a new discussion about educating the next generation of voters, leading to experiments, partnerships, and reforms.	Constance Flanagan	University of Wisconsin-Madison, Penn State University (former)	2013	Report	x	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, W.T. Grant Foundation, the Robert R. McCormick Foundation, the Spencer Foundation and the Youth Engagement Fund
Political science		All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement	This report, the result of an in-depth analysis of prior research and extensive original research conducted during and after the 2012 election, is intended to engage Americans in a new discussion about educating the next generation of voters, leading to experiments, partnerships, and reforms.	Lisa Garcia Bedolla	University of California-Berkeley	2013	Report	x	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, W.T. Grant Foundation, the Robert R. McCormick Foundation, the Spencer Foundation and the Youth Engagement Fund
Political science		All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement	This report, the result of an in-depth analysis of prior research and extensive original research conducted during and after the 2012 election, is intended to engage Americans in a new discussion about educating the next generation of voters, leading to experiments, partnerships, and reforms.	Trey Grayson	Harvard University	2013	Report	x	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, W.T. Grant Foundation, the Robert R. McCormick Foundation, the Spencer Foundation and the Youth Engagement Fund
Political science		All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement	This report, the result of an in-depth analysis of prior research and extensive original research conducted during and after the 2012 election, is intended to engage Americans in a new discussion about educating the next generation of voters, leading to experiments, partnerships, and reforms.	Eitan Hersh	Yale University	2013	Report	x	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, W.T. Grant Foundation, the Robert R. McCormick Foundation, the Spencer Foundation and the Youth Engagement Fund
Political science		All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement	This report, the result of an in-depth analysis of prior research and extensive original research conducted during and after the 2012 election, is intended to engage Americans in a new discussion about educating the next generation of voters, leading to experiments, partnerships, and reforms.	Diana Hess	The Spencer Foundation, University of Wisconsin-Madison	2013	Report	x	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, W.T. Grant Foundation, the Robert R. McCormick Foundation, the Spencer Foundation and the Youth Engagement Fund
Political science		All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement	This report, the result of an in-depth analysis of prior research and extensive original research conducted during and after the 2012 election, is intended to engage Americans in a new discussion about educating the next generation of voters, leading to experiments, partnerships, and reforms.	Joseph Kahne	University of California-Riverside, Civic Engagement Research Group (Director) at UC-Riverside, MacArthur Foundation (former), Mills College (former)	2013	Report	x	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, W.T. Grant Foundation, the Robert R. McCormick Foundation, the Spencer Foundation and the Youth Engagement Fund
Political science		All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement	This report, the result of an in-depth analysis of prior research and extensive original research conducted during and after the 2012 election, is intended to engage Americans in a new discussion about educating the next generation of voters, leading to experiments, partnerships, and reforms.	Alex Keyssar	Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government	2013	Report	x	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, W.T. Grant Foundation, the Robert R. McCormick Foundation, the Spencer Foundation and the Youth Engagement Fund
Political science		All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement	This report, the result of an in-depth analysis of prior research and extensive original research conducted during and after the 2012 election, is intended to engage Americans in a new discussion about educating the next generation of voters, leading to experiments, partnerships, and reforms.	Michael McDevitt	University of Colorado-Boulder	2013	Report	x	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, W.T. Grant Foundation, the Robert R. McCormick Foundation, the Spencer Foundation and the Youth Engagement Fund
Political science		All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement	This report, the result of an in-depth analysis of prior research and extensive original research conducted during and after the 2012 election, is intended to engage Americans in a new discussion about educating the next generation of voters, leading to experiments, partnerships, and reforms.	Richard Niemi	University of Rochester	2013	Report	x	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, W.T. Grant Foundation, the Robert R. McCormick Foundation, the Spencer Foundation and the Youth Engagement Fund
Political science		All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement	This report, the result of an in-depth analysis of prior research and extensive original research conducted during and after the 2012 election, is intended to engage Americans in a new discussion about educating the next generation of voters, leading to experiments, partnerships, and reforms.	Eric Plutzer	Penn State University	2013	Report	x	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, W.T. Grant Foundation, the Robert R. McCormick Foundation, the Spencer Foundation and the Youth Engagement Fund
Political science		All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement	This report, the result of an in-depth analysis of prior research and extensive original research conducted during and after the 2012 election, is intended to engage Americans in a new discussion about educating the next generation of voters, leading to experiments, partnerships, and reforms.	Debra Satz	Stanford University	2013	Report	x	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, W.T. Grant Foundation, the Robert R. McCormick Foundation, the Spencer Foundation and the Youth Engagement Fund
Political science		All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement	This report, the result of an in-depth analysis of prior research and extensive original research conducted during and after the 2012 election, is intended to engage Americans in a new discussion about educating the next generation of voters, leading to experiments, partnerships, and reforms.	Ismail White	Ohio State University	2013	Report	x	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, W.T. Grant Foundation, the Robert R. McCormick Foundation, the Spencer Foundation and the Youth Engagement Fund
Political science		All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement	This report, the result of an in-depth analysis of prior research and extensive original research conducted during and after the 2012 election, is intended to engage Americans in a new discussion about educating the next generation of voters, leading to experiments, partnerships, and reforms.	Peter Levine	CIRCLE	2013	Report	x	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, W.T. Grant Foundation, the Robert R. McCormick Foundation, the Spencer Foundation and the Youth Engagement Fund
Political science		All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement	This report, the result of an in-depth analysis of prior research and extensive original research conducted during and after the 2012 election, is intended to engage Americans in a new discussion about educating the next generation of voters, leading to experiments, partnerships, and reforms.	Kei Kawashima-Ginsberg	CIRCLE	2013	Report	x	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, W.T. Grant Foundation, the Robert R. McCormick Foundation, the Spencer Foundation and the Youth Engagement Fund
Political science		All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement	This report, the result of an in-depth analysis of prior research and extensive original research conducted during and after the 2012 election, is intended to engage Americans in a new discussion about educating the next generation of voters, leading to experiments, partnerships, and reforms.	Surbhi Godsay	CIRCLE	2013	Report	x	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, W.T. Grant Foundation, the Robert R. McCormick Foundation, the Spencer Foundation and the Youth Engagement Fund
Political science		All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement	This report, the result of an in-depth analysis of prior research and extensive original research conducted during and after the 2012 election, is intended to engage Americans in a new discussion about educating the next generation of voters, leading to experiments, partnerships, and reforms.	Abby Kiesa	CIRCLE	2013	Report	x	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, W.T. Grant Foundation, the Robert R. McCormick Foundation, the Spencer Foundation and the Youth Engagement Fund
Political science		All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement	This report, the result of an in-depth analysis of prior research and extensive original research conducted during and after the 2012 election, is intended to engage Americans in a new discussion about educating the next generation of voters, leading to experiments, partnerships, and reforms.	Kathy O'Connor	CIRCLE	2013	Report	x	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, W.T. Grant Foundation, the Robert R. McCormick Foundation, the Spencer Foundation and the Youth Engagement Fund
Political science		All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement	This report, the result of an in-depth analysis of prior research and extensive original research conducted during and after the 2012 election, is intended to engage Americans in a new discussion about educating the next generation of voters, leading to experiments, partnerships, and reforms.	Felicia Sullivan	CIRCLE	2013	Report	x	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, W.T. Grant Foundation, the Robert R. McCormick Foundation, the Spencer Foundation and the Youth Engagement Fund
Political science		All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement	This report, the result of an in-depth analysis of prior research and extensive original research conducted during and after the 2012 election, is intended to engage Americans in a new discussion about educating the next generation of voters, leading to experiments, partnerships, and reforms.	Nancy Thomas	CIRCLE	2013	Report	x	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, W.T. Grant Foundation, the Robert R. McCormick Foundation, the Spencer Foundation and the Youth Engagement Fund
Educational research		Citizenship Education in Diverse Settings: Findings, Tensions, and Future Research in Educating democratic citizens in troubled times: Qualitative studies of current efforts		Judith Pace	University of San Francisco	2008	Chapter
Political science		Civic Deserts: America's Civic Health Challenge	“Civic Deserts” — communities without opportunities for civic engagement — are increasingly common in the United States. The continued decline in a wide range of important indicators of civic health and connectivity threatens our prosperity, safety, and democracy. Here we assemble evidence that many Americans live in civic deserts, that these circumstances have become more prevalent, and that they represent a threat to American democracy and society. We also present some signs of civic renewal as Americans work hard to restore our civic life.	Matthew Atwell	Civic Enterprises [Civic]	2017	Report	x
Political science		Civic Deserts: America's Civic Health Challenge	“Civic Deserts” — communities without opportunities for civic engagement — are increasingly common in the United States. The continued decline in a wide range of important indicators of civic health and connectivity threatens our prosperity, safety, and democracy. Here we assemble evidence that many Americans live in civic deserts, that these circumstances have become more prevalent, and that they represent a threat to American democracy and society. We also present some signs of civic renewal as Americans work hard to restore our civic life.	John Bridgeland	Civic Enterprises [Civic]	2017	Report	x
Political science		Civic Deserts: America's Civic Health Challenge	“Civic Deserts” — communities without opportunities for civic engagement — are increasingly common in the United States. The continued decline in a wide range of important indicators of civic health and connectivity threatens our prosperity, safety, and democracy. Here we assemble evidence that many Americans live in civic deserts, that these circumstances have become more prevalent, and that they represent a threat to American democracy and society. We also present some signs of civic renewal as Americans work hard to restore our civic life.	Peter Levine	CIRCLE	2017	Report	x
Political science		Civic Deserts: America's Civic Health Challenge	“Civic Deserts” — communities without opportunities for civic engagement — are increasingly common in the United States. The continued decline in a wide range of important indicators of civic health and connectivity threatens our prosperity, safety, and democracy. Here we assemble evidence that many Americans live in civic deserts, that these circumstances have become more prevalent, and that they represent a threat to American democracy and society. We also present some signs of civic renewal as Americans work hard to restore our civic life.	Civic Enterprises [Civic]	--	2017	Report	x
Political science		Civic Deserts: America's Civic Health Challenge	“Civic Deserts” — communities without opportunities for civic engagement — are increasingly common in the United States. The continued decline in a wide range of important indicators of civic health and connectivity threatens our prosperity, safety, and democracy. Here we assemble evidence that many Americans live in civic deserts, that these circumstances have become more prevalent, and that they represent a threat to American democracy and society. We also present some signs of civic renewal as Americans work hard to restore our civic life.	Jonathan M. Tisch College of Civic Life at Tufts University	--	2017	Report	x
Political science		Civic Deserts: America's Civic Health Challenge	“Civic Deserts” — communities without opportunities for civic engagement — are increasingly common in the United States. The continued decline in a wide range of important indicators of civic health and connectivity threatens our prosperity, safety, and democracy. Here we assemble evidence that many Americans live in civic deserts, that these circumstances have become more prevalent, and that they represent a threat to American democracy and society. We also present some signs of civic renewal as Americans work hard to restore our civic life.	National Conference on Citizenship	--	2017	Report	x
Developmental psychology	Political science	Civic Development in Context: The Influence of Local Contexts on High School Students' Beliefs about Civic Engagement in Educating democratic citizens in troubled times: Qualitative studies of current efforts		Ellen Middaugh	San José State University	2008	Qualitative study (in book)
Developmental psychology	Political science	Civic Development in Context: The Influence of Local Contexts on High School Students' Beliefs about Civic Engagement in Educating democratic citizens in troubled times: Qualitative studies of current efforts		Joseph Kahne	University of California-Riverside, Civic Engagement Research Group (Director) at UC-Riverside, MacArthur Foundation (former), Mills College (former)	2008	Qualitative study (in book)
Political science	Educational research	Civic Education and political participation		William A. Galston	University of Maryland-College Park, CIRCLE (founding director), Brookings Institution	2004	Article	PS: Political Science and Politics
Educational research		Civic Education Professional Development: The Lay of the Land	The AEI Program on American Citizenship set out to survey the providers of civics PD, delving into their purposes, methods, and views to create a first-ever overview of PD in civics, specifically the nature and range of PD for secondary civics teachers in the United States, and reveal a portrait of current practice.	Rebecca Burgess	American Enterprise Institute	2015	Report	American Enterprise Institute
Political science	Sociology	Civic education, social justice and critical race theory in the SAGE Handbook of Education for Citizenship and Democracy	Social studies educators have traditionally and conservatively focused on civic competencies in curriculum standards and pedagogy. With a broader view that explores beyond a list of proposed civic competencies, we define being what it means to be engaged as a citizen, a concept that must include addressing the inequities that are the byproduct of endemic racism.	Cynthia Tyson	Ohio State University	2008	Chapter
Political science	Sociology	Civic education, social justice and critical race theory in the SAGE Handbook of Education for Citizenship and Democracy	Social studies educators have traditionally and conservatively focused on civic competencies in curriculum standards and pedagogy. With a broader view that explores beyond a list of proposed civic competencies, we define being what it means to be engaged as a citizen, a concept that must include addressing the inequities that are the byproduct of endemic racism.	Sung Choon Park	New School for Social Research	2008	Chapter
Developmental psychology	Educational research	Civic education: What schools can do to encourage civic identity and action.	The timeliness of civic education for American youth is discussed. Particular attention is given to the history of calls for civic education, the state of civic education in schools today, particularly those serving youth in disadvantaged contexts, and the specific ways in which schools can better address the civic education needs of contemporary youth. Findings from research are synthesized around three strategic moves: 1) Promote public discussion and debate of critical issues; 2) Provide quality extracurricular and student government activities; and 3) Build on particular types of service that have proven to enhance civic participation in and identity with one's community. It is concluded that these activities can provide factual knowledge of history and government and encourage students to partake in active practices of the daily life of being citizens.	James Youniss	Catholic University	2011	Article	Applied Developmental Science
Sociology		Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion: Measuring Dimensions of Social Capital to Inform Policy	Written with the needs of data users in mind, Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion identifies measurement approaches that can lead to improved understanding of civic engagement, social cohesion, and social capital - and their potential role in explaining the functioning of society.	National Research Council	--	2014	Book	National Research Council	Corporation for National and Community Service through the National Science Foundation
Sociology		Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion: Measuring Dimensions of Social Capital to Inform Policy	Written with the needs of data users in mind, Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion identifies measurement approaches that can lead to improved understanding of civic engagement, social cohesion, and social capital - and their potential role in explaining the functioning of society.	Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education	--	2014	Book	National Research Council	Corporation for National and Community Service through the National Science Foundation
Sociology		Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion: Measuring Dimensions of Social Capital to Inform Policy	Written with the needs of data users in mind, Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion identifies measurement approaches that can lead to improved understanding of civic engagement, social cohesion, and social capital - and their potential role in explaining the functioning of society.	Committee on National Statistics	--	2014	Book	National Research Council	Corporation for National and Community Service through the National Science Foundation
Sociology		Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion: Measuring Dimensions of Social Capital to Inform Policy	Written with the needs of data users in mind, Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion identifies measurement approaches that can lead to improved understanding of civic engagement, social cohesion, and social capital - and their potential role in explaining the functioning of society.	Panel on Measuring Social and Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion in Surveys	--	2014	Book	National Research Council	Corporation for National and Community Service through the National Science Foundation
Sociology		Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion: Measuring Dimensions of Social Capital to Inform Policy	Written with the needs of data users in mind, Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion identifies measurement approaches that can lead to improved understanding of civic engagement, social cohesion, and social capital - and their potential role in explaining the functioning of society.	Kenneth Prewitt	Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs, Panel on Measuring Social and Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion in Surveys (Chair), United States Census Bureau (Director, 1998-2001)	2014	Book	National Research Council	Corporation for National and Community Service through the National Science Foundation
Sociology		Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion: Measuring Dimensions of Social Capital to Inform Policy	Written with the needs of data users in mind, Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion identifies measurement approaches that can lead to improved understanding of civic engagement, social cohesion, and social capital - and their potential role in explaining the functioning of society.	Christopher Mackie	Committee on National Statistics	2014	Book	National Research Council	Corporation for National and Community Service through the National Science Foundation
Sociology		Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion: Measuring Dimensions of Social Capital to Inform Policy	Written with the needs of data users in mind, Civic Engagement and Social Cohesion identifies measurement approaches that can lead to improved understanding of civic engagement, social cohesion, and social capital - and their potential role in explaining the functioning of society.	Hermann Habermann	Oxford Policy Management, U.S. Census Bureau (former), National Academy of Public Administration (fellow)	2014	Book	National Research Council	Corporation for National and Community Service through the National Science Foundation
Developmental psychology		Civic engagement as an expression of positive youth development in Approaches to positive youth development		Lonnie Sherrod	Fordham University	2007	Chapter
Educational research		Civics Education in K-12 Schools: Results of a National Survey	This report contains the results of an Education Week Research Center survey of principals and other school leaders about the structure and perceptions of civics education in their schools.	Education Week Research Center	--	2018	Report/Survey	Education Week
Developmental psychology		Classroom and school predictors of civic engagement among Black and Latino middle school youth	This study used short‐term longitudinal data to examine the contributions of democratic teaching practices (e.g., the Developmental Designs approach) and equitable school climate to civic engagement attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors among 515 Black and Latino middle school students (47.9% male). Concurrent experiences of democratic homeroom and classroom practices, and equitable school climate were associated with higher scores on each civic engagement component. The relation between classroom practices and civic attitudes was more robust when school climate was seen as more equitable. Longitudinally, homeroom practices and equitable school climate predicted higher civic attitudes 1 year later. Discussion focuses on civic attitudes and future research on school experiences that support civic engagement among youth of color.	Robert Jagers	CASEL (Aspen Institute), University of Michigan (former)	2017	Study	Child Development	Annie E. Casey Foundation
Developmental psychology		Classroom and school predictors of civic engagement among Black and Latino middle school youth	This study used short‐term longitudinal data to examine the contributions of democratic teaching practices (e.g., the Developmental Designs approach) and equitable school climate to civic engagement attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors among 515 Black and Latino middle school students (47.9% male). Concurrent experiences of democratic homeroom and classroom practices, and equitable school climate were associated with higher scores on each civic engagement component. The relation between classroom practices and civic attitudes was more robust when school climate was seen as more equitable. Longitudinally, homeroom practices and equitable school climate predicted higher civic attitudes 1 year later. Discussion focuses on civic attitudes and future research on school experiences that support civic engagement among youth of color.	Fantasy Lozada	Virginia Commonwealth University	2017	Study	Child Development	Annie E. Casey Foundation
Developmental psychology		Classroom and school predictors of civic engagement among Black and Latino middle school youth	This study used short‐term longitudinal data to examine the contributions of democratic teaching practices (e.g., the Developmental Designs approach) and equitable school climate to civic engagement attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors among 515 Black and Latino middle school students (47.9% male). Concurrent experiences of democratic homeroom and classroom practices, and equitable school climate were associated with higher scores on each civic engagement component. The relation between classroom practices and civic attitudes was more robust when school climate was seen as more equitable. Longitudinally, homeroom practices and equitable school climate predicted higher civic attitudes 1 year later. Discussion focuses on civic attitudes and future research on school experiences that support civic engagement among youth of color.	Deborah Rivas-Drake	University of Michigan	2017	Study	Child Development	Annie E. Casey Foundation
Developmental psychology		Classroom and school predictors of civic engagement among Black and Latino middle school youth	This study used short‐term longitudinal data to examine the contributions of democratic teaching practices (e.g., the Developmental Designs approach) and equitable school climate to civic engagement attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors among 515 Black and Latino middle school students (47.9% male). Concurrent experiences of democratic homeroom and classroom practices, and equitable school climate were associated with higher scores on each civic engagement component. The relation between classroom practices and civic attitudes was more robust when school climate was seen as more equitable. Longitudinally, homeroom practices and equitable school climate predicted higher civic attitudes 1 year later. Discussion focuses on civic attitudes and future research on school experiences that support civic engagement among youth of color.	Casta Guillaume	University of Michigan	2017	Study	Child Development	Annie E. Casey Foundation
Educational research	Political science	Closing the civic engagement gap: the potential of action civics	As an initial attempt to more systematically analyze civic education practice, this paper presents four case studies of projects in one action civics program, Generation Citizen. While it is a descriptive study and cannot be used to draw conclusions about best practices in civic education, it can raise questions to guide much-needed further research, as well as share lessons learned that may be applicable to schools or organizations.	Alexander Pope	Teachers College, Columbia University	2011	Journal article	Social Education
Educational research	Political science	Closing the civic engagement gap: the potential of action civics	As an initial attempt to more systematically analyze civic education practice, this paper presents four case studies of projects in one action civics program, Generation Citizen. While it is a descriptive study and cannot be used to draw conclusions about best practices in civic education, it can raise questions to guide much-needed further research, as well as share lessons learned that may be applicable to schools or organizations.	Laurel Stolte	Harvard University	2011	Journal article	Social Education
Educational research	Political science	Closing the civic engagement gap: the potential of action civics	As an initial attempt to more systematically analyze civic education practice, this paper presents four case studies of projects in one action civics program, Generation Citizen. While it is a descriptive study and cannot be used to draw conclusions about best practices in civic education, it can raise questions to guide much-needed further research, as well as share lessons learned that may be applicable to schools or organizations.	Alison Cohen	University of California-Berkeley	2011	Journal article	Social Education
Educational research		College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards	The result of a three year state-led collaborative effort, the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards was developed to serve both state policymakers and practitioners, with the goal of enhancing the rigor of the social studies disciplines, building critical thinking, problem solving, and participatory skills to become engaged citizens, and aligning academic programs to the CCSS for ELA and Literacy in History/Social Studies.	American Bar Association	--	2010	Framework*	x
Educational research		College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards	The result of a three year state-led collaborative effort, the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards was developed to serve both state policymakers and practitioners, with the goal of enhancing the rigor of the social studies disciplines, building critical thinking, problem solving, and participatory skills to become engaged citizens, and aligning academic programs to the CCSS for ELA and Literacy in History/Social Studies.	American Historical Association	--	2010	Framework*	x
Educational research		College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards	The result of a three year state-led collaborative effort, the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards was developed to serve both state policymakers and practitioners, with the goal of enhancing the rigor of the social studies disciplines, building critical thinking, problem solving, and participatory skills to become engaged citizens, and aligning academic programs to the CCSS for ELA and Literacy in History/Social Studies.	Association of American Geographers	--	2010	Framework*	x
Educational research		College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards	The result of a three year state-led collaborative effort, the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards was developed to serve both state policymakers and practitioners, with the goal of enhancing the rigor of the social studies disciplines, building critical thinking, problem solving, and participatory skills to become engaged citizens, and aligning academic programs to the CCSS for ELA and Literacy in History/Social Studies.	Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools	--	2010	Framework*	x
Educational research		College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards	The result of a three year state-led collaborative effort, the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards was developed to serve both state policymakers and practitioners, with the goal of enhancing the rigor of the social studies disciplines, building critical thinking, problem solving, and participatory skills to become engaged citizens, and aligning academic programs to the CCSS for ELA and Literacy in History/Social Studies.	Center for Civic Education	--	2010	Framework*	x
Educational research		College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards	The result of a three year state-led collaborative effort, the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards was developed to serve both state policymakers and practitioners, with the goal of enhancing the rigor of the social studies disciplines, building critical thinking, problem solving, and participatory skills to become engaged citizens, and aligning academic programs to the CCSS for ELA and Literacy in History/Social Studies.	Constitutional Rights Foundation Chicago	--	2010	Framework*	x
Educational research		College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards	The result of a three year state-led collaborative effort, the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards was developed to serve both state policymakers and practitioners, with the goal of enhancing the rigor of the social studies disciplines, building critical thinking, problem solving, and participatory skills to become engaged citizens, and aligning academic programs to the CCSS for ELA and Literacy in History/Social Studies.	Constitutional Rights Foundation	--	2010	Framework*	x
Educational research		College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards	The result of a three year state-led collaborative effort, the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards was developed to serve both state policymakers and practitioners, with the goal of enhancing the rigor of the social studies disciplines, building critical thinking, problem solving, and participatory skills to become engaged citizens, and aligning academic programs to the CCSS for ELA and Literacy in History/Social Studies.	Council for Economic Education	--	2010	Framework*	x
Educational research		College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards	The result of a three year state-led collaborative effort, the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards was developed to serve both state policymakers and practitioners, with the goal of enhancing the rigor of the social studies disciplines, building critical thinking, problem solving, and participatory skills to become engaged citizens, and aligning academic programs to the CCSS for ELA and Literacy in History/Social Studies.	National Council for Geographic Education	--	2010	Framework*	x
Educational research		College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards	The result of a three year state-led collaborative effort, the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards was developed to serve both state policymakers and practitioners, with the goal of enhancing the rigor of the social studies disciplines, building critical thinking, problem solving, and participatory skills to become engaged citizens, and aligning academic programs to the CCSS for ELA and Literacy in History/Social Studies.	National Council for History Education	--	2010	Framework*	x
Educational research		College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards	The result of a three year state-led collaborative effort, the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards was developed to serve both state policymakers and practitioners, with the goal of enhancing the rigor of the social studies disciplines, building critical thinking, problem solving, and participatory skills to become engaged citizens, and aligning academic programs to the CCSS for ELA and Literacy in History/Social Studies.	National Geographic Society	--	2010	Framework*	x
Educational research		College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards	The result of a three year state-led collaborative effort, the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards was developed to serve both state policymakers and practitioners, with the goal of enhancing the rigor of the social studies disciplines, building critical thinking, problem solving, and participatory skills to become engaged citizens, and aligning academic programs to the CCSS for ELA and Literacy in History/Social Studies.	National History Day	--	2010	Framework*	x
Educational research		College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards	The result of a three year state-led collaborative effort, the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards was developed to serve both state policymakers and practitioners, with the goal of enhancing the rigor of the social studies disciplines, building critical thinking, problem solving, and participatory skills to become engaged citizens, and aligning academic programs to the CCSS for ELA and Literacy in History/Social Studies.	Street Law, Inc.	--	2010	Framework*	x
Educational research		College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards	The result of a three year state-led collaborative effort, the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards was developed to serve both state policymakers and practitioners, with the goal of enhancing the rigor of the social studies disciplines, building critical thinking, problem solving, and participatory skills to become engaged citizens, and aligning academic programs to the CCSS for ELA and Literacy in History/Social Studies.	World History Association	--	2010	Framework*	x
Educational research		College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards	The result of a three year state-led collaborative effort, the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards was developed to serve both state policymakers and practitioners, with the goal of enhancing the rigor of the social studies disciplines, building critical thinking, problem solving, and participatory skills to become engaged citizens, and aligning academic programs to the CCSS for ELA and Literacy in History/Social Studies.	National Council for the Social Studies	--	2013	Framework*	x
Educational research		Connecting Diversity, Justice, and Democratic Citizenship: Lessons from an Alternative U.S. History Class in Educating democratic citizens in troubled times: Qualitative studies of current efforts		Anand R. Marri	Warner School of Education, University of Rochester, Columbia Teachers College (former), Federal Reserve Bank of New York	2008	Qualitative study (in book)
Educational research	Sociology	Critical Ethnic Studies in High School Classrooms: Academic Achievement via Social Action in Race, Equity, and Education		Ernest Morrell	University of Notre Dame, Columbia Teachers College (former)	2015	Chapter
Educational research	Sociology	Critical Ethnic Studies in High School Classrooms: Academic Achievement via Social Action in Race, Equity, and Education		Cati V. de los Rios	University of California-Davis	2015	Chapter
Educational research		Democracy's Practice Grounds: The Role of School Governance in Citizenship Education in Educating democratic citizens in troubled times: Qualitative studies of current efforts		Richard Battistoni	Providence College	2008	Qualitative study (in book)
Educational research		Educating democratic citizens in troubled times: Qualitative studies of current efforts	This book offers a groundbreaking examination of citizenship education programs that serve contemporary youth in schools and communities across the United States. These programs include social studies classes and curricula, school governance, and community-based education efforts. The book takes an interdisciplinary approach to exploring the experiences and perspectives of educators and youth involved in these civic education efforts. The contributors offer rich analyses of how mainstream and alternative programs are envisioned and enacted, and the most important factors that shape them. A variety of theoretical lenses and qualitative methodologies are used, including ethnography, focus group interviews, and content analyses of textbooks.	Judith Pace	University of San Francisco	2008	Book (Edited)	SUNY Press
Educational research		Educating democratic citizens in troubled times: Qualitative studies of current efforts	This book offers a groundbreaking examination of citizenship education programs that serve contemporary youth in schools and communities across the United States. These programs include social studies classes and curricula, school governance, and community-based education efforts. The book takes an interdisciplinary approach to exploring the experiences and perspectives of educators and youth involved in these civic education efforts. The contributors offer rich analyses of how mainstream and alternative programs are envisioned and enacted, and the most important factors that shape them. A variety of theoretical lenses and qualitative methodologies are used, including ethnography, focus group interviews, and content analyses of textbooks.	Janet Bixby	Lewis and Clark College	2008	Book (Edited)	SUNY Press
Philosophy	Educational research	Education, Justice, and Democracy	Education is a contested topic, and not just politically. For years scholars have approached it from two different points of view: one empirical, focused on explanations for student and school success and failure, and the other philosophical, focused on education's value and purpose within the larger society. Rarely have these separate approaches been brought into the same conversation. Education, Justice, and Democracy does just that, offering an intensive discussion by highly respected scholars across empirical and philosophical disciplines.	Danielle Allen	Harvard University, Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics	2013	Book	University of Chicago Press
Philosophy	Educational research	Education, Justice, and Democracy	Education is a contested topic, and not just politically. For years scholars have approached it from two different points of view: one empirical, focused on explanations for student and school success and failure, and the other philosophical, focused on education's value and purpose within the larger society. Rarely have these separate approaches been brought into the same conversation. Education, Justice, and Democracy does just that, offering an intensive discussion by highly respected scholars across empirical and philosophical disciplines.	Rob Reich	Stanford University	2013	Book	University of Chicago Press
Philosophy	Educational research	Education, Justice, and Democracy	Education is a contested topic, and not just politically. For years scholars have approached it from two different points of view: one empirical, focused on explanations for student and school success and failure, and the other philosophical, focused on education's value and purpose within the larger society. Rarely have these separate approaches been brought into the same conversation. Education, Justice, and Democracy does just that, offering an intensive discussion by highly respected scholars across empirical and philosophical disciplines.	Helen Ladd	Duke University	2013	Book	University of Chicago Press
Philosophy	Educational research	Education, Justice, and Democracy	Education is a contested topic, and not just politically. For years scholars have approached it from two different points of view: one empirical, focused on explanations for student and school success and failure, and the other philosophical, focused on education's value and purpose within the larger society. Rarely have these separate approaches been brought into the same conversation. Education, Justice, and Democracy does just that, offering an intensive discussion by highly respected scholars across empirical and philosophical disciplines.	Susanna Loeb	Stanford University	2013	Book	University of Chicago Press
Philosophy	Educational research	Education, Justice, and Democracy	Education is a contested topic, and not just politically. For years scholars have approached it from two different points of view: one empirical, focused on explanations for student and school success and failure, and the other philosophical, focused on education's value and purpose within the larger society. Rarely have these separate approaches been brought into the same conversation. Education, Justice, and Democracy does just that, offering an intensive discussion by highly respected scholars across empirical and philosophical disciplines.	Anthony Simon Laden	University of Illinois at Chicago	2013	Book	University of Chicago Press
Philosophy	Educational research	Education, Justice, and Democracy	Education is a contested topic, and not just politically. For years scholars have approached it from two different points of view: one empirical, focused on explanations for student and school success and failure, and the other philosophical, focused on education's value and purpose within the larger society. Rarely have these separate approaches been brought into the same conversation. Education, Justice, and Democracy does just that, offering an intensive discussion by highly respected scholars across empirical and philosophical disciplines.	Sigal Ben-Porath	University of Pennsylvania	2013	Book	University of Chicago Press
Philosophy	Educational research	Education, Justice, and Democracy	Education is a contested topic, and not just politically. For years scholars have approached it from two different points of view: one empirical, focused on explanations for student and school success and failure, and the other philosophical, focused on education's value and purpose within the larger society. Rarely have these separate approaches been brought into the same conversation. Education, Justice, and Democracy does just that, offering an intensive discussion by highly respected scholars across empirical and philosophical disciplines.	Angel Harris	Princeton University	2013	Book	University of Chicago Press
Philosophy	Educational research	Education, Justice, and Democracy	Education is a contested topic, and not just politically. For years scholars have approached it from two different points of view: one empirical, focused on explanations for student and school success and failure, and the other philosophical, focused on education's value and purpose within the larger society. Rarely have these separate approaches been brought into the same conversation. Education, Justice, and Democracy does just that, offering an intensive discussion by highly respected scholars across empirical and philosophical disciplines.	Carola Suarez-Orozco	University of California-Los Angeles	2013	Book	University of Chicago Press
Philosophy	Educational research	Education, Justice, and Democracy	Education is a contested topic, and not just politically. For years scholars have approached it from two different points of view: one empirical, focused on explanations for student and school success and failure, and the other philosophical, focused on education's value and purpose within the larger society. Rarely have these separate approaches been brought into the same conversation. Education, Justice, and Democracy does just that, offering an intensive discussion by highly respected scholars across empirical and philosophical disciplines.	Marcelo Suarez-Orozco	University of California-Los Angeles	2013	Book	University of Chicago Press
Philosophy	Educational research	Education, Justice, and Democracy	Education is a contested topic, and not just politically. For years scholars have approached it from two different points of view: one empirical, focused on explanations for student and school success and failure, and the other philosophical, focused on education's value and purpose within the larger society. Rarely have these separate approaches been brought into the same conversation. Education, Justice, and Democracy does just that, offering an intensive discussion by highly respected scholars across empirical and philosophical disciplines.	Gregory Walton	Stanford University	2013	Book	University of Chicago Press
Philosophy	Educational research	Education, Justice, and Democracy	Education is a contested topic, and not just politically. For years scholars have approached it from two different points of view: one empirical, focused on explanations for student and school success and failure, and the other philosophical, focused on education's value and purpose within the larger society. Rarely have these separate approaches been brought into the same conversation. Education, Justice, and Democracy does just that, offering an intensive discussion by highly respected scholars across empirical and philosophical disciplines.	Richard Rothstein	University of California-Berkeley Law School	2013	Book	University of Chicago Press
Philosophy	Educational research	Education, Justice, and Democracy	Education is a contested topic, and not just politically. For years scholars have approached it from two different points of view: one empirical, focused on explanations for student and school success and failure, and the other philosophical, focused on education's value and purpose within the larger society. Rarely have these separate approaches been brought into the same conversation. Education, Justice, and Democracy does just that, offering an intensive discussion by highly respected scholars across empirical and philosophical disciplines.	Harry Brighouse	University of Wisconsin-Madison	2013	Book	University of Chicago Press
Philosophy	Educational research	Education, Justice, and Democracy	Education is a contested topic, and not just politically. For years scholars have approached it from two different points of view: one empirical, focused on explanations for student and school success and failure, and the other philosophical, focused on education's value and purpose within the larger society. Rarely have these separate approaches been brought into the same conversation. Education, Justice, and Democracy does just that, offering an intensive discussion by highly respected scholars across empirical and philosophical disciplines.	Adam Swift	University of Warwick	2013	Book	University of Chicago Press
Philosophy	Educational research	Education, Justice, and Democracy	Education is a contested topic, and not just politically. For years scholars have approached it from two different points of view: one empirical, focused on explanations for student and school success and failure, and the other philosophical, focused on education's value and purpose within the larger society. Rarely have these separate approaches been brought into the same conversation. Education, Justice, and Democracy does just that, offering an intensive discussion by highly respected scholars across empirical and philosophical disciplines.	Patrick McGuinn	Drew University	2013	Book	University of Chicago Press
Philosophy	Educational research	Education, Justice, and Democracy	Education is a contested topic, and not just politically. For years scholars have approached it from two different points of view: one empirical, focused on explanations for student and school success and failure, and the other philosophical, focused on education's value and purpose within the larger society. Rarely have these separate approaches been brought into the same conversation. Education, Justice, and Democracy does just that, offering an intensive discussion by highly respected scholars across empirical and philosophical disciplines.	Anna Marie Smith	Cornell University	2013	Book	University of Chicago Press
Philosophy	Educational research	Education, Justice, and Democracy	Education is a contested topic, and not just politically. For years scholars have approached it from two different points of view: one empirical, focused on explanations for student and school success and failure, and the other philosophical, focused on education's value and purpose within the larger society. Rarely have these separate approaches been brought into the same conversation. Education, Justice, and Democracy does just that, offering an intensive discussion by highly respected scholars across empirical and philosophical disciplines.	Seth Moglen	Lehigh University	2013	Book	University of Chicago Press
Educational research	Political science	Engaging Urban Youth in Civic Practice: Community-Based Youth Oganizations as Alternative Sites for Democratic Education in Educating democratic citizens in troubled times: Qualitative studies of current efforts		Jennifer O'Donoghue	Stanford University	2008	Qualitative study (in book)
Educational research	Political science	Engaging Urban Youth in Civic Practice: Community-Based Youth Oganizations as Alternative Sites for Democratic Education in Educating democratic citizens in troubled times: Qualitative studies of current efforts		Ben Kirshner	University of Colorado-Boulder	2008	Qualitative study (in book)
Educational research		Examining the Treatment of 9/11 and Terrorism in High School Textbooks in Educating democratic citizens in troubled times: Qualitative studies of current efforts		Diana Hess	The Spencer Foundation, University of Wisconsin-Madison	2008	Qualitative study (in book)
Educational research		Examining the Treatment of 9/11 and Terrorism in High School Textbooks in Educating democratic citizens in troubled times: Qualitative studies of current efforts		Jeremy Stoddard	University of Wisconsin-Madison, College of William and Mary (former)	2008	Qualitative study (in book)
Educational research		Examining the Treatment of 9/11 and Terrorism in High School Textbooks in Educating democratic citizens in troubled times: Qualitative studies of current efforts		Shannon Murto Wright		2008	Qualitative study (in book)
Educational research		Guardian of Democracy: The Civic Mission of Schools	This report builds and expands on the findings of the Civic Mission of Schools report, published in 2003 by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement.	Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools	--	2011	Report	x	Carnegie Corporation of New York
Educational research		Guardian of Democracy: The Civic Mission of Schools	This report builds and expands on the findings of the Civic Mission of Schools report, published in 2003 by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement.	Jonathan Gould	Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools	2011	Report	x	Carnegie Corporation of New York
Educational research		Guardian of Democracy: The Civic Mission of Schools	This report builds and expands on the findings of the Civic Mission of Schools report, published in 2003 by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement.	Kathleen Hall Jamieson	Annenberg Public Policy Center at the University of Pennsylvania	2011	Report	x	Carnegie Corporation of New York
Educational research		Guardian of Democracy: The Civic Mission of Schools	This report builds and expands on the findings of the Civic Mission of Schools report, published in 2003 by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement.	Peter Levine	CIRCLE	2011	Report	x	Carnegie Corporation of New York
Educational research		Guardian of Democracy: The Civic Mission of Schools	This report builds and expands on the findings of the Civic Mission of Schools report, published in 2003 by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement.	Ted McConnell	Center for Civic Education, Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools	2011	Report	x	Carnegie Corporation of New York
Educational research		Guardian of Democracy: The Civic Mission of Schools	This report builds and expands on the findings of the Civic Mission of Schools report, published in 2003 by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement.	David B. Smith	National Conference on Citizenship	2011	Report	x	Carnegie Corporation of New York
Educational research		Guardian of Democracy: The Civic Mission of Schools	This report builds and expands on the findings of the Civic Mission of Schools report, published in 2003 by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement.	Mabel McKinney-Browning	Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools, American Bar Association	2011	Report	x	Carnegie Corporation of New York
Educational research		Guardian of Democracy: The Civic Mission of Schools	This report builds and expands on the findings of the Civic Mission of Schools report, published in 2003 by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement.	Kristen Campbell	National Conference on Citizenship	2011	Report	x	Carnegie Corporation of New York
Educational research		Guardian of Democracy: The Civic Mission of Schools	This report builds and expands on the findings of the Civic Mission of Schools report, published in 2003 by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement.	Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center at the University of Pennsylvania	--	2011	Report	x	Carnegie Corporation of New York
Educational research		Guardian of Democracy: The Civic Mission of Schools	This report builds and expands on the findings of the Civic Mission of Schools report, published in 2003 by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement.	National Conference on Citizenship	--	2011	Report	x	Carnegie Corporation of New York
Educational research		Guardian of Democracy: The Civic Mission of Schools	This report builds and expands on the findings of the Civic Mission of Schools report, published in 2003 by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement.	CIRCLE	--	2011	Report	x	Carnegie Corporation of New York
Educational research		Guardian of Democracy: The Civic Mission of Schools	This report builds and expands on the findings of the Civic Mission of Schools report, published in 2003 by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement.	American Bar Association	--	2011	Report	x	Carnegie Corporation of New York
Educational research		Guardian of Democracy: The Civic Mission of Schools	This report builds and expands on the findings of the Civic Mission of Schools report, published in 2003 by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement.	Sandra Day O'Connor	iCivics, Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools, U.S. Supreme Court	2011	Report	x	Carnegie Corporation of New York
Educational research		Guardian of Democracy: The Civic Mission of Schools	This report builds and expands on the findings of the Civic Mission of Schools report, published in 2003 by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement.	Lee Hamilton	Center on Congress, Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools, U.S. Congress	2011	Report	x	Carnegie Corporation of New York
Educational research		High quality civic education: What is it and who gets it?	The purpose of this article is to share a model of high quality civic education and the research base that supports it. Using this model, we then examine the extent to which high quality civic education is available to students across a diverse set of schools in the state of California.	Joseph Kahne	University of California-Riverside, Civic Engagement Research Group (Director) at UC-Riverside, MacArthur Foundation (former)	2008	Article	Social Education
Educational research		High quality civic education: What is it and who gets it?	The purpose of this article is to share a model of high quality civic education and the research base that supports it. Using this model, we then examine the extent to which high quality civic education is available to students across a diverse set of schools in the state of California.	Ellen Middaugh	San José State University	2008	Article	Social Education
Developmental psychology		Latino adolescents’ civic development in the United States: Research results from the IEA Civic Education Study	Many studies have reported gaps between Latino and non-Latino adolescents in academic and political outcomes. The current study presents possible explanations for such gaps, both at the individual and school level.	Judith Torney-Purta	University of Maryland-College Park	2006	Study	Journal of Youth and Adolescence
Developmental psychology		Latino adolescents’ civic development in the United States: Research results from the IEA Civic Education Study	Many studies have reported gaps between Latino and non-Latino adolescents in academic and political outcomes. The current study presents possible explanations for such gaps, both at the individual and school level.	Carolyn H. Barber	University of Missouri-Kansas City, University of Maryland-College Park (former)	2006	Study	Journal of Youth and Adolescence
Developmental psychology		Latino adolescents’ civic development in the United States: Research results from the IEA Civic Education Study	Many studies have reported gaps between Latino and non-Latino adolescents in academic and political outcomes. The current study presents possible explanations for such gaps, both at the individual and school level.	Britt Wilkenfeld	University of Maryland-College Park	2006	Study	Journal of Youth and Adolescence
Political science	Educational research	Let's Go There: Making a Case for Race, Ethnicity and a Lived Civics Approach to Civic Education	In this paper, we contend that civic educators and advocates must ensure that attention to race, identity, and the lived experiences of youth are central elements of civic education efforts—what we call Lived Civics. Through a Lived Civics approach, the classroom is open to and structured around the many ways, some positive and some negative, young people engage with the political and civic world that surrounds them. With an emphasis on identities such as race, ethnicity and class, both students and educators are positioned as experts and learners. Fundamentally, a Lived Civics approach signals to students that their personal and community-based knowledge is valuable. It is not the total understanding of civic engagement and democratic processes, but it is a critical starting place for exploration and interrogation, placing questions of power, belonging and effective methods for social change on the agenda.	Joseph Kahne	University of California-Riverside, Civic Engagement Research Group (Director) at UC-Riverside, MacArthur Foundation (former), Mills College (former)	2018	Report	Civic Engagement Research Group	Robert R. McCormick Foundation
Political science	Educational research	Let's Go There: Making a Case for Race, Ethnicity and a Lived Civics Approach to Civic Education	In this paper, we contend that civic educators and advocates must ensure that attention to race, identity, and the lived experiences of youth are central elements of civic education efforts—what we call Lived Civics. Through a Lived Civics approach, the classroom is open to and structured around the many ways, some positive and some negative, young people engage with the political and civic world that surrounds them. With an emphasis on identities such as race, ethnicity and class, both students and educators are positioned as experts and learners. Fundamentally, a Lived Civics approach signals to students that their personal and community-based knowledge is valuable. It is not the total understanding of civic engagement and democratic processes, but it is a critical starting place for exploration and interrogation, placing questions of power, belonging and effective methods for social change on the agenda.	Jessica Marshall	Northwestern University School of Education and Social Policy, Chicago Public Schools (former)	2018	Report	Civic Engagement Research Group	Robert R. McCormick Foundation
Political science	Educational research	Let's Go There: Making a Case for Race, Ethnicity and a Lived Civics Approach to Civic Education	In this paper, we contend that civic educators and advocates must ensure that attention to race, identity, and the lived experiences of youth are central elements of civic education efforts—what we call Lived Civics. Through a Lived Civics approach, the classroom is open to and structured around the many ways, some positive and some negative, young people engage with the political and civic world that surrounds them. With an emphasis on identities such as race, ethnicity and class, both students and educators are positioned as experts and learners. Fundamentally, a Lived Civics approach signals to students that their personal and community-based knowledge is valuable. It is not the total understanding of civic engagement and democratic processes, but it is a critical starting place for exploration and interrogation, placing questions of power, belonging and effective methods for social change on the agenda.	Veronica Anderson	PenUltimate Group	2018	Report	Civic Engagement Research Group	Robert R. McCormick Foundation
Political science	Educational research	Let's Go There: Making a Case for Race, Ethnicity and a Lived Civics Approach to Civic Education	In this paper, we contend that civic educators and advocates must ensure that attention to race, identity, and the lived experiences of youth are central elements of civic education efforts—what we call Lived Civics. Through a Lived Civics approach, the classroom is open to and structured around the many ways, some positive and some negative, young people engage with the political and civic world that surrounds them. With an emphasis on identities such as race, ethnicity and class, both students and educators are positioned as experts and learners. Fundamentally, a Lived Civics approach signals to students that their personal and community-based knowledge is valuable. It is not the total understanding of civic engagement and democratic processes, but it is a critical starting place for exploration and interrogation, placing questions of power, belonging and effective methods for social change on the agenda.	Margaret Brower	University of Chicago	2018	Report	Civic Engagement Research Group	Robert R. McCormick Foundation
Political science	Educational research	Let's Go There: Making a Case for Race, Ethnicity and a Lived Civics Approach to Civic Education	In this paper, we contend that civic educators and advocates must ensure that attention to race, identity, and the lived experiences of youth are central elements of civic education efforts—what we call Lived Civics. Through a Lived Civics approach, the classroom is open to and structured around the many ways, some positive and some negative, young people engage with the political and civic world that surrounds them. With an emphasis on identities such as race, ethnicity and class, both students and educators are positioned as experts and learners. Fundamentally, a Lived Civics approach signals to students that their personal and community-based knowledge is valuable. It is not the total understanding of civic engagement and democratic processes, but it is a critical starting place for exploration and interrogation, placing questions of power, belonging and effective methods for social change on the agenda.	David Knight	University of Chicago	2018	Report	Civic Engagement Research Group	Robert R. McCormick Foundation
Political science	Educational research	Let's Go There: Making a Case for Race, Ethnicity and a Lived Civics Approach to Civic Education	In this paper, we contend that civic educators and advocates must ensure that attention to race, identity, and the lived experiences of youth are central elements of civic education efforts—what we call Lived Civics. Through a Lived Civics approach, the classroom is open to and structured around the many ways, some positive and some negative, young people engage with the political and civic world that surrounds them. With an emphasis on identities such as race, ethnicity and class, both students and educators are positioned as experts and learners. Fundamentally, a Lived Civics approach signals to students that their personal and community-based knowledge is valuable. It is not the total understanding of civic engagement and democratic processes, but it is a critical starting place for exploration and interrogation, placing questions of power, belonging and effective methods for social change on the agenda.	Cathy Cohen	University of Chicago	2018	Report	Civic Engagement Research Group	Robert R. McCormick Foundation
Educational research		Making civics count: Citizenship education for a new generation.	Making Civics Count offers research-based insights into what diverse students and teachers know and do as civic actors, and proposes a blueprint for civic education for a new generation that is both practical and visionary.	Meira Levinson	Harvard University	2012	Book	Harvard Education Press
Educational research		Making civics count: Citizenship education for a new generation.	Making Civics Count offers research-based insights into what diverse students and teachers know and do as civic actors, and proposes a blueprint for civic education for a new generation that is both practical and visionary.	Frederick Hess	American Enterprise Institute	2012	Book	Harvard Education Press
Educational research		Making civics count: Citizenship education for a new generation.	Making Civics Count offers research-based insights into what diverse students and teachers know and do as civic actors, and proposes a blueprint for civic education for a new generation that is both practical and visionary.	David Campbell	University of Notre Dame, Rooney Center for the Study of American Democracy	2012	Book	Harvard Education Press
Community psychology		Middle School as a Developmental Niche for Civic Engagement	The study investigated how school climate, school connectedness and academic efficacy beliefs inform emergent civic engagement behaviors among middle school youth of color.	Casta Guillaume	University of Michigan	2015	Study	American Journal of Community Psychology
Community psychology		Middle School as a Developmental Niche for Civic Engagement	The study investigated how school climate, school connectedness and academic efficacy beliefs inform emergent civic engagement behaviors among middle school youth of color.	Robert Jagers	CASEL (Aspen Institute), University of Michigan (former)	2015	Study	American Journal of Community Psychology
Community psychology		Middle School as a Developmental Niche for Civic Engagement	The study investigated how school climate, school connectedness and academic efficacy beliefs inform emergent civic engagement behaviors among middle school youth of color.	Deborah Rivas-Drake	University of Michigan	2015	Study	American Journal of Community Psychology
Developmental psychology		Moral education and character education: Their relationship and roles in citizenship education	Any democratic society must concern itself with the socialization of its citizens. This begins in childhood, and schools are critical to this process. The interrelations and roles of educating for character (character education, moral education) and educating for citizenship (citizenship education, civic education) are explored, largely in a North American context... it is concluded that the role of schools in fostering the development of moral citizens in democratic societies necessitates focus on moral development, broader moral and related character development, teaching of civics and development of citizenship skills and dispositions. Moreover, these outcomes overlap and cut across the fields of moral, character and citizenship education.	Wolfgang Althof	University of Missouri-St. Louis (Ret.)	2006	Article	Journal of Moral Education
Developmental psychology		Moral education and character education: Their relationship and roles in citizenship education	Any democratic society must concern itself with the socialization of its citizens. This begins in childhood, and schools are critical to this process. The interrelations and roles of educating for character (character education, moral education) and educating for citizenship (citizenship education, civic education) are explored, largely in a North American context... it is concluded that the role of schools in fostering the development of moral citizens in democratic societies necessitates focus on moral development, broader moral and related character development, teaching of civics and development of citizenship skills and dispositions. Moreover, these outcomes overlap and cut across the fields of moral, character and citizenship education.	Marvin Berkowitz	University of Missouri-St. Louis	2006	Article	Journal of Moral Education
Educational research	Political science	No Backpacks versus Drugs and Murder: The Promise and Complexity of Youth Civic Action Research	In this article Beth C. Rubin and Brian F. Hayes describe the results of a year-long research project that incorporated a new approach to civic learning into public high school social studies classrooms. They explore how students' disparate experiences with civic life shape civic identity development in complex and challenging ways across two distinct contexts. They offer a fully elaborated conceptualization of civic learning in settings of "congruence" and "disjuncture" and describe how the practice of connecting students' lives and experiences to the curriculum through civic action research, while promising, can also create dilemmas for both students and educators.	Brian Hayes	Porticus, Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation (former), Rutgers University (former)	2010	Study	Harvard Educational Review
Educational research	Political science	No Backpacks versus Drugs and Murder: The Promise and Complexity of Youth Civic Action Research	In this article Beth C. Rubin and Brian F. Hayes describe the results of a year-long research project that incorporated a new approach to civic learning into public high school social studies classrooms. They explore how students' disparate experiences with civic life shape civic identity development in complex and challenging ways across two distinct contexts. They offer a fully elaborated conceptualization of civic learning in settings of "congruence" and "disjuncture" and describe how the practice of connecting students' lives and experiences to the curriculum through civic action research, while promising, can also create dilemmas for both students and educators.	Beth Rubin	Rutgers University	2010	Study	Harvard Educational Review
Philosophy	Educational research	No Citizen Left Behind	While teaching at an all-Black middle school in Atlanta, Meira Levinson realized that students’ individual self-improvement would not necessarily enable them to overcome their profound marginalization within American society. This is because of a civic empowerment gap that is as shameful and antidemocratic as the academic achievement gap targeted by No Child Left Behind. No Citizen Left Behind argues that students must be taught how to upend and reshape power relationships directly, through political and civic action.	Meira Levinson	Harvard University	2012	Book	Harvard University Press
Political science		Preparing for Democracy: How Community-Based Organizations Build Civic Engagement among Urban Youth	The National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) shows a civic knowledge gap similar to the achievement gap, showing urban youth struggling in particular. However, research has shown that urban youth can be civically engaged when they are involved in projects or organizing intended to improve community conditions, not simply absorbing civic knowledge. This article shares findings from case studies of two Bronx-based community organizations that have successful models of civic engagement with urban youth. The findings reveal the practices that the adults use in the organizations to get urban youth civically engaged and to develop a “civic identity.”	Jessica Shiller	Towson University	2013	Article	Urban Education
Political science		Promoting the Development of Citizenship in Diverse Youth		Lonnie Sherrod	Fordham University	2003	Study	PS: Political Science and Politics
Educational research		Service-Learning as a Promising Approach to High School Civic Engagement in Educating democratic citizens in troubled times: Qualitative studies of current efforts		Susan Root	RMC Research Corporation	2008	Qualitative study (in book)
Educational research		Service-Learning as a Promising Approach to High School Civic Engagement in Educating democratic citizens in troubled times: Qualitative studies of current efforts		Shelley Billig	RMC Research Corporation	2008	Qualitative study (in book)
Educational research		Six Proven Practices for Effective Civic Learning	This guidebook is a resource for policymakers and practitioners who want to use the "six proven practices" developed by the Carnegie Corporation and CIRCLE in 2003 and reinforced by the Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools in 2011; it  provides supporting research for the practices, practical suggestions for implementation, and program examples.	National Center for Learning and Civic Engagement	--	2016	Report	Education Commission of the States	State Farm
Educational research		Six Proven Practices for Effective Civic Learning	This guidebook is a resource for policymakers and practitioners who want to use the "six proven practices" developed by the Carnegie Corporation and CIRCLE in 2003 and reinforced by the Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools in 2011; it  provides supporting research for the practices, practical suggestions for implementation, and program examples.	Lisa Guilfoile	Education Commission of the States	2016	Report	Education Commission of the States
Educational research		Six Proven Practices for Effective Civic Learning	This guidebook is a resource for policymakers and practitioners who want to use the "six proven practices" developed by the Carnegie Corporation and CIRCLE in 2003 and reinforced by the Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools in 2011; it  provides supporting research for the practices, practical suggestions for implementation, and program examples.	Brady Delander	Education Commission of the States (former)	2016	Report	Education Commission of the States
Educational research		Six Proven Practices for Effective Civic Learning	This guidebook is a resource for policymakers and practitioners who want to use the "six proven practices" developed by the Carnegie Corporation and CIRCLE in 2003 and reinforced by the Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools in 2011; it  provides supporting research for the practices, practical suggestions for implementation, and program examples.	Carol Kreck	Education Commission of the States	2016	Report	Education Commission of the States
Educational research		State Civic Education Policy: Framework and gap analysis tool	These tools are intended to guide state policymakers in creating civic learning policies. The ECS Framework for State Civic Education Policy is a model for preparing students for civic life in prekindergarten through postsecondary (P-20) education, while the accompanying Gap Analysis Tool guides stakeholders in comparing current civic learning policies with evidence-based best practices and competitive benchmarks.	Jan Brennan	Education Commission of the States	2017	Framework/Policy Tool	Education Commission of the States
Educational research		State Civic Education Policy: Framework and gap analysis tool	These tools are intended to guide state policymakers in creating civic learning policies. The ECS Framework for State Civic Education Policy is a model for preparing students for civic life in prekindergarten through postsecondary (P-20) education, while the accompanying Gap Analysis Tool guides stakeholders in comparing current civic learning policies with evidence-based best practices and competitive benchmarks.	Paul Baumann	Education Commission of the States	2017	Framework/Policy Tool	Education Commission of the States
Educational research		State Civic Education Requirements	This fact sheet summarizes state requirements related to civic education, which means learning about citizenship, government, law, current events, and related topics.	Surbhi Godsay	CIRCLE	2012	Fact sheet	CIRCLE	S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation
Educational research		State Civic Education Requirements	This fact sheet summarizes state requirements related to civic education, which means learning about citizenship, government, law, current events, and related topics.	Whitney Henderson	CIRCLE (former)	2012	Fact sheet	CIRCLE
Educational research		State Civic Education Requirements	This fact sheet summarizes state requirements related to civic education, which means learning about citizenship, government, law, current events, and related topics.	Peter Levine	CIRCLE	2012	Fact sheet	CIRCLE
Educational research		State Civic Education Requirements	This fact sheet summarizes state requirements related to civic education, which means learning about citizenship, government, law, current events, and related topics.	Joshua Littenberg-Tobias	MIT Open Learning	2012	Fact sheet	CIRCLE
Educational research		Teach Freedom: Education for Liberation in the African American Tradition		Carol Sills Strickland	DC Children and Youth Investment Trust (former), Institute for Responsive Education (former), Harvard University	2008	Book	Teachers College Press	Spencer Foundation
Educational research		Teach Freedom: Education for Liberation in the African American Tradition		Charles Payne	Rutgers University	2008	Book	Teachers College Press	Spencer Foundation
Educational research		Teaching for Citizenship in 12th Grade Government Classes in Educating democratic citizens in troubled times: Qualitative studies of current efforts		Judith Pace	University of San Francisco	2008	Qualitative study (in book)
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	CIRCLE	--	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Peter Levine	CIRCLE	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Richard Battistoni	Providence College	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Deborah Both	Center for Democracy and Citizenship Council for Excellence in Government	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Anne Fickling Brainard	Center for Civic Education	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Nelda Brown	K-12 Service Learning Network	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Todd Clark	Constitutional Rights Foundatoin	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	AnnMaura Connolly	City Year	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Michael Carpini	University of Pennsylvania, Pew Charitable Trusts (former)	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Constance Flanagan	University of Wisconsin-Madison, Pennsylvania State University (former)	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	William A. Galston	University of Maryland-College Park, CIRCLE (founding director), Brookings Institution	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Cynthia Gibson	Carnegie Corporation of New York, CIRCLE	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Susan Griffin	National Council for the Social Studies	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Carole Hahn	Emory University, National Council for the Social Studies (former president)	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Charles Haynes	Freedom Forum First Amendment Center	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Debra Henzey	North Carolina Civic Education Consortium	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Stephen Johnson	National Council for the Social Studies	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Joseph Kahne	University of California-Riverside, Civic Engagement Research Group (Director) at UC-Riverside, MacArthur Foundation (former), Mills College (former)	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Amy Kass	University of Chicago	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Karl Kurtz	National Conference of State Legislatures	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Sheilah Mann	American Political Science Association	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Geraldine Mannion	Carnegie Corporation of New York	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Ted McConnell	Center for Civic Education, Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Mabel McKinney-Browning	Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools, American Bar Association	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Richard Niemi	University of Rochester	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	John Patrick	Indiana University	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Harry Pachon	Claremont Graduate University	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Terry Pickeral	Center for Learning and Citizenship, Education Commission of the States	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Karen Pittman	Impact Strategies, Inc., The Forum for Youth Investment	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Charles Quigley	Center for Civic Education	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Martin Ruck	City University of New York	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Nan Skelton	Center for Democracy and Citizenship, Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Matthew Spalding	Heritage Foundation	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Judith Torney-Purta	University of Maryland-College Park	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Joseph Viteritti	New York University	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Gregory Werkheiser	Virginia Citizenship Institute	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	James Youniss	Catholic University	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Tobi Walker	Pew Charitable Trusts	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Civic Mission of Schools	In late 2002, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) and Carnegie Corporation of New York, in consultation with the Corporation for National and Community Service, convened a series of meetings involving some of the nation's most distinguished and respected scholars and practitioners in this area to determine, based on solid data and evidence, the components of effective and feasible civic education programs. Representing a diversity of political views, a variety of disciplines, and various approaches, these individuals disagree about some aspects of how civic education should be conducted, but nevertheless share a common vision of a richer, more comprehensive approach to civic education in the United States. This report is a powerful statement of their vision.	Carnegie Corporation of New York	--	2003	Report	x
Educational research		The Deliberating in a Democracy (DID) Project: Impact on U.S. Students and Teachers	This report presents findings about the impact on students and teachers of the Deliberating in a Democracy project, which focused on training secondary teachers to use one model of deliberation (Structured Academic Controversy) to engage their students in substantive deliberations on significant public issues and democratic principles.	Patricia Avery	University of Minnesota	2015	Study	Constitutional Rights Foundation Chicago
Educational research		The Future of Civic Education	This article discusses the importance of high-quality civic education and presents innovative civic education policy reforms in states such as Florida and Illinois, where leaders in each state developed locally relevant strategies for strengthening and equalizing civic learning.	Kei Kawashima-Ginsberg	CIRCLE	2016	Journal Article	State Education Standard
Philosophy		The Future of Democracy: Developing the Next Generation of American Citizens	In The Future of Democracy, Peter Levine, scholar and practitioner, sounds the alarm: in recent years, young Americans have become dangerously less engaged. They are tolerant, patriotic, and idealistic, and some have invented such novel and impressive forms of civic engagement, as blogs, “buycott” movements, and transnational youth networks. But most lack the skills and opportunities they need to participate in politics or address public problems. Levine’s timely manifesto clearly explains the causes, symptoms, and repercussions of this damaging trend, and, most importantly, the means whereby America can confront and reverse it. Levine demonstrates how to change young people’s civic attitudes, skills, and knowledge and, equally importantly, to reform our institutions so that civic engagement is rewarding and effective. We must both prepare citizens for politics and improve politics for citizens.	Peter Levine	CIRCLE	2007	Book	Tufts University Press
Developmental psychology		The Role of Sociopolitical Attitudes and Civic Education in the Civic Engagement of Black Youth	In the current study, we use survey data from a nationally representative sample to examine how sociopolitical attitudes, such as political cynicism, perceptions of institutional discrimination, and political efficacy, along with civic education relate to civic engagement among 593 Black youth, ages 15–25. We found perceived institutional discrimination, political efficacy, and civic education were associated with civic engagement, while political cynicism was not. There is evidence to suggest civic education may strengthen the association between perceived institutional discrimination and civic engagement.	Robert Jagers	CASEL (Aspen Institute), University of Michigan (former)	2014	Study	Journal of Research on Adolescence
Developmental psychology		The Role of Sociopolitical Attitudes and Civic Education in the Civic Engagement of Black Youth	In the current study, we use survey data from a nationally representative sample to examine how sociopolitical attitudes, such as political cynicism, perceptions of institutional discrimination, and political efficacy, along with civic education relate to civic engagement among 593 Black youth, ages 15–25. We found perceived institutional discrimination, political efficacy, and civic education were associated with civic engagement, while political cynicism was not. There is evidence to suggest civic education may strengthen the association between perceived institutional discrimination and civic engagement.	Elan Hope	North Carolina State University	2014	Study	Journal of Research on Adolescence
Educational research		The State of Civics Education	The 2018 issue brief "The State of Civics Education" includes tracking of state civic education policies, like whether a civics course is required, whether it requires or provides credit for community service, and whether an exam is required to graduate.	Sarah Shapiro	Center for American Progress (former), U.S. Senate	2018	Issue brief	Center for American Progress
Educational research		The State of Civics Education	The 2018 issue brief "The State of Civics Education" includes tracking of state civic education policies, like whether a civics course is required, whether it requires or provides credit for community service, and whether an exam is required to graduate.	Catherine Brown	Center for American Progress	2018	Issue brief	Center for American Progress
Political science		Three Core Measures of Community-Based Civic Engagement: Evidence from the Youth Civic Engagement Indicators Project	Using data derived from an extensive study of civic and political engagement in the U.S. with a special emphasis on youth, this paper documents 15-19 year-olds’ involvement in civic life, specifically the extent to which youth ages 15-19 are involved in activities broadly construed as community centered.	Scott Keeter	Pew Research Center, George Mason University	2003	Research Paper	x	Pew Charitable Trusts
Political science		Three Core Measures of Community-Based Civic Engagement: Evidence from the Youth Civic Engagement Indicators Project	Using data derived from an extensive study of civic and political engagement in the U.S. with a special emphasis on youth, this paper documents 15-19 year-olds’ involvement in civic life, specifically the extent to which youth ages 15-19 are involved in activities broadly construed as community centered.	Krista Jenkins	Rutgers University	2003	Research Paper	x	Pew Charitable Trusts
Political science		Three Core Measures of Community-Based Civic Engagement: Evidence from the Youth Civic Engagement Indicators Project	Using data derived from an extensive study of civic and political engagement in the U.S. with a special emphasis on youth, this paper documents 15-19 year-olds’ involvement in civic life, specifically the extent to which youth ages 15-19 are involved in activities broadly construed as community centered.	Cliff Zukin	Rutgers University	2003	Research Paper	x	Pew Charitable Trusts
Political science		Three Core Measures of Community-Based Civic Engagement: Evidence from the Youth Civic Engagement Indicators Project	Using data derived from an extensive study of civic and political engagement in the U.S. with a special emphasis on youth, this paper documents 15-19 year-olds’ involvement in civic life, specifically the extent to which youth ages 15-19 are involved in activities broadly construed as community centered.	Molly Andolina	DePaul University	2003	Research Paper	x	Pew Charitable Trusts
Educational research		To Think, Live, and Breathe Politics: Experiencing Democratic Citizenship in Chicago in Educating democratic citizens in troubled times: Qualitative studies of current efforts		Janet Bixby	Lewis and Clark College	2008	Qualitative study (in book)
Educational research		Urban Youth and the Construction of Racialized and Classed Political Identities in Educating democratic citizens in troubled times: Qualitative studies of current efforts		Kysa Nygreen	University of Massachusetts-Amherst	2008	Qualitative study (in book)
Philosophy	Political science	We are the ones we have been waiting for: The promise of civic renewal in America	Levine sets out an argument for civic engagement with potential to address the asymmetry of decision-making power between government and citizens. In Levine’s definition, civic engagement includes “a combination of deliberation, collaboration, and civic relationships.” Current civic engagement efforts, Levine argues, do not have sufficient scale and power to reform the institutionalized culture of problem solving in the country: “The way to achieve such reforms is to organize one million most active citizens into a self-conscious movement for civic renewal.” The goal of this book, says Levine, is to “develop practical strategies for expanding and rewarding openended politics under difficult circumstances.”	Peter Levine	CIRCLE	2015	Book	Oxford University Press
Political science		What do we mean by "civic engagement"?	Civic engagement refers to the ways in which citizens participate in the life of a community in order to improve conditions for others or to help shape the community’s future. This term has been used to date primarily in the context of younger people. But in the past few years, a new movement has emerged to promote greater civic engagement by older adults. This article reviews existing definitions of civic engagement, looks at attempts to measure how it is being practices, and describes some recent initiatives.	Judy Goggin	Civic Ventures	2005	Journal Article	Journal of Transformative Education
Political science		What do we mean by "civic engagement"?	Civic engagement refers to the ways in which citizens participate in the life of a community in order to improve conditions for others or to help shape the community’s future. This term has been used to date primarily in the context of younger people. But in the past few years, a new movement has emerged to promote greater civic engagement by older adults. This article reviews existing definitions of civic engagement, looks at attempts to measure how it is being practices, and describes some recent initiatives.	Richard Adler	Institute for the Future, Palo Alto; Civic Ventures	2005	Journal Article	Journal of Transformative Education
Educational research	Political science	Young citizens and civic learning: Two paradigms of citizenship in the digital age	This paper examines research on school-based civic education in different post-industrial democracies with the aim of deriving a set of core learning categories that offer a starting point for thinking about how to address changing citizen identity styles and learning opportunities in various online and offline environments. The preponderance of school-based civic education programs reflects traditional paradigms of dutiful citizenship (DC) oriented to government through parties and voting, with citizens forming attentive publics who follow events in the news. The authors expand upon these conventional learning categories by identifying additional civic learning opportunities that reflect more self-actualizing (AC) styles of civic participation common among recent generations of youth who have been termed digital natives. Their AC learning styles favor interactive, networked activities often communicated through participatory media such as videos shared across online networks. The result is an expanded set of learning categories that recognize the value of different citizenship styles and emerging online environments that may supplement or supplant school civics.	Chris Wells	Boston University	2009	Journal Article	Citizenship Studies
Educational research	Political science	Young citizens and civic learning: Two paradigms of citizenship in the digital age	This paper examines research on school-based civic education in different post-industrial democracies with the aim of deriving a set of core learning categories that offer a starting point for thinking about how to address changing citizen identity styles and learning opportunities in various online and offline environments. The preponderance of school-based civic education programs reflects traditional paradigms of dutiful citizenship (DC) oriented to government through parties and voting, with citizens forming attentive publics who follow events in the news. The authors expand upon these conventional learning categories by identifying additional civic learning opportunities that reflect more self-actualizing (AC) styles of civic participation common among recent generations of youth who have been termed digital natives. Their AC learning styles favor interactive, networked activities often communicated through participatory media such as videos shared across online networks. The result is an expanded set of learning categories that recognize the value of different citizenship styles and emerging online environments that may supplement or supplant school civics.	Allison Rank	SUNY Oswego	2009	Journal Article	Citizenship Studies
Educational research	Political science	Young citizens and civic learning: Two paradigms of citizenship in the digital age	This paper examines research on school-based civic education in different post-industrial democracies with the aim of deriving a set of core learning categories that offer a starting point for thinking about how to address changing citizen identity styles and learning opportunities in various online and offline environments. The preponderance of school-based civic education programs reflects traditional paradigms of dutiful citizenship (DC) oriented to government through parties and voting, with citizens forming attentive publics who follow events in the news. The authors expand upon these conventional learning categories by identifying additional civic learning opportunities that reflect more self-actualizing (AC) styles of civic participation common among recent generations of youth who have been termed digital natives. Their AC learning styles favor interactive, networked activities often communicated through participatory media such as videos shared across online networks. The result is an expanded set of learning categories that recognize the value of different citizenship styles and emerging online environments that may supplement or supplant school civics.	W. Lance Bennett	University of Washington, Center for Communication and Civic Engagement (founding Director)	2009	Journal Article	Citizenship Studies
Educational research		A Crisis in Civic Education	A Crisis in Civic Education offers recommendations to colleges, alumni, foundations, and lawmakers to turn from civic illiteracy to vibrant, empowered participation in the nation’s civic process.	American Council of Trustees and Alumni	--	2016	Report	American Council of Trustees and Alumni
Educational research		A Crisis in Civic Education	A Crisis in Civic Education offers recommendations to colleges, alumni, foundations, and lawmakers to turn from civic illiteracy to vibrant, empowered participation in the nation’s civic process.	William Gonch	American Council of Trustees and Alumni	2016	Report	American Council of Trustees and Alumni
Educational research		Advancing Civic Learning and Engagement in Democracy: A Road Map and Call to Action	This document serves as a call to action to reinvigorate civic learning and engagement for students, families, communities and leaders in education, business, labor, philanthropy and government. The Road Map outlines nine steps ED is undertaking to increase civic learning and engagement across our country.	U.S. Department of Education	--	2012	Report	U.S. Department of Education
Educational research		A Crucible Moment: College Learning & Democracy's Future	This report from the National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement calls on the nation to reclaim higher education’s civic mission. Commissioned by the Department of Education and released at a White House convening in January 2012, the report pushes back against a prevailing national dialogue that limits the mission of higher education to workforce preparation and training while marginalizing disciplines basic to democracy.	National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement	--	2012	Report	Association of American Colleges and Universities	U.S. Department of Education
Educational research		A Crucible Moment: College Learning & Democracy's Future	This report from the National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement calls on the nation to reclaim higher education’s civic mission. Commissioned by the Department of Education and released at a White House convening in January 2012, the report pushes back against a prevailing national dialogue that limits the mission of higher education to workforce preparation and training while marginalizing disciplines basic to democracy.	Larry Braskamp	Global Perspective Institute	2012	Report	Association of American Colleges and Universities	U.S. Department of Education
Educational research		A Crucible Moment: College Learning & Democracy's Future	This report from the National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement calls on the nation to reclaim higher education’s civic mission. Commissioned by the Department of Education and released at a White House convening in January 2012, the report pushes back against a prevailing national dialogue that limits the mission of higher education to workforce preparation and training while marginalizing disciplines basic to democracy.	Association of American Colleges and Universities	--	2012	Report	Association of American Colleges and Universities	U.S. Department of Education
Educational research		A Crucible Moment: College Learning & Democracy's Future	This report from the National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement calls on the nation to reclaim higher education’s civic mission. Commissioned by the Department of Education and released at a White House convening in January 2012, the report pushes back against a prevailing national dialogue that limits the mission of higher education to workforce preparation and training while marginalizing disciplines basic to democracy.	Caryn McTighe Musil	Association of American Colleges and Universities	2012	Report	Association of American Colleges and Universities	U.S. Department of Education
Educational research		A Crucible Moment: College Learning & Democracy's Future	This report from the National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement calls on the nation to reclaim higher education’s civic mission. Commissioned by the Department of Education and released at a White House convening in January 2012, the report pushes back against a prevailing national dialogue that limits the mission of higher education to workforce preparation and training while marginalizing disciplines basic to democracy.	Derek Barker	Kettering Foundation	2012	Report	Association of American Colleges and Universities	U.S. Department of Education
Educational research		A Crucible Moment: College Learning & Democracy's Future	This report from the National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement calls on the nation to reclaim higher education’s civic mission. Commissioned by the Department of Education and released at a White House convening in January 2012, the report pushes back against a prevailing national dialogue that limits the mission of higher education to workforce preparation and training while marginalizing disciplines basic to democracy.	Richard Guarasci	Wagner College	2012	Report	Association of American Colleges and Universities	U.S. Department of Education
Educational research		A Crucible Moment: College Learning & Democracy's Future	This report from the National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement calls on the nation to reclaim higher education’s civic mission. Commissioned by the Department of Education and released at a White House convening in January 2012, the report pushes back against a prevailing national dialogue that limits the mission of higher education to workforce preparation and training while marginalizing disciplines basic to democracy.	Donald W. Harward	Bates College	2012	Report	Association of American Colleges and Universities	U.S. Department of Education
Educational research		A Crucible Moment: College Learning & Democracy's Future	This report from the National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement calls on the nation to reclaim higher education’s civic mission. Commissioned by the Department of Education and released at a White House convening in January 2012, the report pushes back against a prevailing national dialogue that limits the mission of higher education to workforce preparation and training while marginalizing disciplines basic to democracy.	Sylvia Hurtado	University of California-Los Angeles	2012	Report	Association of American Colleges and Universities	U.S. Department of Education
Educational research		A Crucible Moment: College Learning & Democracy's Future	This report from the National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement calls on the nation to reclaim higher education’s civic mission. Commissioned by the Department of Education and released at a White House convening in January 2012, the report pushes back against a prevailing national dialogue that limits the mission of higher education to workforce preparation and training while marginalizing disciplines basic to democracy.	Eric Liu	Guiding Lights Network	2012	Report	Association of American Colleges and Universities	U.S. Department of Education
Educational research		A Crucible Moment: College Learning & Democracy's Future	This report from the National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement calls on the nation to reclaim higher education’s civic mission. Commissioned by the Department of Education and released at a White House convening in January 2012, the report pushes back against a prevailing national dialogue that limits the mission of higher education to workforce preparation and training while marginalizing disciplines basic to democracy.	Gale Muller	Gallup	2012	Report	Association of American Colleges and Universities	U.S. Department of Education
Educational research		A Crucible Moment: College Learning & Democracy's Future	This report from the National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement calls on the nation to reclaim higher education’s civic mission. Commissioned by the Department of Education and released at a White House convening in January 2012, the report pushes back against a prevailing national dialogue that limits the mission of higher education to workforce preparation and training while marginalizing disciplines basic to democracy.	Brian Murphy	De Anza College	2012	Report	Association of American Colleges and Universities	U.S. Department of Education
Educational research		A Crucible Moment: College Learning & Democracy's Future	This report from the National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement calls on the nation to reclaim higher education’s civic mission. Commissioned by the Department of Education and released at a White House convening in January 2012, the report pushes back against a prevailing national dialogue that limits the mission of higher education to workforce preparation and training while marginalizing disciplines basic to democracy.	Eboo Patel	Interfaith Youth Core	2012	Report	Association of American Colleges and Universities	U.S. Department of Education
Educational research		A Crucible Moment: College Learning & Democracy's Future	This report from the National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement calls on the nation to reclaim higher education’s civic mission. Commissioned by the Department of Education and released at a White House convening in January 2012, the report pushes back against a prevailing national dialogue that limits the mission of higher education to workforce preparation and training while marginalizing disciplines basic to democracy.	Carol Geary Schneider	Association of American Colleges and Universities	2012	Report	Association of American Colleges and Universities	U.S. Department of Education
Educational research		A Crucible Moment: College Learning & Democracy's Future	This report from the National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement calls on the nation to reclaim higher education’s civic mission. Commissioned by the Department of Education and released at a White House convening in January 2012, the report pushes back against a prevailing national dialogue that limits the mission of higher education to workforce preparation and training while marginalizing disciplines basic to democracy.	David Scobey	The New School, University of Michigan	2012	Report	Association of American Colleges and Universities	U.S. Department of Education
Educational research		A Crucible Moment: College Learning & Democracy's Future	This report from the National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement calls on the nation to reclaim higher education’s civic mission. Commissioned by the Department of Education and released at a White House convening in January 2012, the report pushes back against a prevailing national dialogue that limits the mission of higher education to workforce preparation and training while marginalizing disciplines basic to democracy.	Kathleen Maas Weigert	Loyola University	2012	Report	Association of American Colleges and Universities	U.S. Department of Education
Political science		Civic Engagement and High School Academic Progress: An Analysis Using NELS Data	Using panel data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS), this study empirically analyzes the relationship between two forms of civic engagement—student government and community service—and educational progress made after the eighth grade by addressing the following questions. Does civic engagement affect academic progress in mathematics, reading, history, and science? Does voluntary community service differently influence scholastic progress compared to involuntary service, and does the frequency of this engagement matter? Are teenagers involved in civic activities more likely to acquire higher education than their peers? In general, our findings indicate that civically-engaged high school students tend to make greater academic progress and are more likely to graduate from college than their peers several years later.	Alberto Davila	University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (former), Southeast Missouri State University	2007	Working Paper	CIRCLE	Pew Charitable Trusts, Carnegie Corporation of New York
Political science		Civic Engagement and High School Academic Progress: An Analysis Using NELS Data	Using panel data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS), this study empirically analyzes the relationship between two forms of civic engagement—student government and community service—and educational progress made after the eighth grade by addressing the following questions. Does civic engagement affect academic progress in mathematics, reading, history, and science? Does voluntary community service differently influence scholastic progress compared to involuntary service, and does the frequency of this engagement matter? Are teenagers involved in civic activities more likely to acquire higher education than their peers? In general, our findings indicate that civically-engaged high school students tend to make greater academic progress and are more likely to graduate from college than their peers several years later.	Marie Mora	University of Texas Rio Grande Valley	2007	Working Paper	CIRCLE	Pew Charitable Trusts, Carnegie Corporation of New York
Educational research		Citizenship education in American schools and its role in developing civic engagement: a review of the research	Citizenship education consists of specific teaching practices designed to encourage students to become more involved in their communities. This review critically evaluates three kinds of programmes related to citizenship education: (1) character education programmes, (2) political simulations and, (3) service-learning programmes. This study reaffirms the importance of increasing students’ exposure to citizenship education, while emphasising that certain instructional practices can be more effective in helping students develop civic engagement.	Alex Lin	University of California-Irvine	2013	Journal Article/Research review	Educational Review
Political science		Civic Knowledge, Civic Education, and Civic Engagement: A Summary of Recent Research		William A. Galston	University of Maryland-College Park, CIRCLE (founding director), Brookings Institution	2007	Journal Article/Research review	International Journal of Public Administration
Educational research		Does civic education for young people increase political participation? A systematic review	This paper uses established systematic and transparent methods to review the evidence for the effect of civic education on young people’s normative political participation. Extensive electronic searches were undertaken of social science and education databases. The searches yielded 6890 titles; both authors independently screened titles and abstracts to apply predefined inclusion criteria. Nine studies were included in the review. Given the heterogeneity of these studies, statistical pooling was not possible and a narrative analysis has been performed. The results indicate little evidence for civic education having a discernible or direct effect on voting or voter registration/enrolment. Some support was found for civic education increasing activities of political expression (e.g. signing a petition). The implications for policy and future research are discussed.	Nathan Manning	University of York	2013	Study	Educational Review
Educational research		Does civic education for young people increase political participation? A systematic review	This paper uses established systematic and transparent methods to review the evidence for the effect of civic education on young people’s normative political participation. Extensive electronic searches were undertaken of social science and education databases. The searches yielded 6890 titles; both authors independently screened titles and abstracts to apply predefined inclusion criteria. Nine studies were included in the review. Given the heterogeneity of these studies, statistical pooling was not possible and a narrative analysis has been performed. The results indicate little evidence for civic education having a discernible or direct effect on voting or voter registration/enrolment. Some support was found for civic education increasing activities of political expression (e.g. signing a petition). The implications for policy and future research are discussed.	Kathy Edwards	University of York	2013	Study	Educational Review
Political science		Political Literacy, Civic Education, and Civic Engagement: A Return to Political Socialization?	In this brief historical overview of the study of the political socialization process and the acquisition of political knowledge, the authors maintain that the study of youth, political literacy, and civic activism is both a complex undertaking and normatively loaded. The research demands not only rigor in design but the exploration of new venues for a better understanding of those agents, activities, and interactions that shape young people's visions of the political world and their choice to participate or not participate in it.	Robert Dudley	George Mason University	2010	Journal Article	PS: Political Science and Politics
Political science		Political Literacy, Civic Education, and Civic Engagement: A Return to Political Socialization?	In this brief historical overview of the study of the political socialization process and the acquisition of political knowledge, the authors maintain that the study of youth, political literacy, and civic activism is both a complex undertaking and normatively loaded. The research demands not only rigor in design but the exploration of new venues for a better understanding of those agents, activities, and interactions that shape young people's visions of the political world and their choice to participate or not participate in it.	Alan Gitelson	Loyola University	2010	Journal Article	PS: Political Science and Politics
Developmental psychology		Schools as Incubators of Democratic Participation: Building Long-Term Political Efficacy with Civic Education	his study used a quasi-experimental design to examine longer-term effects of the Student Voices program, which was originally evaluated in Philadelphia public high schools during the 2002–2003 school year. Following the 2004 presidential election, researchers recontacted students who had participated in the program for one or two semesters and students who had been in control civics classrooms. A structural equation model indicated that students who experienced two semesters of the program reported greater self-efficacy for political participation and that this effect carried over to increased political attentiveness as well as to knowledge of candidate positions. In addition, political attentiveness increased knowledge and voting in the election. However, neither knowledge nor efficacy had direct effects on voting once attentiveness was controlled. The results suggest that a supplementary civics education program such as Student Voices can increase subsequent participation in politics by building long-term gains in political self-efficacy and skills in using the news media to follow government and political affairs.	Josh Pasek	University of Michigan	2008	Study	Applied Developmental Science
Developmental psychology		Schools as Incubators of Democratic Participation: Building Long-Term Political Efficacy with Civic Education	his study used a quasi-experimental design to examine longer-term effects of the Student Voices program, which was originally evaluated in Philadelphia public high schools during the 2002–2003 school year. Following the 2004 presidential election, researchers recontacted students who had participated in the program for one or two semesters and students who had been in control civics classrooms. A structural equation model indicated that students who experienced two semesters of the program reported greater self-efficacy for political participation and that this effect carried over to increased political attentiveness as well as to knowledge of candidate positions. In addition, political attentiveness increased knowledge and voting in the election. However, neither knowledge nor efficacy had direct effects on voting once attentiveness was controlled. The results suggest that a supplementary civics education program such as Student Voices can increase subsequent participation in politics by building long-term gains in political self-efficacy and skills in using the news media to follow government and political affairs.	Lauren Feldman	Rutgers University	2008	Study	Applied Developmental Science
Developmental psychology		Schools as Incubators of Democratic Participation: Building Long-Term Political Efficacy with Civic Education	his study used a quasi-experimental design to examine longer-term effects of the Student Voices program, which was originally evaluated in Philadelphia public high schools during the 2002–2003 school year. Following the 2004 presidential election, researchers recontacted students who had participated in the program for one or two semesters and students who had been in control civics classrooms. A structural equation model indicated that students who experienced two semesters of the program reported greater self-efficacy for political participation and that this effect carried over to increased political attentiveness as well as to knowledge of candidate positions. In addition, political attentiveness increased knowledge and voting in the election. However, neither knowledge nor efficacy had direct effects on voting once attentiveness was controlled. The results suggest that a supplementary civics education program such as Student Voices can increase subsequent participation in politics by building long-term gains in political self-efficacy and skills in using the news media to follow government and political affairs.	Daniel Romer	Annenberg Public Policy Center at the University of Pennsylvania	2008	Study	Applied Developmental Science
Developmental psychology		Schools as Incubators of Democratic Participation: Building Long-Term Political Efficacy with Civic Education	his study used a quasi-experimental design to examine longer-term effects of the Student Voices program, which was originally evaluated in Philadelphia public high schools during the 2002–2003 school year. Following the 2004 presidential election, researchers recontacted students who had participated in the program for one or two semesters and students who had been in control civics classrooms. A structural equation model indicated that students who experienced two semesters of the program reported greater self-efficacy for political participation and that this effect carried over to increased political attentiveness as well as to knowledge of candidate positions. In addition, political attentiveness increased knowledge and voting in the election. However, neither knowledge nor efficacy had direct effects on voting once attentiveness was controlled. The results suggest that a supplementary civics education program such as Student Voices can increase subsequent participation in politics by building long-term gains in political self-efficacy and skills in using the news media to follow government and political affairs.	Kathleen Hall Jamieson	Annenberg Public Policy Center at the University of Pennsylvania	2008	Study	Applied Developmental Science
Sociology		The networked young citizen: social media, political participation and civic engagement	Stemming from discussions at the 2013 International Communication Association meeting in London, these nine essays discuss the possibilities and potentialities that social and digital media- technologies fostering a sense of "networked individualism," borrowing from Lee Rainie and Barry Wellman's Networked (CH, Dec'12, 50- 2385)-have for how younger generations are engaging political and social systems in the 21st century.	Brian Loader	University of York	2014	Journal Article	Information, Communication, & Society
Sociology	Political science	The networked young citizen: social media, political participation and civic engagement	Stemming from discussions at the 2013 International Communication Association meeting in London, these nine essays discuss the possibilities and potentialities that social and digital media- technologies fostering a sense of "networked individualism," borrowing from Lee Rainie and Barry Wellman's Networked (CH, Dec'12, 50- 2385)-have for how younger generations are engaging political and social systems in the 21st century.	Ariadne Vromen	University of Sydney	2014	Journal Article	Information, Communication, & Society
Sociology	Political science	The networked young citizen: social media, political participation and civic engagement	Stemming from discussions at the 2013 International Communication Association meeting in London, these nine essays discuss the possibilities and potentialities that social and digital media- technologies fostering a sense of "networked individualism," borrowing from Lee Rainie and Barry Wellman's Networked (CH, Dec'12, 50- 2385)-have for how younger generations are engaging political and social systems in the 21st century.	Michael Xenos	University of Wisconsin-Madison	2014	Journal Article	Information, Communication, & Society
Educational research		Teaching urban youth about controversial issues: Pathways to becoming active and informed citizens	The purpose of this study is to evaluate efficacy of the Word Generation program to improve students’ self-reported civic engagement (N = 5798) in the context of a randomized trial that was conducted in several middle schools located in a West Coast metropolitan area of the United States. Word Generation is a cross-content literacy program that instructs students to learn academic words, which are embedded in brief passages covering a different controversial issue each week. Participants completed survey items on how often they helped their friends, community, and school, as well as voting interest. Results provide support for the primary research question – participation in the Word Generation program has a significant impact on students’ self-reported civic engagement, but not for voting interest. These results suggest that students’ opportunities to debate on social issues are crucial to envisioning oneself as an active participant in civic affairs.	Alex Lin	University of California-Irvine	2015	Study	Citizenship, Social and Economics Education
Educational research		Teaching urban youth about controversial issues: Pathways to becoming active and informed citizens	The purpose of this study is to evaluate efficacy of the Word Generation program to improve students’ self-reported civic engagement (N = 5798) in the context of a randomized trial that was conducted in several middle schools located in a West Coast metropolitan area of the United States. Word Generation is a cross-content literacy program that instructs students to learn academic words, which are embedded in brief passages covering a different controversial issue each week. Participants completed survey items on how often they helped their friends, community, and school, as well as voting interest. Results provide support for the primary research question – participation in the Word Generation program has a significant impact on students’ self-reported civic engagement, but not for voting interest. These results suggest that students’ opportunities to debate on social issues are crucial to envisioning oneself as an active participant in civic affairs.	Joshua Lawrence	University of Oslo, University of California-Irvine (former)	2015	Study	Citizenship, Social and Economics Education
Educational research		Teaching urban youth about controversial issues: Pathways to becoming active and informed citizens	The purpose of this study is to evaluate efficacy of the Word Generation program to improve students’ self-reported civic engagement (N = 5798) in the context of a randomized trial that was conducted in several middle schools located in a West Coast metropolitan area of the United States. Word Generation is a cross-content literacy program that instructs students to learn academic words, which are embedded in brief passages covering a different controversial issue each week. Participants completed survey items on how often they helped their friends, community, and school, as well as voting interest. Results provide support for the primary research question – participation in the Word Generation program has a significant impact on students’ self-reported civic engagement, but not for voting interest. These results suggest that students’ opportunities to debate on social issues are crucial to envisioning oneself as an active participant in civic affairs.	Catherine Snow	Harvard University	2015	Study	Citizenship, Social and Economics Education
Educational research		Best Practices in Civic Education: Changes in Students' Civic Outcomes	The goal of this project is to examine the association between activities regularly used in civic education courses (e.g., staging a mock election) and their impact on key student outcomes. By linking classroom praxis to outcomes, we intend to provide evidence supporting best practices in civic education.	Amy Syvertsen	Search Institute	2007	Working Paper	CIRCLE
Educational research		Best Practices in Civic Education: Changes in Students' Civic Outcomes	The goal of this project is to examine the association between activities regularly used in civic education courses (e.g., staging a mock election) and their impact on key student outcomes. By linking classroom praxis to outcomes, we intend to provide evidence supporting best practices in civic education.	Constance Flanagan	'University of Wisconsin-Madison, Pennsylvania State University (former)	2007	Working Paper	CIRCLE
Educational research		Best Practices in Civic Education: Changes in Students' Civic Outcomes	The goal of this project is to examine the association between activities regularly used in civic education courses (e.g., staging a mock election) and their impact on key student outcomes. By linking classroom praxis to outcomes, we intend to provide evidence supporting best practices in civic education.	Michael Stout	Oklahoma State University	2007	Working Paper	CIRCLE
Political science		The Compensation Effect of Civic Education on Political Engagement: How Civics Classes Make Up for Missing Parental Socialization	We study the effects of civic education on political engagement, focusing especially on whether and how civic education can compensate for missing parental political socialization. We use data from the Belgian Political Panel Study (2006-2011) and the U.S. Youth-Parent Socialization Panel Study (1965-1997), which both contain information on political attitudes and behaviors of adolescents and young adults, those of their parents, and on the educational curriculum of the young respondents. Our findings suggest that civics training in schools indeed compensates for inequalities in family socialization with respect to political engagement.	Anja Neundorf	University of Nottingham	2015	Study	Political Behavior
Political science		The Compensation Effect of Civic Education on Political Engagement: How Civics Classes Make Up for Missing Parental Socialization	We study the effects of civic education on political engagement, focusing especially on whether and how civic education can compensate for missing parental political socialization. We use data from the Belgian Political Panel Study (2006-2011) and the U.S. Youth-Parent Socialization Panel Study (1965-1997), which both contain information on political attitudes and behaviors of adolescents and young adults, those of their parents, and on the educational curriculum of the young respondents. Our findings suggest that civics training in schools indeed compensates for inequalities in family socialization with respect to political engagement.	Richard Niemi	University of Rochester	2015	Study	Political Behavior
Political science		The Compensation Effect of Civic Education on Political Engagement: How Civics Classes Make Up for Missing Parental Socialization	We study the effects of civic education on political engagement, focusing especially on whether and how civic education can compensate for missing parental political socialization. We use data from the Belgian Political Panel Study (2006-2011) and the U.S. Youth-Parent Socialization Panel Study (1965-1997), which both contain information on political attitudes and behaviors of adolescents and young adults, those of their parents, and on the educational curriculum of the young respondents. Our findings suggest that civics training in schools indeed compensates for inequalities in family socialization with respect to political engagement.	Kaat Smets	University of London	2015	Study	Political Behavior
Developmental psychology	Educational research	Civic Education for Diverse Citizens in Global Times: Rethinking Theory and Practice	This book explores four interrelated themes: rethinking civic education in light of the diversity of U.S. society; re-examining these notions in an increasingly interconnected global context; re-considering the ways that civic education is researched and practiced; and taking stock of where we are currently through use of an historical understanding of civic education.	Beth Rubin	Rutgers University	2013	Book	Psychology Press
Developmental psychology	Educational research	Civic Education for Diverse Citizens in Global Times: Rethinking Theory and Practice	This book explores four interrelated themes: rethinking civic education in light of the diversity of U.S. society; re-examining these notions in an increasingly interconnected global context; re-considering the ways that civic education is researched and practiced; and taking stock of where we are currently through use of an historical understanding of civic education.	James Giarelli	Rutgers University	2013	Book	Psychology Press
Educational research		A Randomized Controlled Trial of Professional Development for Interdisciplinary Civic Education: Impacts on Humanities Teachers and Their Students	The study examined the impact of a PD intervention in two areas: (a) teacher self-efficacy, burnout, and professional engagement and satisfaction; and (b) the academic, civic, social, and ethical competencies of 9th and 10th grade students in the teachers' classes. Intervention teachers showed significantly greater self-efficacy in all eight assessed domains, more positive perceptions of professional support, satisfaction and growth, and greater personal accomplishment. Intervention students demonstrated stronger skills for analyzing evidence, agency, and cause and effect on an historical understanding performance measure; greater self-reported civic efficacy and tolerance for others with different views; and more positive perceptions of the classroom climate and the opportunities afforded for engaging with civic matters. Educators need evidence-based approaches for teaching complex social, civic, and political issues enabling students of diverse mindsets and backgrounds to engage constructively with one another while obtaining necessary skills and knowledge. These findings provide empirical support for a professional development approach that engages teachers in fostering academic and civic competencies critical to both participation in a democracy and success in college and career.	Dennis Barr	Facing History and Ourselves, Harvard University	2015	Study	Teachers College Record
Educational research		A Randomized Controlled Trial of Professional Development for Interdisciplinary Civic Education: Impacts on Humanities Teachers and Their Students	The study examined the impact of a PD intervention in two areas: (a) teacher self-efficacy, burnout, and professional engagement and satisfaction; and (b) the academic, civic, social, and ethical competencies of 9th and 10th grade students in the teachers' classes. Intervention teachers showed significantly greater self-efficacy in all eight assessed domains, more positive perceptions of professional support, satisfaction and growth, and greater personal accomplishment. Intervention students demonstrated stronger skills for analyzing evidence, agency, and cause and effect on an historical understanding performance measure; greater self-reported civic efficacy and tolerance for others with different views; and more positive perceptions of the classroom climate and the opportunities afforded for engaging with civic matters. Educators need evidence-based approaches for teaching complex social, civic, and political issues enabling students of diverse mindsets and backgrounds to engage constructively with one another while obtaining necessary skills and knowledge. These findings provide empirical support for a professional development approach that engages teachers in fostering academic and civic competencies critical to both participation in a democracy and success in college and career.	Beth Boulay	Abt Associates	2015	Study	Teachers College Record
Educational research		A Randomized Controlled Trial of Professional Development for Interdisciplinary Civic Education: Impacts on Humanities Teachers and Their Students	The study examined the impact of a PD intervention in two areas: (a) teacher self-efficacy, burnout, and professional engagement and satisfaction; and (b) the academic, civic, social, and ethical competencies of 9th and 10th grade students in the teachers' classes. Intervention teachers showed significantly greater self-efficacy in all eight assessed domains, more positive perceptions of professional support, satisfaction and growth, and greater personal accomplishment. Intervention students demonstrated stronger skills for analyzing evidence, agency, and cause and effect on an historical understanding performance measure; greater self-reported civic efficacy and tolerance for others with different views; and more positive perceptions of the classroom climate and the opportunities afforded for engaging with civic matters. Educators need evidence-based approaches for teaching complex social, civic, and political issues enabling students of diverse mindsets and backgrounds to engage constructively with one another while obtaining necessary skills and knowledge. These findings provide empirical support for a professional development approach that engages teachers in fostering academic and civic competencies critical to both participation in a democracy and success in college and career.	Robert Selman	Harvard University	2015	Study	Teachers College Record
Educational research		A Randomized Controlled Trial of Professional Development for Interdisciplinary Civic Education: Impacts on Humanities Teachers and Their Students	The study examined the impact of a PD intervention in two areas: (a) teacher self-efficacy, burnout, and professional engagement and satisfaction; and (b) the academic, civic, social, and ethical competencies of 9th and 10th grade students in the teachers' classes. Intervention teachers showed significantly greater self-efficacy in all eight assessed domains, more positive perceptions of professional support, satisfaction and growth, and greater personal accomplishment. Intervention students demonstrated stronger skills for analyzing evidence, agency, and cause and effect on an historical understanding performance measure; greater self-reported civic efficacy and tolerance for others with different views; and more positive perceptions of the classroom climate and the opportunities afforded for engaging with civic matters. Educators need evidence-based approaches for teaching complex social, civic, and political issues enabling students of diverse mindsets and backgrounds to engage constructively with one another while obtaining necessary skills and knowledge. These findings provide empirical support for a professional development approach that engages teachers in fostering academic and civic competencies critical to both participation in a democracy and success in college and career.	Rachel McCormick	Abt Associates	2015	Study	Teachers College Record
Educational research		A Randomized Controlled Trial of Professional Development for Interdisciplinary Civic Education: Impacts on Humanities Teachers and Their Students	The study examined the impact of a PD intervention in two areas: (a) teacher self-efficacy, burnout, and professional engagement and satisfaction; and (b) the academic, civic, social, and ethical competencies of 9th and 10th grade students in the teachers' classes. Intervention teachers showed significantly greater self-efficacy in all eight assessed domains, more positive perceptions of professional support, satisfaction and growth, and greater personal accomplishment. Intervention students demonstrated stronger skills for analyzing evidence, agency, and cause and effect on an historical understanding performance measure; greater self-reported civic efficacy and tolerance for others with different views; and more positive perceptions of the classroom climate and the opportunities afforded for engaging with civic matters. Educators need evidence-based approaches for teaching complex social, civic, and political issues enabling students of diverse mindsets and backgrounds to engage constructively with one another while obtaining necessary skills and knowledge. These findings provide empirical support for a professional development approach that engages teachers in fostering academic and civic competencies critical to both participation in a democracy and success in college and career.	Ethan Lowenstein	Eastern Michigan University	2015	Study	Teachers College Record
Educational research		A Randomized Controlled Trial of Professional Development for Interdisciplinary Civic Education: Impacts on Humanities Teachers and Their Students	The study examined the impact of a PD intervention in two areas: (a) teacher self-efficacy, burnout, and professional engagement and satisfaction; and (b) the academic, civic, social, and ethical competencies of 9th and 10th grade students in the teachers' classes. Intervention teachers showed significantly greater self-efficacy in all eight assessed domains, more positive perceptions of professional support, satisfaction and growth, and greater personal accomplishment. Intervention students demonstrated stronger skills for analyzing evidence, agency, and cause and effect on an historical understanding performance measure; greater self-reported civic efficacy and tolerance for others with different views; and more positive perceptions of the classroom climate and the opportunities afforded for engaging with civic matters. Educators need evidence-based approaches for teaching complex social, civic, and political issues enabling students of diverse mindsets and backgrounds to engage constructively with one another while obtaining necessary skills and knowledge. These findings provide empirical support for a professional development approach that engages teachers in fostering academic and civic competencies critical to both participation in a democracy and success in college and career.	Beth Gamse	Abt Associates	2015	Study	Teachers College Record
Educational research		A Randomized Controlled Trial of Professional Development for Interdisciplinary Civic Education: Impacts on Humanities Teachers and Their Students	The study examined the impact of a PD intervention in two areas: (a) teacher self-efficacy, burnout, and professional engagement and satisfaction; and (b) the academic, civic, social, and ethical competencies of 9th and 10th grade students in the teachers' classes. Intervention teachers showed significantly greater self-efficacy in all eight assessed domains, more positive perceptions of professional support, satisfaction and growth, and greater personal accomplishment. Intervention students demonstrated stronger skills for analyzing evidence, agency, and cause and effect on an historical understanding performance measure; greater self-reported civic efficacy and tolerance for others with different views; and more positive perceptions of the classroom climate and the opportunities afforded for engaging with civic matters. Educators need evidence-based approaches for teaching complex social, civic, and political issues enabling students of diverse mindsets and backgrounds to engage constructively with one another while obtaining necessary skills and knowledge. These findings provide empirical support for a professional development approach that engages teachers in fostering academic and civic competencies critical to both participation in a democracy and success in college and career.	Melinda Fine		2015	Study	Teachers College Record
Educational research		A Randomized Controlled Trial of Professional Development for Interdisciplinary Civic Education: Impacts on Humanities Teachers and Their Students	The study examined the impact of a PD intervention in two areas: (a) teacher self-efficacy, burnout, and professional engagement and satisfaction; and (b) the academic, civic, social, and ethical competencies of 9th and 10th grade students in the teachers' classes. Intervention teachers showed significantly greater self-efficacy in all eight assessed domains, more positive perceptions of professional support, satisfaction and growth, and greater personal accomplishment. Intervention students demonstrated stronger skills for analyzing evidence, agency, and cause and effect on an historical understanding performance measure; greater self-reported civic efficacy and tolerance for others with different views; and more positive perceptions of the classroom climate and the opportunities afforded for engaging with civic matters. Educators need evidence-based approaches for teaching complex social, civic, and political issues enabling students of diverse mindsets and backgrounds to engage constructively with one another while obtaining necessary skills and knowledge. These findings provide empirical support for a professional development approach that engages teachers in fostering academic and civic competencies critical to both participation in a democracy and success in college and career.	M. Brielle Leonard	Harvard University	2015	Study	Teachers College Record
Educational research		Education for Civic Engagement in Democracy: Service Learning and Other Promising Practices	This collection of essays and references addresses the problem of the disengagement in public affairs and politics by U.S. youth and young adults. The collection brings together evidence of youth disengagement and reports on promising practices for civic education. Several chapters are devoted to research findings on the impact of service and service learning and to programs that connect service to politics and public life. Other chapters explore methods to counter cynicism and lack of information or misinformation about political processes and public officials.	Sheilah Mann	American Political Science Association	2000	Book	ERIC/ChESS at the Social Studies Development Center of Indiana University
Educational research		Education for Civic Engagement in Democracy: Service Learning and Other Promising Practices	This collection of essays and references addresses the problem of the disengagement in public affairs and politics by U.S. youth and young adults. The collection brings together evidence of youth disengagement and reports on promising practices for civic education. Several chapters are devoted to research findings on the impact of service and service learning and to programs that connect service to politics and public life. Other chapters explore methods to counter cynicism and lack of information or misinformation about political processes and public officials.	John Patrick	Indiana University	2000	Book	ERIC/ChESS at the Social Studies Development Center of Indiana University
Educational research		"There's Still Not Justice": Youth Civic Identity Development Amid Distinct School and Community Contexts	This study provides a textured view of how civic identity is constructed and negotiated by racially and socioeconomically diverse adolescents, based on interviews and in-class discussions conducted with students in four public secondary schools. Youth living in distinct contexts come to school-based civic education with varied understandings--shaped by disparate daily experiences--of what it means to be an American citizen and a participant in the civic life of a democracy. This investigator's examination of diverse adolescents' discussions of their in-school and out-of-school civic experiences suggests a "typology" of civic identity that runs counter to prevalent views of the civic engagement of urban, minority youth. The study illustrates sharp disparities in daily civic experiences of youth from diverse racial and socioeconomic backgrounds, and suggests that schools can either hinder or encourage development of engaged, action-oriented civic identities among students from various contexts.	Beth Rubin	Rutgers University	2007	Study	Teachers College Record
Developmental psychology		Toward a Truly Democratic Civics Education in The Wiley Handbook of Developmental Psychology in Practice: Implementation and Impact	This chapter begins by outlining some of the central ideas and values that underlie democratic political systems and citizenship. Next, it summarizes research on the development of concepts of freedoms, rights, and democratic understandings in children and adolescents, as these concepts provide a foundation on which civics education efforts must rest. This is followed by a review and critical evaluation of civics education in practice, in order to elucidate some of the conditions under which such efforts have succeeded or failed. The chapter explores the contradictions and challenges encountered in attempts to implement a truly democratic civics education. It ends by considering factors that have contributed to the failure of civics education as practiced to achieve its promise, and offers examples of some successful curricular innovations that point to ways these problems may be overcome.	Charles Helwig	University of Toronto	2015	Chapter	x
Developmental psychology		Toward a Truly Democratic Civics Education in The Wiley Handbook of Developmental Psychology in Practice: Implementation and Impact	This chapter begins by outlining some of the central ideas and values that underlie democratic political systems and citizenship. Next, it summarizes research on the development of concepts of freedoms, rights, and democratic understandings in children and adolescents, as these concepts provide a foundation on which civics education efforts must rest. This is followed by a review and critical evaluation of civics education in practice, in order to elucidate some of the conditions under which such efforts have succeeded or failed. The chapter explores the contradictions and challenges encountered in attempts to implement a truly democratic civics education. It ends by considering factors that have contributed to the failure of civics education as practiced to achieve its promise, and offers examples of some successful curricular innovations that point to ways these problems may be overcome.	Shaogang Yang	City University of Macau	2015	Chapter	x
Educational research		Becoming Political: Comparative Perspectives on Citizenship Education	Using a comparative perspective, Becoming Political describes alternative forms of education for democracy and points to consequences of various alternatives in diverse settings. This study of civic education and adolescent political attitudes contains rich descriptive information from interviews with students and teachers and classroom observations in England, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United States, as well as findings from surveys in the five countries. Chapters focus on civic education in the five countries, adolescent political attitudes and behaviors, gender and political attitudes, support for free expression for diverse views, and classroom climate and the investigation of controversial public policy issues.	Carole Hahn	Emory University, National Council for the Social Studies (former president)	1998	Book	State University of New York Press
Educational research		Revitalizing K-12 Civic Learning In California: A Blueprint For Action	As we in California implement sweeping systemic changes, it is critical that we not leave civic learning behind. To this end, the Task Force makes the following system-wide recommendations to improve civic learning in every district, in every school, for every child. These recommendations constitute a comprehensive plan. The report that follows describes the context and rationale in more detail, elaborates on the recommendations, shares civic learning success stories from around the state and provides suggestions for actions we all can take immediately to dramatically improve the quality of civic learning in our schools.	California Task Force on K-12 Civic Learning	--	2014	Report	x	California Bar Foundation
Educational research		Revitalizing K-12 Civic Learning In California: A Blueprint For Action	As we in California implement sweeping systemic changes, it is critical that we not leave civic learning behind. To this end, the Task Force makes the following system-wide recommendations to improve civic learning in every district, in every school, for every child. These recommendations constitute a comprehensive plan. The report that follows describes the context and rationale in more detail, elaborates on the recommendations, shares civic learning success stories from around the state and provides suggestions for actions we all can take immediately to dramatically improve the quality of civic learning in our schools.	David Gordon	Sacramento County (Superintendent)	2014	Report		California Bar Foundation
Educational research		Revitalizing K-12 Civic Learning In California: A Blueprint For Action	As we in California implement sweeping systemic changes, it is critical that we not leave civic learning behind. To this end, the Task Force makes the following system-wide recommendations to improve civic learning in every district, in every school, for every child. These recommendations constitute a comprehensive plan. The report that follows describes the context and rationale in more detail, elaborates on the recommendations, shares civic learning success stories from around the state and provides suggestions for actions we all can take immediately to dramatically improve the quality of civic learning in our schools.	Judith McConnell	4th Appellate District Court of Appeal	2014	Report		California Bar Foundation
Educational research		Revitalizing K-12 Civic Learning In California: A Blueprint For Action	As we in California implement sweeping systemic changes, it is critical that we not leave civic learning behind. To this end, the Task Force makes the following system-wide recommendations to improve civic learning in every district, in every school, for every child. These recommendations constitute a comprehensive plan. The report that follows describes the context and rationale in more detail, elaborates on the recommendations, shares civic learning success stories from around the state and provides suggestions for actions we all can take immediately to dramatically improve the quality of civic learning in our schools.	Craig Cheslog	California Department of Public Instruction	2014	Report		California Bar Foundation
Educational research		Revitalizing K-12 Civic Learning In California: A Blueprint For Action	As we in California implement sweeping systemic changes, it is critical that we not leave civic learning behind. To this end, the Task Force makes the following system-wide recommendations to improve civic learning in every district, in every school, for every child. These recommendations constitute a comprehensive plan. The report that follows describes the context and rationale in more detail, elaborates on the recommendations, shares civic learning success stories from around the state and provides suggestions for actions we all can take immediately to dramatically improve the quality of civic learning in our schools.	Gary Hart	Public Policy Institute of California	2014	Report		California Bar Foundation
Educational research		Revitalizing K-12 Civic Learning In California: A Blueprint For Action	As we in California implement sweeping systemic changes, it is critical that we not leave civic learning behind. To this end, the Task Force makes the following system-wide recommendations to improve civic learning in every district, in every school, for every child. These recommendations constitute a comprehensive plan. The report that follows describes the context and rationale in more detail, elaborates on the recommendations, shares civic learning success stories from around the state and provides suggestions for actions we all can take immediately to dramatically improve the quality of civic learning in our schools.	Robert Gunnison	University of California-Berkeley	2014	Report		California Bar Foundation
Educational research		Revitalizing K-12 Civic Learning In California: A Blueprint For Action	As we in California implement sweeping systemic changes, it is critical that we not leave civic learning behind. To this end, the Task Force makes the following system-wide recommendations to improve civic learning in every district, in every school, for every child. These recommendations constitute a comprehensive plan. The report that follows describes the context and rationale in more detail, elaborates on the recommendations, shares civic learning success stories from around the state and provides suggestions for actions we all can take immediately to dramatically improve the quality of civic learning in our schools.	Michelle Herczog	National Council for the Social Studies	2014	Report		California Bar Foundation
Educational research		Revitalizing K-12 Civic Learning In California: A Blueprint For Action	As we in California implement sweeping systemic changes, it is critical that we not leave civic learning behind. To this end, the Task Force makes the following system-wide recommendations to improve civic learning in every district, in every school, for every child. These recommendations constitute a comprehensive plan. The report that follows describes the context and rationale in more detail, elaborates on the recommendations, shares civic learning success stories from around the state and provides suggestions for actions we all can take immediately to dramatically improve the quality of civic learning in our schools.	Bill Honig	State Board of Education	2014	Report		California Bar Foundation
Educational research		Revitalizing K-12 Civic Learning In California: A Blueprint For Action	As we in California implement sweeping systemic changes, it is critical that we not leave civic learning behind. To this end, the Task Force makes the following system-wide recommendations to improve civic learning in every district, in every school, for every child. These recommendations constitute a comprehensive plan. The report that follows describes the context and rationale in more detail, elaborates on the recommendations, shares civic learning success stories from around the state and provides suggestions for actions we all can take immediately to dramatically improve the quality of civic learning in our schools.	Joseph Kahne	University of California-Riverside, Civic Engagement Research Group (Director) at UC-Riverside, MacArthur Foundation (former), Mills College (former)	2014	Report		California Bar Foundation
Educational research		Revitalizing K-12 Civic Learning In California: A Blueprint For Action	As we in California implement sweeping systemic changes, it is critical that we not leave civic learning behind. To this end, the Task Force makes the following system-wide recommendations to improve civic learning in every district, in every school, for every child. These recommendations constitute a comprehensive plan. The report that follows describes the context and rationale in more detail, elaborates on the recommendations, shares civic learning success stories from around the state and provides suggestions for actions we all can take immediately to dramatically improve the quality of civic learning in our schools.	Patrick Kelly	State Bar of California	2014	Report		California Bar Foundation
Educational research		Revitalizing K-12 Civic Learning In California: A Blueprint For Action	As we in California implement sweeping systemic changes, it is critical that we not leave civic learning behind. To this end, the Task Force makes the following system-wide recommendations to improve civic learning in every district, in every school, for every child. These recommendations constitute a comprehensive plan. The report that follows describes the context and rationale in more detail, elaborates on the recommendations, shares civic learning success stories from around the state and provides suggestions for actions we all can take immediately to dramatically improve the quality of civic learning in our schools.	Cindy Marks	California School Board Association	2014	Report		California Bar Foundation
Educational research		Revitalizing K-12 Civic Learning In California: A Blueprint For Action	As we in California implement sweeping systemic changes, it is critical that we not leave civic learning behind. To this end, the Task Force makes the following system-wide recommendations to improve civic learning in every district, in every school, for every child. These recommendations constitute a comprehensive plan. The report that follows describes the context and rationale in more detail, elaborates on the recommendations, shares civic learning success stories from around the state and provides suggestions for actions we all can take immediately to dramatically improve the quality of civic learning in our schools.	Darline Robles	California Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools	2014	Report		California Bar Foundation
Educational research		Revitalizing K-12 Civic Learning In California: A Blueprint For Action	As we in California implement sweeping systemic changes, it is critical that we not leave civic learning behind. To this end, the Task Force makes the following system-wide recommendations to improve civic learning in every district, in every school, for every child. These recommendations constitute a comprehensive plan. The report that follows describes the context and rationale in more detail, elaborates on the recommendations, shares civic learning success stories from around the state and provides suggestions for actions we all can take immediately to dramatically improve the quality of civic learning in our schools.	Thomas Saenz	Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund	2014	Report		California Bar Foundation
Educational research		Revitalizing K-12 Civic Learning In California: A Blueprint For Action	As we in California implement sweeping systemic changes, it is critical that we not leave civic learning behind. To this end, the Task Force makes the following system-wide recommendations to improve civic learning in every district, in every school, for every child. These recommendations constitute a comprehensive plan. The report that follows describes the context and rationale in more detail, elaborates on the recommendations, shares civic learning success stories from around the state and provides suggestions for actions we all can take immediately to dramatically improve the quality of civic learning in our schools.	Richard Tom	California Bar Foundation	2014	Report		California Bar Foundation
Educational research		Revitalizing K-12 Civic Learning In California: A Blueprint For Action	As we in California implement sweeping systemic changes, it is critical that we not leave civic learning behind. To this end, the Task Force makes the following system-wide recommendations to improve civic learning in every district, in every school, for every child. These recommendations constitute a comprehensive plan. The report that follows describes the context and rationale in more detail, elaborates on the recommendations, shares civic learning success stories from around the state and provides suggestions for actions we all can take immediately to dramatically improve the quality of civic learning in our schools.	Jennifer Waggoner	California League of Women Voters	2014	Report		California Bar Foundation
Educational research		Revitalizing K-12 Civic Learning In California: A Blueprint For Action	As we in California implement sweeping systemic changes, it is critical that we not leave civic learning behind. To this end, the Task Force makes the following system-wide recommendations to improve civic learning in every district, in every school, for every child. These recommendations constitute a comprehensive plan. The report that follows describes the context and rationale in more detail, elaborates on the recommendations, shares civic learning success stories from around the state and provides suggestions for actions we all can take immediately to dramatically improve the quality of civic learning in our schools.	Allen Zaremberg	California Chamber of Commerce	2014	Report		California Bar Foundation
Educational research		The California Survey of Civic Education	The Campaign commissioned Professor Joseph Kahne of Mills College to construct and administer a survey to examine the civic knowledge, skills, and commitments of graduating high school seniors throughout the state and to assess the prevalence and impact of various educational practices as identified in The Civic Mission of Schools report. In 2005, the survey was conducted of 2,366 students who had completed a U.S. government course. Participating schools represented different geographic areas and were selected for a range of demographic and academic performance factors.	California Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools	--	2005	Report	x	Carnegie Corporation of New York, Annenberg Foundation, W.R. Hearst Foundation
Educational research		The California Survey of Civic Education	The Campaign commissioned Professor Joseph Kahne of Mills College to construct and administer a survey to examine the civic knowledge, skills, and commitments of graduating high school seniors throughout the state and to assess the prevalence and impact of various educational practices as identified in The Civic Mission of Schools report. In 2005, the survey was conducted of 2,366 students who had completed a U.S. government course. Participating schools represented different geographic areas and were selected for a range of demographic and academic performance factors.	Center for Civic Education	--	2005	Report		Carnegie Corporation of New York, Annenberg Foundation, W.R. Hearst Foundation
Educational research		The California Survey of Civic Education	The Campaign commissioned Professor Joseph Kahne of Mills College to construct and administer a survey to examine the civic knowledge, skills, and commitments of graduating high school seniors throughout the state and to assess the prevalence and impact of various educational practices as identified in The Civic Mission of Schools report. In 2005, the survey was conducted of 2,366 students who had completed a U.S. government course. Participating schools represented different geographic areas and were selected for a range of demographic and academic performance factors.	Constitutional Rights Foundation	--	2005	Report		Carnegie Corporation of New York, Annenberg Foundation, W.R. Hearst Foundation
Educational research		The California Survey of Civic Education	The Campaign commissioned Professor Joseph Kahne of Mills College to construct and administer a survey to examine the civic knowledge, skills, and commitments of graduating high school seniors throughout the state and to assess the prevalence and impact of various educational practices as identified in The Civic Mission of Schools report. In 2005, the survey was conducted of 2,366 students who had completed a U.S. government course. Participating schools represented different geographic areas and were selected for a range of demographic and academic performance factors.	Representative Democracy in America	--	2005	Report		Carnegie Corporation of New York, Annenberg Foundation, W.R. Hearst Foundation
Educational research		The California Survey of Civic Education	The Campaign commissioned Professor Joseph Kahne of Mills College to construct and administer a survey to examine the civic knowledge, skills, and commitments of graduating high school seniors throughout the state and to assess the prevalence and impact of various educational practices as identified in The Civic Mission of Schools report. In 2005, the survey was conducted of 2,366 students who had completed a U.S. government course. Participating schools represented different geographic areas and were selected for a range of demographic and academic performance factors.	Joseph Kahne	University of California-Riverside, Civic Engagement Research Group (Director) at UC-Riverside, MacArthur Foundation (former)	2005	Report		Carnegie Corporation of New York, Annenberg Foundation, W.R. Hearst Foundation
Developmental psychology		Does Context Matter? How the Family, Peer, School, and Neighborhood Contexts Relate to Adolescents’ Civic Engagement	In the current study I explored potential explanations for disparities in adolescent civic engagement through a comprehensive examination of context effects, including a focus on the mechanisms by which schools and neighborhoods collectively facilitate civic engagement. Learning the specific characteristics, practices, and processes of schools that help or hinder diverse groups of adolescents can suggest best practices for enhancing civic engagement for young people of a particular demographic background or in a particular neighborhood environment.	Britt Wilkenfeld	University of Maryland-College Park	2009	Working Paper	CIRCLE
Developmental psychology		Citizenship Attitudes and Allegiances in Diverse Youth	This study examined the relationships among three sets of variables in a sample of 299 diverse high school youth: (a) demographic variables such as ethnicity and immigrant status, (b) attitudes toward citizenship responsibilities, and (c) allegiances to three socializing institutions--family, school, and community. A measure of citizenship attitudes was found to identify two distinct constructs--Polity-Oriented and Civic-Oriented attitudes toward citizenship responsibilities, relating to the polity or nation-state, and to serving the community. European Americans were consistently lower on Polity-Oriented attitudes than Hispanic teens, and lower on family allegiance than other non-European American groups. Hispanic youth reported significantly lower community involvement than other non-European American groups as well as European American youth. Whereas the only significant correlation between allegiance and citizenship attitudes was between family allegiance and Polity-Oriented attitudes, there were multiple moderating effects of immigrant status and ethnicity. Results are discussed in terms of ethnicity and allegiances as contexts of socialization for the development of attitudes toward citizenship responsibilities.	Kimber Bogard	New York Academy of Medicine, National Academy of Medicine (former)	2008	Study	Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology
Developmental psychology		Citizenship Attitudes and Allegiances in Diverse Youth	This study examined the relationships among three sets of variables in a sample of 299 diverse high school youth: (a) demographic variables such as ethnicity and immigrant status, (b) attitudes toward citizenship responsibilities, and (c) allegiances to three socializing institutions--family, school, and community. A measure of citizenship attitudes was found to identify two distinct constructs--Polity-Oriented and Civic-Oriented attitudes toward citizenship responsibilities, relating to the polity or nation-state, and to serving the community. European Americans were consistently lower on Polity-Oriented attitudes than Hispanic teens, and lower on family allegiance than other non-European American groups. Hispanic youth reported significantly lower community involvement than other non-European American groups as well as European American youth. Whereas the only significant correlation between allegiance and citizenship attitudes was between family allegiance and Polity-Oriented attitudes, there were multiple moderating effects of immigrant status and ethnicity. Results are discussed in terms of ethnicity and allegiances as contexts of socialization for the development of attitudes toward citizenship responsibilities.	Lonnie Sherrod	Fordham University	2008	Study	Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology
Educational research		From teaching citizenship to learning democracy: overcoming individualism in research, policy and practice	In this article we argue for a shift in educational research, policy and practice away from teaching citizenship to an understanding of the ways young people learn democracy. In the first part of the article we identify the ways in which the discussion about citizenship in Britain has developed since the Second World War and show how a comprehensive understanding of citizenship, which has underpinned much recent thinking about citizenship education, has been replaced by a more overtly individualistic approach. In the second part of the article we delineate the key problems of this individualistic approach and make a case for an approach to citizenship education that takes as its point of departure the actual learning that occurs in the real lives of young people. In the concluding section, we outline the implications of our view for research, policy and practice.	Gert Biesta	Brunel University London, University of Humanistic Studies-the Netherlands	2006	Journal Article	Cambridge Journal of Education
Educational research		From teaching citizenship to learning democracy: overcoming individualism in research, policy and practice	In this article we argue for a shift in educational research, policy and practice away from teaching citizenship to an understanding of the ways young people learn democracy. In the first part of the article we identify the ways in which the discussion about citizenship in Britain has developed since the Second World War and show how a comprehensive understanding of citizenship, which has underpinned much recent thinking about citizenship education, has been replaced by a more overtly individualistic approach. In the second part of the article we delineate the key problems of this individualistic approach and make a case for an approach to citizenship education that takes as its point of departure the actual learning that occurs in the real lives of young people. In the concluding section, we outline the implications of our view for research, policy and practice.	Robert Lawy	University of Exeter	2006	Journal Article	Cambridge Journal of Education
Educational research		Civic Education: Recent History, Current Status, and the Future	While it is true that history, economics, literature, and other subjects do enhance students' understanding of government and politics, they cannot replace sustained, systematic attention to civic education. Therefore, a number of my colleagues in the field and I have developed standards that should guide the development of educational policy in every state and school district in the nation. The following is a brief overview of the recent history of civic education, its current status, including related research findings, and information regarding the current movement to develop increased support for the widespread implementation of civic education programs in our nation's schools.	Charles Quigley	Center for Civic Education	1999	Journal Article/Research review	Albany Law Review
Political science	Developmental psychology	Youth Civic Development: Implications of Research for Social Policy and Programs	Democracies must insure that each new generation of citizens identify with the common good and become engaged members of their communities. Such goals are prominent in the missions of public schools and community youth organizations. This report summarizes research which points to directions youth programs and policies should follow to achieve these civic goals.	Constance Flanagan	University of Wisconsin-Madison, Pennsylvania State University (former)	2001	Journal Article	Civic Engagement
Political science	Developmental psychology	Youth Civic Development: Implications of Research for Social Policy and Programs	Democracies must insure that each new generation of citizens identify with the common good and become engaged members of their communities. Such goals are prominent in the missions of public schools and community youth organizations. This report summarizes research which points to directions youth programs and policies should follow to achieve these civic goals.	Nakesha Faison	Penn State University	2001	Journal Article	Civic Engagement
Political science	Developmental psychology	Civic Engagement and the Changing Transition to Adulthood	This study argues that life has changed dramatically for people in their 20s. Marriage, childbearing, financial independence, and other aspects of the “transition to adulthoood” have been transformed since the 1970s, and are now very different for people with and without college educations. These changes and differences powerfully affect civic engagement. For example, it appears that younger generations have delayed voting, in much the same way that they have delayed marriage and childbearing. But young adults without college experience are permanently missing some aspects of civic engagement–such as group membership–that were common thirty years ago.	Constance Flanagan	University of Wisconsin-Madison, Penn State University (former)	2009	Paper	CIRCLE	Spencer Foundation
Political science	Developmental psychology	Civic Engagement and the Changing Transition to Adulthood	This study argues that life has changed dramatically for people in their 20s. Marriage, childbearing, financial independence, and other aspects of the “transition to adulthoood” have been transformed since the 1970s, and are now very different for people with and without college educations. These changes and differences powerfully affect civic engagement. For example, it appears that younger generations have delayed voting, in much the same way that they have delayed marriage and childbearing. But young adults without college experience are permanently missing some aspects of civic engagement–such as group membership–that were common thirty years ago.	Peter Levine	CIRCLE	2009	Study	CIRCLE	Spencer Foundation
Political science	Developmental psychology	Civic Engagement and the Changing Transition to Adulthood	This study argues that life has changed dramatically for people in their 20s. Marriage, childbearing, financial independence, and other aspects of the “transition to adulthoood” have been transformed since the 1970s, and are now very different for people with and without college educations. These changes and differences powerfully affect civic engagement. For example, it appears that younger generations have delayed voting, in much the same way that they have delayed marriage and childbearing. But young adults without college experience are permanently missing some aspects of civic engagement–such as group membership–that were common thirty years ago.	Richard Settersten	Oregon State University	2009	Study	CIRCLE	Spencer Foundation
Developmental psychology		Youth bulges in communities: the effects of age structure on adolescent civic knowledge and civic participation	Youth bulges, cohorts of 16- to 25-year-olds disproportionately large relative to the adult population, are linked with social upheaval in historical research. Limited civic knowledge and heightened civic participation in adolescence, resulting from socialization in communities with large populations of children, are hypothesized to be developmental precursors to the political activism characteristic of youth constituting bulges. In two studies with nationally representative samples, adolescents in communities with disproportionately large populations of children were found to have less civic knowledge than equivalent adolescents in communities without large populations of children. In both studies, civic participation was predicted by the interaction of a community's proportion of children and its poverty level. Similar patterns were identified in a third study using country-level data. Together, the findings demonstrate that the youthfulness of communities and countries influences civic development.	Daniel Hart	Rutgers University	2004	Study	Psychological Science
Developmental psychology		Youth bulges in communities: the effects of age structure on adolescent civic knowledge and civic participation	Youth bulges, cohorts of 16- to 25-year-olds disproportionately large relative to the adult population, are linked with social upheaval in historical research. Limited civic knowledge and heightened civic participation in adolescence, resulting from socialization in communities with large populations of children, are hypothesized to be developmental precursors to the political activism characteristic of youth constituting bulges. In two studies with nationally representative samples, adolescents in communities with disproportionately large populations of children were found to have less civic knowledge than equivalent adolescents in communities without large populations of children. In both studies, civic participation was predicted by the interaction of a community's proportion of children and its poverty level. Similar patterns were identified in a third study using country-level data. Together, the findings demonstrate that the youthfulness of communities and countries influences civic development.	Robert Atkins	Rutgers University	2004	Study	Psychological Science
Developmental psychology		Youth bulges in communities: the effects of age structure on adolescent civic knowledge and civic participation	Youth bulges, cohorts of 16- to 25-year-olds disproportionately large relative to the adult population, are linked with social upheaval in historical research. Limited civic knowledge and heightened civic participation in adolescence, resulting from socialization in communities with large populations of children, are hypothesized to be developmental precursors to the political activism characteristic of youth constituting bulges. In two studies with nationally representative samples, adolescents in communities with disproportionately large populations of children were found to have less civic knowledge than equivalent adolescents in communities without large populations of children. In both studies, civic participation was predicted by the interaction of a community's proportion of children and its poverty level. Similar patterns were identified in a third study using country-level data. Together, the findings demonstrate that the youthfulness of communities and countries influences civic development.	Patrick Markey	Villanova University	2004	Study	Psychological Science
Developmental psychology		Youth bulges in communities: the effects of age structure on adolescent civic knowledge and civic participation	Youth bulges, cohorts of 16- to 25-year-olds disproportionately large relative to the adult population, are linked with social upheaval in historical research. Limited civic knowledge and heightened civic participation in adolescence, resulting from socialization in communities with large populations of children, are hypothesized to be developmental precursors to the political activism characteristic of youth constituting bulges. In two studies with nationally representative samples, adolescents in communities with disproportionately large populations of children were found to have less civic knowledge than equivalent adolescents in communities without large populations of children. In both studies, civic participation was predicted by the interaction of a community's proportion of children and its poverty level. Similar patterns were identified in a third study using country-level data. Together, the findings demonstrate that the youthfulness of communities and countries influences civic development.	James Youniss	Catholic University	2004	Study	Psychological Science
Political science	Educational research	Voice in the Classroom: How an Open Classroom Climate Fosters Political Engagement among Adolescents	Analysis of data from CIVED, a major study of civic education conducted in 1999, finds that an open classroom climate has a positive impact on adolescents' civic knowledge and appreciation of political conflict, even upon controlling for numerous indivdiual, classroom, school, and district characteristics. Furthermore, an open classroom environment fosters young people's intention to be an informed voter. Results further show that exposure to an open classroom climate at school can partially compensate for the disadvantages of young peopl with low socioeconomic status.	David Campbell	University of Notre Dame, Rooney Center for the Study of American Democracy	2008	Journal Article	Political Behavior	CIRCLE, National Academy of Education
Political science		Sticking Together: Classroom Diversity and Civic Education	How does classroom racial diversity affect the civic dimension of American adolescents’ education? Does a high level of diversity correlate with more or less discussion of political issues, a key criterion for an effective civic education? Do different levels of political discussion, in turn, have consequences for the intention of adolescents to become informed voters? Using the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement Civic Education Study, this article puts these questions to the empirical test. Results show that racial diversity corresponds to a lower level of political discussion in the classroom. Less political discussion, in turn, correlates with a lower likelihood of adolescents’ stated intention of becoming an informed voter.	David Campbell	University of Notre Dame, Rooney Center for the Study of American Democracy	2007	Journal Article	American Politics Research
Educational research		Putting civics to the test: The impact of state-level civics assessments on civic knowledge	The national debate over the efficacy of state-level exams has largely ignored whether assessments in civics enhance democratic education, but a 2012 national survey of 18–24-year-olds substantiates the hypothesis that civics assessments matter for civic education. While civics assessments required for high school graduation do not appear to influence voter turnout or party identification, they do lead to greater civic knowledge in youths, with the greatest gains among African Americans, Hispanics, and immigrants—especially Hispanic immigrants. Future research should specifically address why required civics assessments are effective, what happens to civic knowledge when states adopt or eliminate their civics assessments, and whether the behavior of students, teachers, and administrators changes when a new civics assessment is introduced.	David Campbell	University of Notre Dame, Rooney Center for the Study of American Democracy	2014	Paper	AEI
Political science		Why We Vote: How Schools and Communities Shape Our Civic Life	Much of the research on political participation has found that levels of participation are higher in diverse communities where issues important to voters are hotly contested. In this well-argued book, David Campbell finds support for this view, but also shows that homogenous communities often have very high levels of civic participation despite a lack of political conflict. Campbell maintains that this sense of civic duty springs not only from one's current social environment, but also from one's early influences. The degree to which people feel a sense of civic obligation stems, in part, from their adolescent experience. Being raised and thus socialized in a community with strong civic norms leads people to be civically engaged in adulthood. Campbell demonstrates how the civic norms within one's high school impact individuals' civic involvement--even a decade and a half after those individuals have graduated. Efforts within America's high schools to enhance young people's sense of civic responsibility could have a participatory payoff in years to come, the book concludes; thus schools would do well to focus more attention on building civic norms among their students.	David Campbell	University of Notre Dame, Rooney Center for the Study of American Democracy	2006	Book	Princeton University Press
Political science		Gen.com: Youth, Civic Engagement, and the New Information Environment	What follows is an exploratory examination of the current disengagement of young Americans from public life, some thoughts on the roots of this disengagement, and speculations on the ways in which new technologies such as the Internet might be used to improve this state of affairs. It is meant to be a starting point for discussion.	Michael Carpini	University of Pennsylvania, Pew Charitable Trusts (former)	2000	Journal Article	Political Communication
Sociology	Political science	The Effects of Investment in the Social Capital of Youth on Political and Civic Behavior in Young Adulthood: A Longitudinal Analysis	This paper uses the National Education Longitudinal Study to examine whether early investments in the social capital of young people produce greater political involvement and civic virtue in young adulthood. Parental involvement in a young person's life, youth religious involvement, and voluntary association participation were some of the forms of social capital hypothesized to influence adult political behavior. Structural equations modeling was used to trace the effects of the presence of social capital as early as the 8th grade year in shaping young adult political and civic behavior. The analysis shows that early extensive connections to others, close familial relationships, religious participation, and participation in extracurricular activities in one's youth are significant predictors of greater political and civic involvement in young adulthood.	Elizabeth Smith	Furman University	1999	Journal Article	Political Psychology
Developmental psychology		A Typology of Youth Civic Engagement in Urban Middle Schools	This study draws on a sample of approximately 4,000 students from 11 urban middle schools in Tennessee to address several gaps in the civic engagement literature. First, we use latent class analysis to identify types of civic engagement in early adolescence. Second, we explore associations between types of engagement and youth behavioral and academic outcomes. Third, we focus on urban youth. A latent class analysis using survey items suggests a three-class structure for civic engagement in urban middle schools. One distinction is between students who are engaged and those who are not. Another distinction is that, among the engaged groups, one is engaged both behaviorally and attitudinally (social justice actors), whereas another has strong civic attitudes but infrequent civic behaviors (social justice sympathizers).	Adam Voigt	Cleveland State University	2013	Study	Applied Developmental Science
Developmental psychology		A Typology of Youth Civic Engagement in Urban Middle Schools	This study draws on a sample of approximately 4,000 students from 11 urban middle schools in Tennessee to address several gaps in the civic engagement literature. First, we use latent class analysis to identify types of civic engagement in early adolescence. Second, we explore associations between types of engagement and youth behavioral and academic outcomes. Third, we focus on urban youth. A latent class analysis using survey items suggests a three-class structure for civic engagement in urban middle schools. One distinction is between students who are engaged and those who are not. Another distinction is that, among the engaged groups, one is engaged both behaviorally and attitudinally (social justice actors), whereas another has strong civic attitudes but infrequent civic behaviors (social justice sympathizers).	Judith Torney-Purta	University of Maryland-College Park	2013	Study	Applied Developmental Science
Philosophy	Educational research	The Political Classroom: Evidence and Ethics in Democratic Education	In their new book, The Political Classroom: Evidence and Ethics in Democratic Education, Diana E. Hess and Paula McAvoy argue that schools are, and ought to be, political sites--places that engage students in deliberations about questions that ask, “How should we live together?” In the book Hess and McAvoy thoroughly explore what good practice looks like in the political classroom, findings about what students experience and learn in these classes, why this work is particularly challenging (and exciting) in today’s political climate, and the ethical dilemmas that arise when teachers engage students in deliberations about political issues.	Diana Hess	The Spencer Foundation, University of Wisconsin-Madison	2014	Book	Routledge
Philosophy	Educational research	The Political Classroom: Evidence and Ethics in Democratic Education	In their new book, The Political Classroom: Evidence and Ethics in Democratic Education, Diana E. Hess and Paula McAvoy argue that schools are, and ought to be, political sites--places that engage students in deliberations about questions that ask, “How should we live together?” In the book Hess and McAvoy thoroughly explore what good practice looks like in the political classroom, findings about what students experience and learn in these classes, why this work is particularly challenging (and exciting) in today’s political climate, and the ethical dilemmas that arise when teachers engage students in deliberations about political issues.	Paula McAvoy	University of Wisconsin-Madison, Spencer Foundation (former)	2014	Book	Routledge
Educational research		Continuing a Tradition of Research on the Foundations of Democratic Education: The National Professional Development and Evaluation Project	This paper highlights some of the nearly 100 studies that have been conducted on the program, as a context for presenting the latest and most comprehensive evaluation of the program’s effectiveness: the Facing History and Ourselves National Professional Development and Evaluation Project (NPDEP). The NPDEP provides evidence, using the most rigorous evaluation methods, that Facing History promotes teacher self-efficacy, professional satisfaction and growth, and student academic and civic learning.	Dennis Barr	Facing History and Ourselves, Harvard University	2010	Study	Facing History and Ourselves
Educational research		A Randomized Controlled Trial of Professional Development for Interdisciplinary Civic Education: Impacts on Humanities Teachers and Their Students	This paper describes the results of a randomized controlled trial assessing the impact of professional development designed to help humanities teachers effectively integrate civic education in their humanities courses to enhance both discipline-based and civic learning outcomes. The research examines teacher outcomes hypothesized as critical to the effective classroom implementation of the approach and student outcomes hypothesized to improve as a result, including civic skills, dispositions and behaviors, historical thinking skills, and social and ethical reflection.	Dennis Barr	Facing History and Ourselves, Harvard University	2015	Study	Teachers College Record	Richard and Susan Smith Family Foundation
Educational research		A Randomized Controlled Trial of Professional Development for Interdisciplinary Civic Education: Impacts on Humanities Teachers and Their Students	This paper describes the results of a randomized controlled trial assessing the impact of professional development designed to help humanities teachers effectively integrate civic education in their humanities courses to enhance both discipline-based and civic learning outcomes. The research examines teacher outcomes hypothesized as critical to the effective classroom implementation of the approach and student outcomes hypothesized to improve as a result, including civic skills, dispositions and behaviors, historical thinking skills, and social and ethical reflection.	Beth Boulay	Abt Associates	2015	Study	Teachers College Record	Richard and Susan Smith Family Foundation
Educational research		A Randomized Controlled Trial of Professional Development for Interdisciplinary Civic Education: Impacts on Humanities Teachers and Their Students	This paper describes the results of a randomized controlled trial assessing the impact of professional development designed to help humanities teachers effectively integrate civic education in their humanities courses to enhance both discipline-based and civic learning outcomes. The research examines teacher outcomes hypothesized as critical to the effective classroom implementation of the approach and student outcomes hypothesized to improve as a result, including civic skills, dispositions and behaviors, historical thinking skills, and social and ethical reflection.	Robert Selman	Harvard University	2015	Study	Teachers College Record	Richard and Susan Smith Family Foundation
Educational research		A Randomized Controlled Trial of Professional Development for Interdisciplinary Civic Education: Impacts on Humanities Teachers and Their Students	This paper describes the results of a randomized controlled trial assessing the impact of professional development designed to help humanities teachers effectively integrate civic education in their humanities courses to enhance both discipline-based and civic learning outcomes. The research examines teacher outcomes hypothesized as critical to the effective classroom implementation of the approach and student outcomes hypothesized to improve as a result, including civic skills, dispositions and behaviors, historical thinking skills, and social and ethical reflection.	Rachel McCormick	Abt Associates	2015	Study	Teachers College Record	Richard and Susan Smith Family Foundation
Educational research		A Randomized Controlled Trial of Professional Development for Interdisciplinary Civic Education: Impacts on Humanities Teachers and Their Students	This paper describes the results of a randomized controlled trial assessing the impact of professional development designed to help humanities teachers effectively integrate civic education in their humanities courses to enhance both discipline-based and civic learning outcomes. The research examines teacher outcomes hypothesized as critical to the effective classroom implementation of the approach and student outcomes hypothesized to improve as a result, including civic skills, dispositions and behaviors, historical thinking skills, and social and ethical reflection.	Ethan Lowenstein	Eastern Michigan University	2015	Study	Teachers College Record	Richard and Susan Smith Family Foundation
Educational research		A Randomized Controlled Trial of Professional Development for Interdisciplinary Civic Education: Impacts on Humanities Teachers and Their Students	This paper describes the results of a randomized controlled trial assessing the impact of professional development designed to help humanities teachers effectively integrate civic education in their humanities courses to enhance both discipline-based and civic learning outcomes. The research examines teacher outcomes hypothesized as critical to the effective classroom implementation of the approach and student outcomes hypothesized to improve as a result, including civic skills, dispositions and behaviors, historical thinking skills, and social and ethical reflection.	Beth Gamse	Abt Associates	2015	Study	Teachers College Record	Richard and Susan Smith Family Foundation
Educational research		A Randomized Controlled Trial of Professional Development for Interdisciplinary Civic Education: Impacts on Humanities Teachers and Their Students	This paper describes the results of a randomized controlled trial assessing the impact of professional development designed to help humanities teachers effectively integrate civic education in their humanities courses to enhance both discipline-based and civic learning outcomes. The research examines teacher outcomes hypothesized as critical to the effective classroom implementation of the approach and student outcomes hypothesized to improve as a result, including civic skills, dispositions and behaviors, historical thinking skills, and social and ethical reflection.	Melinda Fine	Public Interest Projects	2015	Study	Teachers College Record	Richard and Susan Smith Family Foundation
Educational research		A Randomized Controlled Trial of Professional Development for Interdisciplinary Civic Education: Impacts on Humanities Teachers and Their Students	This paper describes the results of a randomized controlled trial assessing the impact of professional development designed to help humanities teachers effectively integrate civic education in their humanities courses to enhance both discipline-based and civic learning outcomes. The research examines teacher outcomes hypothesized as critical to the effective classroom implementation of the approach and student outcomes hypothesized to improve as a result, including civic skills, dispositions and behaviors, historical thinking skills, and social and ethical reflection.	M. Brielle Leonard	Harvard University	2015	Study	Teachers College Record	Richard and Susan Smith Family Foundation
Political science		Voting Laws, Education, and Youth Civic Engagement: A Literature Review	Governments can influence young people’s rates of informed voting in two important ways: by enacting laws and policies that regulate the electoral system and by using laws and policies to influence civic education. The following findings illustrate what is known about the relationships among education, voting laws, and youth voting.	Haley Pero	CIRCLE (former)	2012	Working Paper	CIRCLE	Spencer Foundation
Political science		Voting Laws, Education, and Youth Civic Engagement: A Literature Review	Governments can influence young people’s rates of informed voting in two important ways: by enacting laws and policies that regulate the electoral system and by using laws and policies to influence civic education. The following findings illustrate what is known about the relationships among education, voting laws, and youth voting.	Laura Nelson		2012	Working Paper	CIRCLE	Spencer Foundation
Developmental psychology	Philosophy	Democratic citizenship: Responsible life in a free society	Civic education should teach children not only about democratic institutions but also how to live democratically in their everyday lives. To this end civic education should not be limited to a course within the formal curriculum of the school. Schools ought to provide children with experiences of democratic governance by giving them the opportunity to make and enforce school rules and policies. School psychologists should help teachers to involve students in deliberations that affect their lives and to see discipline or classroom management as much more than a matter of establishing order through social control.	F. Clark Power	University of Notre Dame	2014	Journal Article	School Pyschology International
Developmental psychology	Philosophy	Democratic citizenship: Responsible life in a free society	Civic education should teach children not only about democratic institutions but also how to live democratically in their everyday lives. To this end civic education should not be limited to a course within the formal curriculum of the school. Schools ought to provide children with experiences of democratic governance by giving them the opportunity to make and enforce school rules and policies. School psychologists should help teachers to involve students in deliberations that affect their lives and to see discipline or classroom management as much more than a matter of establishing order through social control.	Sarah Scott	Indiana State University	2014	Journal Article	School Pyschology International
Educational research		New and Alternative Assessments, Digital Badges, and Civics: An Overview of Emerging Themes and Promising Directions		Felicia Sullivan	CIRCLE	2013	Working Paper	CIRCLE	S.D. Bechtel Jr. Foundation
Educational research		Citizenship Education and Global Migration: Implications for Theory, Research, and Teaching,		James Banks	University of Washington	2017	Book	AERA
Sociology	Educational research	Beyond State Inclusion: On the Normalizing and Integrating Forces of Deterritorialized Citizenship and Civic Education		Bashir Bashir	Open University of Israel	2017	Chapter	AERA
Educational research		Multicultural and Citizenship Education in Canada: Slow Peace as an Alternative to Social Cohesion		Reva Joshee	University of Toronto	2017	Chapter	AERA
Educational research		Multicultural and Citizenship Education in Canada: Slow Peace as an Alternative to Social Cohesion		Monica Thomas	Edmonton Public Schools	2017	Chapter	AERA
Educational research		Toward a Powerful Human Rights Curriculum in Schools: Problems and Possibilities		Walter Parker	University of Washington	2017	Chapter	AERA
Political science	Sociology	What Social Scientists Have Learned about Civic Education: A Review of the Literature		David Campbell	University of Notre Dame, Rooney Center for the Study of American Democracy	2019	Research review	Peabody Journal of Education
Political science		The Republic is (Still) at Risk--and Civics is Part of the Solution		Peter Levine	CIRCLE	2017	White Paper		Carnegie Corporation of New York, Hewlett Foundation, Robert R. McCormick Foundation
Political science		The Republic is (Still) at Risk--and Civics is Part of the Solution		Kei Kawashima-Ginsberg	CIRCLE	2017	White Paper		Carnegie Corporation of New York, Hewlett Foundation, Robert R. McCormick Foundation
Political science		The Republic is (Still) at Risk--and Civics is Part of the Solution		Lou Frey Institute	--	2017	White Paper		Carnegie Corporation of New York, Hewlett Foundation, Robert R. McCormick Foundation
Political science		The Republic is (Still) at Risk--and Civics is Part of the Solution		Tufts Jonathan M. Tisch College of Civic Life	--	2017	White Paper		Carnegie Corporation of New York, Hewlett Foundation, Robert R. McCormick Foundation
Political science		The Republic is (Still) at Risk--and Civics is Part of the Solution		Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools	--	2017	White Paper		Carnegie Corporation of New York, Hewlett Foundation, Robert R. McCormick Foundation
Political science		The Republic is (Still) at Risk--and Civics is Part of the Solution		iCivics	--	2017	White Paper		Carnegie Corporation of New York, Hewlett Foundation, Robert R. McCormick Foundation
Political science		The Challenges Facing Civic Education in the 21st Century		Kathleen Jamieson		2013		Annenberg School for Communication
Environmental education		Education for strategic environmental behavior	This article reviews four bodies of research that shed light on how to promote active care for the environment in children and youth: research on sources of proenvironmental behavior, socialization for democratic skills and values, the development of a personal sense of competence, and the development of collective competence.	Louise Chawla		2007	Research review	Environmental Education Research
Environmental education		Education for strategic environmental behavior	This article reviews four bodies of research that shed light on how to promote active care for the environment in children and youth: research on sources of proenvironmental behavior, socialization for democratic skills and values, the development of a personal sense of competence, and the development of collective competence.	Debra Flanders Cushing		2007	Research review	Environmental Education Research
Developmental psychology		School-based required community service and civic development in adolescents	This study focused on the role of school-based required community service in promoting adolescents’ prosocial behavior and intended future civic involvement when service is differentiated by types and by adolescents’ perceived experience.	Heinz Reinders	University of Mannheim	2006	Study	Applied Developmental Science
Developmental psychology		School-based required community service and civic development in adolescents	This study focused on the role of school-based required community service in promoting adolescents’ prosocial behavior and intended future civic involvement when service is differentiated by types and by adolescents’ perceived experience.	James Youniss	Life Cycle Institute, Catholic University of America	2006	Study	Applied Developmental Science
Sociology		Roots of Civic Identity: International Perspectives on Community Service and Activism in Youth	This book brings together an international collection of essays that describes the state of community participation among the world's youth. Authors from around the globe use fresh empirical data to present portraits of contemporary youths constructing their civic identities through such means as community service and political activism. The image of "Generation X" as socially disconnected and apathetic is contradicted by young people's efforts to comprehend the complexities of society and to work toward the realization of social-moral ideals. The findings in this volume contribute to a theory of political socialization that bases youth's understanding of political aspects of society and citizenship on participation in community and civic activities, rather than on the intake of abstract pieces of formal information.	Miranda Yates		1999	Book	Univeristy of Chicago Press
Sociology		Roots of Civic Identity: International Perspectives on Community Service and Activism in Youth	This book brings together an international collection of essays that describes the state of community participation among the world's youth. Authors from around the globe use fresh empirical data to present portraits of contemporary youths constructing their civic identities through such means as community service and political activism. The image of "Generation X" as socially disconnected and apathetic is contradicted by young people's efforts to comprehend the complexities of society and to work toward the realization of social-moral ideals. The findings in this volume contribute to a theory of political socialization that bases youth's understanding of political aspects of society and citizenship on participation in community and civic activities, rather than on the intake of abstract pieces of formal information.	James Youniss		1999	Book	Univeristy of Chicago Press
Educational research		Civic Education: What makes students learn	This book takes a look at what U.S. high school seniors know about government and politics and how they learn about it. Secondary school civics courses enhance students' civic knowledge. The book is based on the 1988 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), the most extensive assessment to date of civic knowledge among youth. The depth of students' knowledge on a wide range of political and civic topics is documented. Differences in civic knowledge are demonstrated among students grouped according to race, gender, type of school, amount of instruction, and other characteristics of individuals, schools, and homes. A theoretical model to explain the cognitive process by which students learn about politics is developed and tested and then discussed. Specific changes in the style and emphasis of civics teaching are suggested.	Jane Junn		1998	Book	Yale University Press
Educational research		Civic Education: What makes students learn	This book takes a look at what U.S. high school seniors know about government and politics and how they learn about it. Secondary school civics courses enhance students' civic knowledge. The book is based on the 1988 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), the most extensive assessment to date of civic knowledge among youth. The depth of students' knowledge on a wide range of political and civic topics is documented. Differences in civic knowledge are demonstrated among students grouped according to race, gender, type of school, amount of instruction, and other characteristics of individuals, schools, and homes. A theoretical model to explain the cognitive process by which students learn about politics is developed and tested and then discussed. Specific changes in the style and emphasis of civics teaching are suggested.	Richard Niemi		1998	Book	Yale University Press
Environmental education		The action competence approach in environmental education	In this article, the concept of action competence is presented and an attempt is made to locate it within the concept of general educational theory. The concept of action competence, it is argued, should occupy a central position in the theory of environmental education as many of the crucial educational problems concerning a political liberal education are united in this concept. Uses evidence from Danish schools.	Karsten Schnack	Royal Danish School of Educational Studies	1997	Journal Article	Environmental Education Research
Environmental education		The action competence approach in environmental education	In this article, the concept of action competence is presented and an attempt is made to locate it within the concept of general educational theory. The concept of action competence, it is argued, should occupy a central position in the theory of environmental education as many of the crucial educational problems concerning a political liberal education are united in this concept. Uses evidence from Danish schools.	Bjarne Bruun Jensen	Royal Danish School of Educational Studies	1997	Journal Article	Environmental Education Research
Developmental psychology		Ties that bind: Correlates of adolescents’ civic commitment in seven countries	The relationship of voluntary work, school climates, and family values to public interest as a life goal of adolescents is presented for a sample of 5,579 12–18 year olds in three stable and four transitional democracies. In five of the seven countries, females were more likely than males to be engaged in voluntary work, and in all seven countries girls were more likely than boys to report that their families encouraged an ethic of social responsibility. Regardless of gender or country, adolescents were more likely to consider public interest an important life goal when their families emphasized an ethic of social responsibility. In addition, engagement in volunteer work and a sense of student solidarity at school were formative components of public interest as a life goal for youth in some but not all countries.	Constance Flanagan	'University of Wisconsin-Madison, Pennsylvania State University (former)	1998	Study	Journal of Social Issues	William T. Grant Foundation, Johann Jacobs Foundation
Developmental psychology		Ties that bind: Correlates of adolescents’ civic commitment in seven countries	The relationship of voluntary work, school climates, and family values to public interest as a life goal of adolescents is presented for a sample of 5,579 12–18 year olds in three stable and four transitional democracies. In five of the seven countries, females were more likely than males to be engaged in voluntary work, and in all seven countries girls were more likely than boys to report that their families encouraged an ethic of social responsibility. Regardless of gender or country, adolescents were more likely to consider public interest an important life goal when their families emphasized an ethic of social responsibility. In addition, engagement in volunteer work and a sense of student solidarity at school were formative components of public interest as a life goal for youth in some but not all countries.	Jennifer Bowes	Macquarie University	1998	Study	Journal of Social Issues	William T. Grant Foundation, Johann Jacobs Foundation
Developmental psychology		Ties that bind: Correlates of adolescents’ civic commitment in seven countries	The relationship of voluntary work, school climates, and family values to public interest as a life goal of adolescents is presented for a sample of 5,579 12–18 year olds in three stable and four transitional democracies. In five of the seven countries, females were more likely than males to be engaged in voluntary work, and in all seven countries girls were more likely than boys to report that their families encouraged an ethic of social responsibility. Regardless of gender or country, adolescents were more likely to consider public interest an important life goal when their families emphasized an ethic of social responsibility. In addition, engagement in volunteer work and a sense of student solidarity at school were formative components of public interest as a life goal for youth in some but not all countries.	Britta Jonsson		1998	Study	Journal of Social Issues	William T. Grant Foundation, Johann Jacobs Foundation
Developmental psychology		Ties that bind: Correlates of adolescents’ civic commitment in seven countries	The relationship of voluntary work, school climates, and family values to public interest as a life goal of adolescents is presented for a sample of 5,579 12–18 year olds in three stable and four transitional democracies. In five of the seven countries, females were more likely than males to be engaged in voluntary work, and in all seven countries girls were more likely than boys to report that their families encouraged an ethic of social responsibility. Regardless of gender or country, adolescents were more likely to consider public interest an important life goal when their families emphasized an ethic of social responsibility. In addition, engagement in volunteer work and a sense of student solidarity at school were formative components of public interest as a life goal for youth in some but not all countries.	Elena Sheblanova		1998	Study	Journal of Social Issues	William T. Grant Foundation, Johann Jacobs Foundation
Developmental psychology		Ties that bind: Correlates of adolescents’ civic commitment in seven countries	The relationship of voluntary work, school climates, and family values to public interest as a life goal of adolescents is presented for a sample of 5,579 12–18 year olds in three stable and four transitional democracies. In five of the seven countries, females were more likely than males to be engaged in voluntary work, and in all seven countries girls were more likely than boys to report that their families encouraged an ethic of social responsibility. Regardless of gender or country, adolescents were more likely to consider public interest an important life goal when their families emphasized an ethic of social responsibility. In addition, engagement in volunteer work and a sense of student solidarity at school were formative components of public interest as a life goal for youth in some but not all countries.	Beno Csapo	University of Szeged	1998	Study	Journal of Social Issues	William T. Grant Foundation, Johann Jacobs Foundation
Educational research		Reinventing the high school government course: Rigor, simulations, and learning from text.	This article presents the curriculum that resulted from a multiyear study aimed at improving a high school government course. The pedagogic model, called Knowledge in Action, centers on a rigorous form of project- based learning where the projects are weeks- long simulations. The irst section introduces the course and the study, the second describes the methodology and design principles, the third describes the political simulations that are the spine of the course, and the fourth examines implementation and design issues that emerged across the years.	Walter Parker	University of Washington-Seattle	2016	Journal Article	Democracy and Education	Spencer Foundation, George Lucas Educational Foundation
Educational research		Reinventing the high school government course: Rigor, simulations, and learning from text.	This article presents the curriculum that resulted from a multiyear study aimed at improving a high school government course. The pedagogic model, called Knowledge in Action, centers on a rigorous form of project- based learning where the projects are weeks- long simulations. The irst section introduces the course and the study, the second describes the methodology and design principles, the third describes the political simulations that are the spine of the course, and the fourth examines implementation and design issues that emerged across the years.	Jane Lo	Florida State University	2016	Journal Article	Democracy and Education	Spencer Foundation, George Lucas Educational Foundation
Educational research		Educating for Democracy in a Partisan Age: Confronting the Challenges of Motivated Reasoning and Misinformation	This article investigates youth judgments of the accuracy of truth claims tied to controversial public issues. In an experiment embedded within a nationally representative survey of youth ages 15 to 27 (N = 2,101), youth were asked to judge the accuracy of one of several simulated online posts. Consistent with research on motivated reasoning, youth assessments depended on (a) the alignment of the claim with one’s prior policy position and to a lesser extent on (b) whether the post included an inaccurate statement. To consider ways educators might improve judgments of accuracy, we also investigated the influence of political knowledge and exposure to media literacy education. We found that political knowledge did not improve judgments of accuracy but that media literacy education did.	Joseph Kahne	University of California-Riverside, Civic Engagement Research Group (Director) at UC-Riverside, MacArthur Foundation (former), Mills College (former)	2016	Study	American Educational Research Journal
Educational research		Educating for Democracy in a Partisan Age: Confronting the Challenges of Motivated Reasoning and Misinformation	This article investigates youth judgments of the accuracy of truth claims tied to controversial public issues. In an experiment embedded within a nationally representative survey of youth ages 15 to 27 (N = 2,101), youth were asked to judge the accuracy of one of several simulated online posts. Consistent with research on motivated reasoning, youth assessments depended on (a) the alignment of the claim with one’s prior policy position and to a lesser extent on (b) whether the post included an inaccurate statement. To consider ways educators might improve judgments of accuracy, we also investigated the influence of political knowledge and exposure to media literacy education. We found that political knowledge did not improve judgments of accuracy but that media literacy education did.	Benjamin Bowyer	Santa Clara University	2016	Study	American Educational Research Journal
Educational research		Democracy for some: The civic opportunity gap in high school	In our study of high school civic opportunities, we found that a student’s race and academic track, and a school’s average socioeconomic status (SES) determines the availability of the school-based civic learning opportunities that promote voting and broader forms of civic engagement. High school students attending higher SES schools, those who are college-bound, and white students get more of these opportunities than low-income students, those not heading to college, and students of color. The study is based on surveys of more than 2,500 California juniors and seniors over a two-year period (2005-2007) as well as on analysis of a nationally representative data set of more 2,811 9th graders.	Joseph Kahne	University of California-Riverside, Mills College (former)	2008	Study	CIRCLE	Carnegie Corporation of New York, Annenberg Foundation, W.R. Hearst Foundation
Educational research		Democracy for some: The civic opportunity gap in high school	In our study of high school civic opportunities, we found that a student’s race and academic track, and a school’s average socioeconomic status (SES) determines the availability of the school-based civic learning opportunities that promote voting and broader forms of civic engagement. High school students attending higher SES schools, those who are college-bound, and white students get more of these opportunities than low-income students, those not heading to college, and students of color. The study is based on surveys of more than 2,500 California juniors and seniors over a two-year period (2005-2007) as well as on analysis of a nationally representative data set of more 2,811 9th graders.	Ellen Middaugh	University of California-Berkeley	2008	Study	CIRCLE	Carnegie Corporation of New York, Annenberg Foundation, W.R. Hearst Foundation
Political science		Youth, social justice, and communities: Toward a theory of urban youth policy	In this article, we discuss five vital points that will contribute to the advancement of theory and policymaking for youth in urban communities. First, we argue that the current wave of policy directed at youth renders them second-class citizens who are prevented from full democratic participation. Second, we offer a critique of existing conceptual frameworks for youth development, which we call the problem-driven and the possibility-driven approaches. Third, we contend that urban youth behaviors should be conceptualized within the political economy of urban communities. Fourth, we discuss how an understanding of the political economy and of specific forms of social capital in community settings can illuminate an alternative, social justice framework that emphasizes young people's potential to play a vital role in social and community problem solving. Fifth, we explore critical factors in urban youth's social activism by reviewing examples of young people's collective capacity to change coercive and debilitating public policy.	Shawn Ginwright	San Francisco State University	2005	Journal Article	Social Justice
Political science		Youth, social justice, and communities: Toward a theory of urban youth policy	In this article, we discuss five vital points that will contribute to the advancement of theory and policymaking for youth in urban communities. First, we argue that the current wave of policy directed at youth renders them second-class citizens who are prevented from full democratic participation. Second, we offer a critique of existing conceptual frameworks for youth development, which we call the problem-driven and the possibility-driven approaches. Third, we contend that urban youth behaviors should be conceptualized within the political economy of urban communities. Fourth, we discuss how an understanding of the political economy and of specific forms of social capital in community settings can illuminate an alternative, social justice framework that emphasizes young people's potential to play a vital role in social and community problem solving. Fifth, we explore critical factors in urban youth's social activism by reviewing examples of young people's collective capacity to change coercive and debilitating public policy.	Julio Cammarota	University of Arizona	2005	Journal Article	Social Justice
Political science		Youth, social justice, and communities: Toward a theory of urban youth policy	In this article, we discuss five vital points that will contribute to the advancement of theory and policymaking for youth in urban communities. First, we argue that the current wave of policy directed at youth renders them second-class citizens who are prevented from full democratic participation. Second, we offer a critique of existing conceptual frameworks for youth development, which we call the problem-driven and the possibility-driven approaches. Third, we contend that urban youth behaviors should be conceptualized within the political economy of urban communities. Fourth, we discuss how an understanding of the political economy and of specific forms of social capital in community settings can illuminate an alternative, social justice framework that emphasizes young people's potential to play a vital role in social and community problem solving. Fifth, we explore critical factors in urban youth's social activism by reviewing examples of young people's collective capacity to change coercive and debilitating public policy.	Pedro Noguera	New York University	2005	Journal Article	Social Justice
Educational research		Building an evidence-based practice of action civics: The current state of assessments and recommendation for the future	Over the past two decades, in both youth development and civic education, leaders have adopted increasingly strength-based, action-centered approaches to teaching civic and leadership skills. The driving questions of this report are as follows: how are NACC member organizations currently evaluating their work and what framework could guide future evaluation and assessment of action civics?	Jessica Gingold	Harvard Graduate School of Education	2013	Report	CIRCLE
Political science	Educational research	Testing civics: State-level civic education requirements and political knowledge	Do state-level exams in civics have an impact on young people’s civic knowledge? We hypothesize that civics exams have the biggest effect in states where they matter most—i.e., where they are a requirement for high school graduation—the incentive hypothesis. We further hypothesize that civics requirements have the biggest effect on young people with less exposure to information about the U.S. political system at home, specifically Latinos and, especially, immigrants—the compensation hypothesis. We test these hypotheses with two sources of data—first, from high school students with the 2006 and 2010 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) civics test, and second, from a large national survey of 18-24 year-olds. Across the two datasets, we find modest support for the incentive hypothesis and strong support for the compensation hypothesis.	David Campbell	University of Notre Dame	2016	Study	American Political Science Review	Spencer Foundation
Political science	Educational research	Testing civics: State-level civic education requirements and political knowledge	Do state-level exams in civics have an impact on young people’s civic knowledge? We hypothesize that civics exams have the biggest effect in states where they matter most—i.e., where they are a requirement for high school graduation—the incentive hypothesis. We further hypothesize that civics requirements have the biggest effect on young people with less exposure to information about the U.S. political system at home, specifically Latinos and, especially, immigrants—the compensation hypothesis. We test these hypotheses with two sources of data—first, from high school students with the 2006 and 2010 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) civics test, and second, from a large national survey of 18-24 year-olds. Across the two datasets, we find modest support for the incentive hypothesis and strong support for the compensation hypothesis.	Richared Niemi	University of Rochester	2016	Study	American Political Science Review	Spencer Foundation
Community psychology		Action civics for promoting civic development: Main effects of program participation and differences by project characteristics.	Using both quantitative and qualitative data, this study examined the effect of participating in an action civics intervention, Generation Citizen (GC), on civic commitment, civic self-efficacy, and two forms of civic knowledge. The sample consisted of 617 middle and high schools students in 55 classrooms who participated, or were soon to participate, in Generation Citizen. Hierarchical linear models revealed that participating in Generation Citizen was associated with positive gains in action civics knowledge and civic self-efficacy.	Parissa Ballard	University of California-Berkeley	2017	Study	American Journal of Community Psychology	Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Community psychology		Action civics for promoting civic development: Main effects of program participation and differences by project characteristics.	Using both quantitative and qualitative data, this study examined the effect of participating in an action civics intervention, Generation Citizen (GC), on civic commitment, civic self-efficacy, and two forms of civic knowledge. The sample consisted of 617 middle and high schools students in 55 classrooms who participated, or were soon to participate, in Generation Citizen. Hierarchical linear models revealed that participating in Generation Citizen was associated with positive gains in action civics knowledge and civic self-efficacy.	Alison Cohen	University of California-Berkeley	2017	Study	American Journey of Community Psychology	Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Community psychology		Action civics for promoting civic development: Main effects of program participation and differences by project characteristics.	Using both quantitative and qualitative data, this study examined the effect of participating in an action civics intervention, Generation Citizen (GC), on civic commitment, civic self-efficacy, and two forms of civic knowledge. The sample consisted of 617 middle and high schools students in 55 classrooms who participated, or were soon to participate, in Generation Citizen. Hierarchical linear models revealed that participating in Generation Citizen was associated with positive gains in action civics knowledge and civic self-efficacy.	Joshua Littenberg-Tobias	The New Teacher Project	2017	Study	American Journey of Community Psychology	Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Developmental psychology		Character compass: How powerful school culture can point students towards success	In Character Compass, Scott Seider offers portraits of three high-performing urban schools in Boston, Massachusetts that have made character development central to their mission of supporting student success, yet define character in three very different ways. Drawing on surveys, interviews, field notes, and student achievement data, Character Compass highlights the unique effects of these distinct approaches to character development as well as the implications for parents, educators, and policymakers committed to fostering powerful school culture in their own school communities.	Scott Seider	Boston University	2012	Book	Harvard Education Press
Political science	Sociology	The effects of investments in the social capital of youth on political and civic behavior in young adulthood: A longitudinal analysis	This paper uses the National Education Longitudinal Study to examine whether early investments in the social capital of young people produce greater political involvement and civic virtue in young adulthood. The analysis shows that early extensive connections to others, close familial relationships, religious participation, and participation in extracurricular activities in one's youth are significant predictors of greater political and civic involvement in young adulthood.	Elizabeth Smith	Furman University	1999	Study	Political Psychology
Developmental psychology		Adolescents’ participation in service activities and its impact on academic, behavioral, and civic outcomes.	The National Household Education Survey, a nationally representative data set (N=4,306 high school students and one parent of each), was analyzed to describe characteristics of adolescents, the nature of their service activities, and academic, behavioral and civic outcomes associated with service (voluntary compared to school-required and by type of service). Participation in any service is associated with positive outcomes whether service is voluntary or required. Adolescents who worked directly with individuals in need had better academic adjustment; those who worked for organizations had better civic outcomes than adolescents who performed other types of service.	Jennifer Schmidt	Northern Illinois University	2007	Study	Journal of Youth and Adolescence	College of Education Scholarship Fund at Northern Illinois University
Developmental psychology		Adolescents’ participation in service activities and its impact on academic, behavioral, and civic outcomes.	The National Household Education Survey, a nationally representative data set (N=4,306 high school students and one parent of each), was analyzed to describe characteristics of adolescents, the nature of their service activities, and academic, behavioral and civic outcomes associated with service (voluntary compared to school-required and by type of service). Participation in any service is associated with positive outcomes whether service is voluntary or required. Adolescents who worked directly with individuals in need had better academic adjustment; those who worked for organizations had better civic outcomes than adolescents who performed other types of service.	Lee Shumow	Northern Illinois University	2007	Study	Journal of Youth and Adolescence	College of Education Scholarship Fund at Northern Illinois University
Developmental psychology		Adolescents’ participation in service activities and its impact on academic, behavioral, and civic outcomes.	The National Household Education Survey, a nationally representative data set (N=4,306 high school students and one parent of each), was analyzed to describe characteristics of adolescents, the nature of their service activities, and academic, behavioral and civic outcomes associated with service (voluntary compared to school-required and by type of service). Participation in any service is associated with positive outcomes whether service is voluntary or required. Adolescents who worked directly with individuals in need had better academic adjustment; those who worked for organizations had better civic outcomes than adolescents who performed other types of service.	Hayal Kackar	Northern Illinois University	2007	Study	Journal of Youth and Adolescence	College of Education Scholarship Fund at Northern Illinois University
Political science		Community service by high school students: A cure for civic ills?	In response to what some see as a crisis in civic attitudes and participation, there has been a reinvigorated effort to involve high school students in school-based community activities and in less formal, volunteer community service. Using a nationally representative sample of 9th–12th graders from 1996, we document a high participation rate but also note that many students perform service only once or twice a year and in limited capacities. Participation rates are related to certain student, family, and school characteristics; school policies are also significant, though arranging but not requiring participation may be the key. Participation appears to stimulate greater political knowledge, more political discussions with parents, enhanced participation skills, and higher political efficacy, but not more tolerance of diversity.	Richard Niemi	University of Rochester	2000	Study	Political Behavior	AERA
Political science		Community service by high school students: A cure for civic ills?	In response to what some see as a crisis in civic attitudes and participation, there has been a reinvigorated effort to involve high school students in school-based community activities and in less formal, volunteer community service. Using a nationally representative sample of 9th–12th graders from 1996, we document a high participation rate but also note that many students perform service only once or twice a year and in limited capacities. Participation rates are related to certain student, family, and school characteristics; school policies are also significant, though arranging but not requiring participation may be the key. Participation appears to stimulate greater political knowledge, more political discussions with parents, enhanced participation skills, and higher political efficacy, but not more tolerance of diversity.	Mary Hepburn	University of Georgia	2000	Study	Political Behavior	AERA
Political science		Community service by high school students: A cure for civic ills?	In response to what some see as a crisis in civic attitudes and participation, there has been a reinvigorated effort to involve high school students in school-based community activities and in less formal, volunteer community service. Using a nationally representative sample of 9th–12th graders from 1996, we document a high participation rate but also note that many students perform service only once or twice a year and in limited capacities. Participation rates are related to certain student, family, and school characteristics; school policies are also significant, though arranging but not requiring participation may be the key. Participation appears to stimulate greater political knowledge, more political discussions with parents, enhanced participation skills, and higher political efficacy, but not more tolerance of diversity.	Chris Chapman	National Center for Education Statistics	2000	Study	Political Behavior	AERA
Political science	Developmental psychology	Longitudinal gains in civic development through school-based required service.	Despite recent figures indicating that 26% of public high schools in the United States require student involvement in community service or service learning, there is little empirical evidence to support such policies. In the present study, successive cohorts of high school students, one without (n = 174) and two with a community service requirement (n = 312), were compared longitudinally on measures of civic attitudes and behaviors. Students already inclined to serve scored high on all measures throughout and showed no advantage after meeting the requirement. However students who were less inclined to serve showed marked gains on three of four civic measures after completing their requirement. This quasi-natural experiment provides support for the argument that a well-designed service program can have a clear benefit in civic development for nonself-selected youth.	James Youniss	Catholic University of America	2005	Study	Political Psychology	Carnegie Corporation of New York, William T. Grant Foundation, Fetzer institute
Political science	Developmental psychology	Longitudinal gains in civic development through school-based required service.	Despite recent figures indicating that 26% of public high schools in the United States require student involvement in community service or service learning, there is little empirical evidence to support such policies. In the present study, successive cohorts of high school students, one without (n = 174) and two with a community service requirement (n = 312), were compared longitudinally on measures of civic attitudes and behaviors. Students already inclined to serve scored high on all measures throughout and showed no advantage after meeting the requirement. However students who were less inclined to serve showed marked gains on three of four civic measures after completing their requirement. This quasi-natural experiment provides support for the argument that a well-designed service program can have a clear benefit in civic development for nonself-selected youth.	Edward Metz	Catholic University of America	2005	Study	Political Psychology	Carnegie Corporation of New York, William T. Grant Foundation, Fetzer institute
Political science	Educational research	Building citizenship: How student voice in service learning develops civic values	This paper examines the impact of service-learning programs on students’ self-concept, political engagement, and attitudes toward out-groups. The data come from a pre and post survey given to more than 200 high school students in 10 different schools. We show that if students are involved in service-learning projects  n which they have a high degree of voice and ownership, their self-concept and political engagement will improve, and they become more tolerant toward out-groups.	William Morgan	Indiana University	2001	Study	Social Science Quarterly
Political science	Educational research	Building citizenship: How student voice in service learning develops civic values	This paper examines the impact of service-learning programs on students’ self-concept, political engagement, and attitudes toward out-groups. The data come from a pre and post survey given to more than 200 high school students in 10 different schools. We show that if students are involved in service-learning projects  n which they have a high degree of voice and ownership, their self-concept and political engagement will improve, and they become more tolerant toward out-groups.	Matthew Streb	Loyola Marymount University	2001	Study	Social Science Quarterly
Community psychology		Pushing the envelope on youth civic engagement: a developmental and liberation psychology perspective	In this article, we take a critical look at the growing interest in U.S. political participation as it exists in the youth civic engagement literature. Our critique draws from principles of liberation and developmental psychology, and from the incisive writings of experts in youth organizing. The essence of our critique is this: Although there is certainly value in the current civic engagement literature, much of it focuses on the maintenance of social and political institutions rather than on action for social justice. To promote a better balance, and one more relevant to the lives of youth of color and other marginalized young people, we offer a framework for empirical research on youth sociopolitical development. The focus is on the relationship between social analysis (including critical consciousness) and societal involvement that includes the full range of service and political work.	Roderick Watts	Georgia State University	2007	Journal Article	Journal of Community Psychology
Community psychology		Pushing the envelope on youth civic engagement: a developmental and liberation psychology perspective	In this article, we take a critical look at the growing interest in U.S. political participation as it exists in the youth civic engagement literature. Our critique draws from principles of liberation and developmental psychology, and from the incisive writings of experts in youth organizing. The essence of our critique is this: Although there is certainly value in the current civic engagement literature, much of it focuses on the maintenance of social and political institutions rather than on action for social justice. To promote a better balance, and one more relevant to the lives of youth of color and other marginalized young people, we offer a framework for empirical research on youth sociopolitical development. The focus is on the relationship between social analysis (including critical consciousness) and societal involvement that includes the full range of service and political work.	Constance Flanagan	University of Wisconsin-Madison, Pennsylvania State University (former)	2007	Journal Article	Journal of Community Psychology
Developmental psychology		School and Community Climates and Civic Commitments: Patterns for Ethnic Minority and Majority Students	The developmental correlates of diffuse support for the polity and civic commitments were explored in a survey of 1,052 students (mean age � 14.96 years) from African American, Arab American, European American, and Latino American backgrounds. Results of structural equation modeling revealed that regardless of their age, gender, or ethnic background, youth were more likely to believe that America was a just society and to commit to democratic goals if they felt a sense of community connectedness, especially if they felt that their teachers practiced a democratic ethic at school. Discussion focuses on the civic purposes of education in inculcating a sense of identification with the polity in younger generations.	Constance Flanagan	University of Wisconsin-Madison, Pennsylvania State University (former)	2007	Study	Journal of Educational Psychology
Developmental psychology		School and Community Climates and Civic Commitments: Patterns for Ethnic Minority and Majority Students	The developmental correlates of diffuse support for the polity and civic commitments were explored in a survey of 1,052 students (mean age � 14.96 years) from African American, Arab American, European American, and Latino American backgrounds. Results of structural equation modeling revealed that regardless of their age, gender, or ethnic background, youth were more likely to believe that America was a just society and to commit to democratic goals if they felt a sense of community connectedness, especially if they felt that their teachers practiced a democratic ethic at school. Discussion focuses on the civic purposes of education in inculcating a sense of identification with the polity in younger generations.	Sukhdeep Gill	Pennsylvania State University-York	2007	Study	Journal of Educational Psychology
Developmental psychology		School and Community Climates and Civic Commitments: Patterns for Ethnic Minority and Majority Students	The developmental correlates of diffuse support for the polity and civic commitments were explored in a survey of 1,052 students (mean age � 14.96 years) from African American, Arab American, European American, and Latino American backgrounds. Results of structural equation modeling revealed that regardless of their age, gender, or ethnic background, youth were more likely to believe that America was a just society and to commit to democratic goals if they felt a sense of community connectedness, especially if they felt that their teachers practiced a democratic ethic at school. Discussion focuses on the civic purposes of education in inculcating a sense of identification with the polity in younger generations.	Leslie Gallay	Pennsylvania State University	2007	Study	Journal of Educational Psychology
Developmental psychology		School and Community Climates and Civic Commitments: Patterns for Ethnic Minority and Majority Students	The developmental correlates of diffuse support for the polity and civic commitments were explored in a survey of 1,052 students (mean age � 14.96 years) from African American, Arab American, European American, and Latino American backgrounds. Results of structural equation modeling revealed that regardless of their age, gender, or ethnic background, youth were more likely to believe that America was a just society and to commit to democratic goals if they felt a sense of community connectedness, especially if they felt that their teachers practiced a democratic ethic at school. Discussion focuses on the civic purposes of education in inculcating a sense of identification with the polity in younger generations.	Patricio Cumsille	Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile	2007	Study	Journal of Educational Psychology
Community psychology		The Psychology and Practice of Youth-Adult Partnership: Bridging Generations for Youth Development and Community Change	Youth-adult partnership (Y-AP) has become a phenomenon of interest to scholars and practitioners. Despite the potential of Y-AP to promote positive youth development, increase civic engagement, and support community change, the practice remains unfamiliar to many. Although research has increased over the past decade, the construct remains vague with an insufficient grounding in developmental theory and community practice. This article seeks to address these gaps by synthesizing data and insights from the historical foundations of Y-AP, community based research, and case study. We propose Y-AP as a unifying concept, distinct from other forms of youth-adult relationships, with four core elements: authentic decision making, natural mentors, reciprocity, and community connectedness. We conclude that Y-AP functions as an active ingredient and fundamental practice for positive youth development and civic engagement.	Shepherd Zeldin	University of Wisconsin-Madison	2012	Journal Article	American Journal of Community Psychology
Community psychology		The Psychology and Practice of Youth-Adult Partnership: Bridging Generations for Youth Development and Community Change	Youth-adult partnership (Y-AP) has become a phenomenon of interest to scholars and practitioners. Despite the potential of Y-AP to promote positive youth development, increase civic engagement, and support community change, the practice remains unfamiliar to many. Although research has increased over the past decade, the construct remains vague with an insufficient grounding in developmental theory and community practice. This article seeks to address these gaps by synthesizing data and insights from the historical foundations of Y-AP, community based research, and case study. We propose Y-AP as a unifying concept, distinct from other forms of youth-adult relationships, with four core elements: authentic decision making, natural mentors, reciprocity, and community connectedness. We conclude that Y-AP functions as an active ingredient and fundamental practice for positive youth development and civic engagement.	Brian Christens	University of Wisconsin-Madison	2012	Journal Article	American Journal of Community Psychology
Community psychology		The Psychology and Practice of Youth-Adult Partnership: Bridging Generations for Youth Development and Community Change	Youth-adult partnership (Y-AP) has become a phenomenon of interest to scholars and practitioners. Despite the potential of Y-AP to promote positive youth development, increase civic engagement, and support community change, the practice remains unfamiliar to many. Although research has increased over the past decade, the construct remains vague with an insufficient grounding in developmental theory and community practice. This article seeks to address these gaps by synthesizing data and insights from the historical foundations of Y-AP, community based research, and case study. We propose Y-AP as a unifying concept, distinct from other forms of youth-adult relationships, with four core elements: authentic decision making, natural mentors, reciprocity, and community connectedness. We conclude that Y-AP functions as an active ingredient and fundamental practice for positive youth development and civic engagement.	Jane Powers	Cornell University	2012	Journal Article	American Journal of Community Psychology
Developmental psychology		Thirty Year Trends in U.S. Adolescents’ Civic Engagement: A Story of Changing Participation and Educational Differences	Using annual cross-sectional data from Monitoring the Future, the present study examined trends in high school seniors’ current and anticipated civic participation and beliefs over a 30-year period. We examined overall trends and patterns based on youths’ post-high school educational plans. Findings point to declines in recent cohorts’ involvement in conventional and alternative forms of engagement but greater involvement in community service. Regardless of period, the majority of youth said they intended to vote when eligible but few expressed trust in the government or elected officials. All civic indicators showed significant differences based on youths’ college aspirations: Youth who planned to graduate from a 4-year college were more civically inclined than their peers with 2-year or no college plans.	Amy Syvertsen	Search Institute	2011	Study	Journal of Research on Adolescence	Network on Transitions to Adulthood, MacArthur Foundation
Developmental psychology		Thirty Year Trends in U.S. Adolescents’ Civic Engagement: A Story of Changing Participation and Educational Differences	Using annual cross-sectional data from Monitoring the Future, the present study examined trends in high school seniors’ current and anticipated civic participation and beliefs over a 30-year period. We examined overall trends and patterns based on youths’ post-high school educational plans. Findings point to declines in recent cohorts’ involvement in conventional and alternative forms of engagement but greater involvement in community service. Regardless of period, the majority of youth said they intended to vote when eligible but few expressed trust in the government or elected officials. All civic indicators showed significant differences based on youths’ college aspirations: Youth who planned to graduate from a 4-year college were more civically inclined than their peers with 2-year or no college plans.	Laura Wray-Lake	Claremont University	2011	Study	Journal of Research on Adolescence	Network on Transitions to Adulthood, MacArthur Foundation
Developmental psychology		Thirty Year Trends in U.S. Adolescents’ Civic Engagement: A Story of Changing Participation and Educational Differences	Using annual cross-sectional data from Monitoring the Future, the present study examined trends in high school seniors’ current and anticipated civic participation and beliefs over a 30-year period. We examined overall trends and patterns based on youths’ post-high school educational plans. Findings point to declines in recent cohorts’ involvement in conventional and alternative forms of engagement but greater involvement in community service. Regardless of period, the majority of youth said they intended to vote when eligible but few expressed trust in the government or elected officials. All civic indicators showed significant differences based on youths’ college aspirations: Youth who planned to graduate from a 4-year college were more civically inclined than their peers with 2-year or no college plans.	Constance Flanagan	University of Wisconsin-Madison, Pennsylvania State University (former)	2011	Study	Journal of Research on Adolescence	Network on Transitions to Adulthood, MacArthur Foundation
Developmental psychology		Thirty Year Trends in U.S. Adolescents’ Civic Engagement: A Story of Changing Participation and Educational Differences	Using annual cross-sectional data from Monitoring the Future, the present study examined trends in high school seniors’ current and anticipated civic participation and beliefs over a 30-year period. We examined overall trends and patterns based on youths’ post-high school educational plans. Findings point to declines in recent cohorts’ involvement in conventional and alternative forms of engagement but greater involvement in community service. Regardless of period, the majority of youth said they intended to vote when eligible but few expressed trust in the government or elected officials. All civic indicators showed significant differences based on youths’ college aspirations: Youth who planned to graduate from a 4-year college were more civically inclined than their peers with 2-year or no college plans.	D. Wayne Osgood	Pennsylvania State University	2011	Study	Journal of Research on Adolescence	Network on Transitions to Adulthood, MacArthur Foundation
Developmental psychology		Thirty Year Trends in U.S. Adolescents’ Civic Engagement: A Story of Changing Participation and Educational Differences	Using annual cross-sectional data from Monitoring the Future, the present study examined trends in high school seniors’ current and anticipated civic participation and beliefs over a 30-year period. We examined overall trends and patterns based on youths’ post-high school educational plans. Findings point to declines in recent cohorts’ involvement in conventional and alternative forms of engagement but greater involvement in community service. Regardless of period, the majority of youth said they intended to vote when eligible but few expressed trust in the government or elected officials. All civic indicators showed significant differences based on youths’ college aspirations: Youth who planned to graduate from a 4-year college were more civically inclined than their peers with 2-year or no college plans.	Laine Briddell	University of Richmond	2011	Study	Journal of Research on Adolescence	Network on Transitions to Adulthood, MacArthur Foundation
Community psychology		Educating for Informed Community Involvement	Service learning, which integrates community service into coursework, provides a pedagogical intervention that can promote the civic growth of students in unique and powerful ways. Research is reviewed that documents the capacity of service learning to meet learning objectives associated with a conceptual framework that focuses on the knowledge, skills, and dispositions of a civic-minded college graduate. The outcomes of service learning should facilitate these students assuming influential roles in helping others become empowered, and thereby are important for enhancing the quality of life in communities. We also review research that focuses on the impact of service learning for community outcomes.	Robert Bringle	Purdue University	2010	Journal Article	American Journal of Community Psychology
Community psychology		Educating for Informed Community Involvement	Service learning, which integrates community service into coursework, provides a pedagogical intervention that can promote the civic growth of students in unique and powerful ways. Research is reviewed that documents the capacity of service learning to meet learning objectives associated with a conceptual framework that focuses on the knowledge, skills, and dispositions of a civic-minded college graduate. The outcomes of service learning should facilitate these students assuming influential roles in helping others become empowered, and thereby are important for enhancing the quality of life in communities. We also review research that focuses on the impact of service learning for community outcomes.	Kathryn Steinberg	Purdue University	2010	Journal Article	American Journal of Community Psychology
Developmental psychology		Handbook of Research on Civic Engagement in Youth	Engaging youth in civic life has become a central concern to a broad array of researchers in a variety of academic fields as well to policy makers and practitioners globally. This book is both international and multidisciplinary, consisting of three sections that respectively cover conceptual issues, developmental and educational topics, and methodological and measurement issues. Broad in its coverage of topics, this book supports scholars, philanthropists, business leaders, government officials, teachers, parents, and community practitioners in their drive to engage more young people in community and civic actions.	Lonnie Sherrod	Fordham University	2010	Book (edited)	Wiley
Developmental psychology		Handbook of Research on Civic Engagement in Youth	Engaging youth in civic life has become a central concern to a broad array of researchers in a variety of academic fields as well to policy makers and practitioners globally. This book is both international and multidisciplinary, consisting of three sections that respectively cover conceptual issues, developmental and educational topics, and methodological and measurement issues. Broad in its coverage of topics, this book supports scholars, philanthropists, business leaders, government officials, teachers, parents, and community practitioners in their drive to engage more young people in community and civic actions.	Judith Torney-Purta	University of Maryland-College Park	2010	Book (edited)	Wiley
Developmental psychology		Handbook of Research on Civic Engagement in Youth	Engaging youth in civic life has become a central concern to a broad array of researchers in a variety of academic fields as well to policy makers and practitioners globally. This book is both international and multidisciplinary, consisting of three sections that respectively cover conceptual issues, developmental and educational topics, and methodological and measurement issues. Broad in its coverage of topics, this book supports scholars, philanthropists, business leaders, government officials, teachers, parents, and community practitioners in their drive to engage more young people in community and civic actions.	Constance Flanagan	University of Wisconsin-Madison, Pennsylvania State University (former)	2010	Book (edited)	Wiley
Community health		Youth Participatory Action Research: A Transformative Approach to Service-Learning	This article describes a model of participatory action research and service-learning conducted with urban, high school African American, West Indian/Caribbean, and Puerto Rican/Latino youth and adult facilitators, in a nonclassroom setting, in a mid-sized northeastern city. Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) integrates critical theory, research paradigms that incorporate positionality, interactive ethnographic methods, and dialogic approaches to service-learning. It provides a context for examining questions related to instructional methods, reciprocal learning, information as service, and the nature and practice of service-learning as reproducing or transforming traditional structures of power and positionality.	Jean Schensul	Institute for Community Research	2004	Journal Article	Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning
Community health		Youth Participatory Action Research: A Transformative Approach to Service-Learning	This article describes a model of participatory action research and service-learning conducted with urban, high school African American, West Indian/Caribbean, and Puerto Rican/Latino youth and adult facilitators, in a nonclassroom setting, in a mid-sized northeastern city. Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) integrates critical theory, research paradigms that incorporate positionality, interactive ethnographic methods, and dialogic approaches to service-learning. It provides a context for examining questions related to instructional methods, reciprocal learning, information as service, and the nature and practice of service-learning as reproducing or transforming traditional structures of power and positionality.	Marlene Berg	Institute for Community Research	2004	Journal Article	Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning
Educational research	Community health	Civic Education through Service Learning: What, How, and Why? in Higher Education and Civic Engagement	Contemporary models of civic engagement present opportunities for higher education institutions (HEIs) around the world to enhance the impact of their work in and with communities. One of the primary ways in which civic engagement influences the work of the academy is through the redesign of courses and curricula to incorporate community-based service activities linked explicitly to civic learning objectives that are integrated with traditional academic learning objectives (Jameson Clayton Jaeger 2011). At its best, the enhancement of a course with community service incorporates the full participation of students and community members as coeducators, colearners, and cogenerators of knowledge. Although service learning shares much in common with other forms of community-based learning (e.g., internships, field studies, clinical training, pre-professional experiences), civic learning outcomes and reciprocal processes are defining features of this pedagogy. In this chapter, we explore what service learning is and its role in the broader context of community–campus engagement, consider how it can be designed effectively, and examine various perspectives on civic learning.	Robert Bringle	Purdue University	2012	Chapter	Palgrave Macmillan
Educational research	Community health	Civic Education through Service Learning: What, How, and Why? in Higher Education and Civic Engagement	Contemporary models of civic engagement present opportunities for higher education institutions (HEIs) around the world to enhance the impact of their work in and with communities. One of the primary ways in which civic engagement influences the work of the academy is through the redesign of courses and curricula to incorporate community-based service activities linked explicitly to civic learning objectives that are integrated with traditional academic learning objectives (Jameson Clayton Jaeger 2011). At its best, the enhancement of a course with community service incorporates the full participation of students and community members as coeducators, colearners, and cogenerators of knowledge. Although service learning shares much in common with other forms of community-based learning (e.g., internships, field studies, clinical training, pre-professional experiences), civic learning outcomes and reciprocal processes are defining features of this pedagogy. In this chapter, we explore what service learning is and its role in the broader context of community–campus engagement, consider how it can be designed effectively, and examine various perspectives on civic learning.	Patti Clayton	Purdue University (former)	2012	Chapter	Palgrave Macmillan
Community psychology	Sociology	Youth Participatory Action Research as an Approach to Sociopolitical Development and the New Academic Standards: Considerations for Educators	Administrators and teachers face changes prompted by the shift to Common Core State Standards (CCSS) and Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) offers a promising approach to supporting students in mastering new content standards, while also offering experiences that promote their sociopolitical development and civic agency. In YPAR, students work with a teacher or other adult ally to critically reflect upon the social and political forces influencing their lives, identify a pressing problem or school need, study it through systematic research, and then develop an action plan to raise awareness or change a policy. Because of its emphasis on educational relevance, critical consciousness, and social justice, YPAR is an especially promising strategy with young people who experience racism or other forms of marginalization in school. In this article we describe the YPAR cycle, make an argument for how it creates opportunities for academic learning, sociopolitical development, and youth leadership, and provide examples of what this might look like in practice. YPAR offers a curricular approach that addresses academic objectives while also supporting democratic education and the sociopolitical development of students.	Mariah Kornbluh	University of Wisconsin-Madison	2015	Journal Article	Urban Review
Community psychology	Sociology	Youth Participatory Action Research as an Approach to Sociopolitical Development and the New Academic Standards: Considerations for Educators	Administrators and teachers face changes prompted by the shift to Common Core State Standards (CCSS) and Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) offers a promising approach to supporting students in mastering new content standards, while also offering experiences that promote their sociopolitical development and civic agency. In YPAR, students work with a teacher or other adult ally to critically reflect upon the social and political forces influencing their lives, identify a pressing problem or school need, study it through systematic research, and then develop an action plan to raise awareness or change a policy. Because of its emphasis on educational relevance, critical consciousness, and social justice, YPAR is an especially promising strategy with young people who experience racism or other forms of marginalization in school. In this article we describe the YPAR cycle, make an argument for how it creates opportunities for academic learning, sociopolitical development, and youth leadership, and provide examples of what this might look like in practice. YPAR offers a curricular approach that addresses academic objectives while also supporting democratic education and the sociopolitical development of students.	Emily Ozer	University of California-Berkeley	2015	Journal Article	Urban Review
Community psychology	Sociology	Youth Participatory Action Research as an Approach to Sociopolitical Development and the New Academic Standards: Considerations for Educators	Administrators and teachers face changes prompted by the shift to Common Core State Standards (CCSS) and Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) offers a promising approach to supporting students in mastering new content standards, while also offering experiences that promote their sociopolitical development and civic agency. In YPAR, students work with a teacher or other adult ally to critically reflect upon the social and political forces influencing their lives, identify a pressing problem or school need, study it through systematic research, and then develop an action plan to raise awareness or change a policy. Because of its emphasis on educational relevance, critical consciousness, and social justice, YPAR is an especially promising strategy with young people who experience racism or other forms of marginalization in school. In this article we describe the YPAR cycle, make an argument for how it creates opportunities for academic learning, sociopolitical development, and youth leadership, and provide examples of what this might look like in practice. YPAR offers a curricular approach that addresses academic objectives while also supporting democratic education and the sociopolitical development of students.	Carrie Allen	University of Colorado-Boulder	2015	Journal Article	Urban Review
Community psychology	Sociology	Youth Participatory Action Research as an Approach to Sociopolitical Development and the New Academic Standards: Considerations for Educators	Administrators and teachers face changes prompted by the shift to Common Core State Standards (CCSS) and Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) offers a promising approach to supporting students in mastering new content standards, while also offering experiences that promote their sociopolitical development and civic agency. In YPAR, students work with a teacher or other adult ally to critically reflect upon the social and political forces influencing their lives, identify a pressing problem or school need, study it through systematic research, and then develop an action plan to raise awareness or change a policy. Because of its emphasis on educational relevance, critical consciousness, and social justice, YPAR is an especially promising strategy with young people who experience racism or other forms of marginalization in school. In this article we describe the YPAR cycle, make an argument for how it creates opportunities for academic learning, sociopolitical development, and youth leadership, and provide examples of what this might look like in practice. YPAR offers a curricular approach that addresses academic objectives while also supporting democratic education and the sociopolitical development of students.	Ben Kirshner	University of Colorado-Boulder	2015	Journal Article	Urban Review
Community psychology	Educational research	Supporting Youth Participation in School Reform: Preliminary Notes from a University-Community Partnership	Youth voice and participation have become popular slogans in the United States. However, too often presentations by youth groups result in pleasant, but ultimately toothless, responses from policymakers. This paper describes the early stages of a partnership between a university researcher and a community organization that helps high school students learn tools that will enable them to participate, as legitimate political actors, in decisions about school reform. The report identifies the goals of the partnership, discusses steps taken so far, and shares some of the assumptions and strategies guiding the work.	Ben Kirshner	University of Colorado-Boulder	2007	Journal Article	Children, Youth and Environments
Community psychology		Charter School “Miracle” In Post-Katrina New Orleans?: Youth Participatory Action Research And The Future Of Education Reform	This article presents a youth participatory action research (YPAR) study, which was conducted through a theoretical lens incorporating the social justice youth policy framework and Critical Race Theory. Led by youth from the Vietnamese American Young Leaders Association (VAYLA), the study explored the impacts of post-Katrina school reforms on student experiences at six New Orleans high schools. The findings from the study exposed troubling educational disparities by race, class, limited English status, and geography. The YPAR project’s results counter neoliberal reform advocates’ narrative of a post-Katrina New Orleans school “miracle.” This article illuminates YPAR as both research method and pathway for the future of urban school reform to include youth as engaged stakeholders.	OiYan Poon	Loyola University Chicago	2012	Journal Article	Journal of Critical Thought and Praxis
Community psychology		Charter School “Miracle” In Post-Katrina New Orleans?: Youth Participatory Action Research And The Future Of Education Reform	This article presents a youth participatory action research (YPAR) study, which was conducted through a theoretical lens incorporating the social justice youth policy framework and Critical Race Theory. Led by youth from the Vietnamese American Young Leaders Association (VAYLA), the study explored the impacts of post-Katrina school reforms on student experiences at six New Orleans high schools. The findings from the study exposed troubling educational disparities by race, class, limited English status, and geography. The YPAR project’s results counter neoliberal reform advocates’ narrative of a post-Katrina New Orleans school “miracle.” This article illuminates YPAR as both research method and pathway for the future of urban school reform to include youth as engaged stakeholders.	Jacob Cohen	Vietnamese American Young Leaders Association	2012	Journal Article	Journal of Critical Thought and Praxis
Community psychology		Making Space, Making Change: Models for Youth-Led Social Change Organizations	This article explores youth-led organizational models and specifically the importance of community context in building youth-led models that work for youth leaders and adult allies. The paper focuses on how youth involvement and leadership within organizations changes organizational method, goals and successes and how structured internal organizational relationships can reflect community goals. Two case studies of youth-led social change groups illustrate this inquiry. These models span the range from fully youth-led and youth-governed to a youth leadership project in an adult-led organization; each example represents a unique solution to the question of how to empower young people in the roles of community and organizational leadership.	Youth Speak Out Coalition	--	2007	Journal Article	Children, Youth and Environments
Community psychology		Making Space, Making Change: Models for Youth-Led Social Change Organizations	This article explores youth-led organizational models and specifically the importance of community context in building youth-led models that work for youth leaders and adult allies. The paper focuses on how youth involvement and leadership within organizations changes organizational method, goals and successes and how structured internal organizational relationships can reflect community goals. Two case studies of youth-led social change groups illustrate this inquiry. These models span the range from fully youth-led and youth-governed to a youth leadership project in an adult-led organization; each example represents a unique solution to the question of how to empower young people in the roles of community and organizational leadership.	Kristen Zimmerman	Movement Strategy Center	2007	Journal Article	Children, Youth and Environments
Environmental education		Community Gardens as Contexts for Science, Stewardship, and Civic Action Learning	Community gardens are heterogeneous environments that integrate environmental restoration, community activism, social interactions, cultural expression, and food security. As such, they provide a context for learning that addresses multiple societal goals, including a populace that is scientifically literate, practices environmental stewardship, and participates in civic life. In this paper, we use preliminary evidence from the Garden Mosaics intergenerational education program to suggest the potential for community gardens to foster multiple types of learning.	Marianne Krasny	Cornell University	2009	Journal Article	Cities and the Environment
Environmental education		Community Gardens as Contexts for Science, Stewardship, and Civic Action Learning	Community gardens are heterogeneous environments that integrate environmental restoration, community activism, social interactions, cultural expression, and food security. As such, they provide a context for learning that addresses multiple societal goals, including a populace that is scientifically literate, practices environmental stewardship, and participates in civic life. In this paper, we use preliminary evidence from the Garden Mosaics intergenerational education program to suggest the potential for community gardens to foster multiple types of learning.	Keith Tidball	Cornell University	2009	Journal Article	Cities and the Environment
Developmental psychology	Community health	Beyond School Spirit: The Effects of Youth-Led Participatory Action Research in Two Urban High Schools	Prior research highlights the mismatch between adolescents’ growing capacities for autonomy and the limited opportunities for influence in U.S. secondary schools. Youth-led participatory research (YPAR), an approach in which young people research and advocate for change on problems of concern to them, could increase students’ autonomy in secondary schools. This qualitative study of YPAR examined whether and how the intervention meaningfully affected the interactions and roles of students and adults in two distinctive urban high school settings, identifying concepts for further empirical investigation. Results suggested that YPAR enabled processes of student professionalization that led to novel student-adult “collegial” interactions, expansion of domains of student influence, and diversification of students with opportunities to influence policies and practices across these two schools.	Emily Ozer	University of California-Berkeley	2012	Study	Journal of Research on Adolescence	William T. Grant Foundation
Developmental psychology	Community health	Beyond School Spirit: The Effects of Youth-Led Participatory Action Research in Two Urban High Schools	Prior research highlights the mismatch between adolescents’ growing capacities for autonomy and the limited opportunities for influence in U.S. secondary schools. Youth-led participatory research (YPAR), an approach in which young people research and advocate for change on problems of concern to them, could increase students’ autonomy in secondary schools. This qualitative study of YPAR examined whether and how the intervention meaningfully affected the interactions and roles of students and adults in two distinctive urban high school settings, identifying concepts for further empirical investigation. Results suggested that YPAR enabled processes of student professionalization that led to novel student-adult “collegial” interactions, expansion of domains of student influence, and diversification of students with opportunities to influence policies and practices across these two schools.	Dana Wright	Connecticut College	2012	Study	Journal of Research on Adolescence	William T. Grant Foundation
Community health		Participatory Action Research as Service Learning	Participatory action research has emerged as a popular form of servicelearning in distressed urban and rural communities. The successful development of a community-owned farmers’ market in East St. Louis, Illinois, illustrates the principles, methods, and challenges of this approach to social science and community action.	Kenneth Reardon		1998	Journal Article	New Directions for Teaching and Learning
Educational research		Action Civics in the Classroom	The recently-released College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards proposes an “inquiry arc” organized around developing questions and planning inquiries, applying disciplinary concepts and tools, evaluating sources and using evidence, and communicating conclusions and taking informed action. There are many ways to take informed action, including by writing editorials, leading an activity for younger students, curating an exhibit, or creating and sharing media. In this research brief, I want to draw attention to one ambitious but exciting way to foster students’ capacities to take informed action: namely, through action civics.	Meira Levinson	Harvard University	2014	Journal Article	Social Education
Educational research		Building Civic Bridges: Community-Centered Action Civics	Project-based learning is an example of powerful social studies learning in which student engage in active inquiry. Action civics is a relatively new educational practice in which students act as citizens through a cycle of research, action, and reflection about problems they care about in their community. Building Civic Bridges offers teachers a model for students to develop and enact inquiry-based projects that reflect positive, and active, civic dispositions.	Karon LeCompte	Baylor University	2015	Journal Article	The Social Studies
Educational research		Building Civic Bridges: Community-Centered Action Civics	Project-based learning is an example of powerful social studies learning in which student engage in active inquiry. Action civics is a relatively new educational practice in which students act as citizens through a cycle of research, action, and reflection about problems they care about in their community. Building Civic Bridges offers teachers a model for students to develop and enact inquiry-based projects that reflect positive, and active, civic dispositions.	Brooke Blevins	Baylor University	2015	Journal Article	The Social Studies
Community health		Balancing power in communities of practice: An examination of increasing student voice through school-based youth–adult partnerships	This article examines how power imbalances influence the formation of student voice initiatives, which are defined as school-based youth–adult partnerships that consist of youth and adults contributing to decision making processes, learning from one another, and promoting change. Using the concept of community of practice as a lens, the paper examines the ways in which power influences the mutual engagement, shared repertoire, and joint enterprise of youth–adult partnerships. Specifically, the study finds that the following strategies can strengthen student voice initiatives: building meaningful roles based upon mutual responsibility and respect among all members; developing shared language and norms, and developing joint enterprises aimed at fostering voices that have previously been silenced from decision making and knowledge-building processes.	Dana Mitra	Pennsylvania State University	2008	Journal Article	Journal of Educational Change	Walter S. Johnson Foundation
Community health	Educational research	Student Voice in the Elementary Years: Fostering Youth-Adult Partnerships in Elementary Service-Learning	Service-learning is promoted widely by professional organizations (NCSS, 2001), but often with little reflection on the nature of meaningful student participation and the impact of teacher leadership styles. The authors studied mixed-age “small school” advisory groups involved in service-learning at one elementary school; observational, interview, and focus group data were collected. They present three case studies that represent various leadership typologies of elementary service-learning: The Catalyst, The Synthesizer, and The Commander. The authors then map these leaders’ priorities onto a Youth Adult Partnership (YAP) continuum to suggest how student voice, a common component of successful service-learning, might occur in the elementary years.	Stephanie Serriere	Pennsylvania State University	2012	Study	Theory and Research in Social Education	Children, Youth, and Family Consortium of The Pennsylvania State University
Community health	Educational research	Student Voice in the Elementary Years: Fostering Youth-Adult Partnerships in Elementary Service-Learning	Service-learning is promoted widely by professional organizations (NCSS, 2001), but often with little reflection on the nature of meaningful student participation and the impact of teacher leadership styles. The authors studied mixed-age “small school” advisory groups involved in service-learning at one elementary school; observational, interview, and focus group data were collected. They present three case studies that represent various leadership typologies of elementary service-learning: The Catalyst, The Synthesizer, and The Commander. The authors then map these leaders’ priorities onto a Youth Adult Partnership (YAP) continuum to suggest how student voice, a common component of successful service-learning, might occur in the elementary years.	Dana Mitra	Pennsylvania State University	2012	Study	Theory and Research in Social Education	Children, Youth, and Family Consortium of The Pennsylvania State University
Community health	Educational research	Student Voice in the Elementary Years: Fostering Youth-Adult Partnerships in Elementary Service-Learning	Service-learning is promoted widely by professional organizations (NCSS, 2001), but often with little reflection on the nature of meaningful student participation and the impact of teacher leadership styles. The authors studied mixed-age “small school” advisory groups involved in service-learning at one elementary school; observational, interview, and focus group data were collected. They present three case studies that represent various leadership typologies of elementary service-learning: The Catalyst, The Synthesizer, and The Commander. The authors then map these leaders’ priorities onto a Youth Adult Partnership (YAP) continuum to suggest how student voice, a common component of successful service-learning, might occur in the elementary years.	Katherine Reed	Pennsylvania State University	2012	Study	Theory and Research in Social Education	Children, Youth, and Family Consortium of The Pennsylvania State University
Political science	Developmental psychology	Leading, learning, and unleashing potential: Youth leadership and civic engagement	Too often, young people are excluded from community leadership roles, or relegated to age-segregated opportunities such as service learning and youth commissions.Young people are not only key stakeholders of a community, but they also represent a huge and often untapped reservoir of human energy, talent, and vision. Youth civic engagement works to unleash this potential to create individual, local, and society-level change. Through the Innovation Center’s work with organizations andcommunities across the United States and the world, we havefound that these young people can find a place for themselves in organizations focused on civic activism.	Wendy Wheeler	Innovation Center for Community and Youth Development	2006	Journal Article	New Directions for Youth Development
Political science	Developmental psychology	Leading, learning, and unleashing potential: Youth leadership and civic engagement	Too often, young people are excluded from community leadership roles, or relegated to age-segregated opportunities such as service learning and youth commissions.Young people are not only key stakeholders of a community, but they also represent a huge and often untapped reservoir of human energy, talent, and vision. Youth civic engagement works to unleash this potential to create individual, local, and society-level change. Through the Innovation Center’s work with organizations andcommunities across the United States and the world, we havefound that these young people can find a place for themselves in organizations focused on civic activism.	Carolyn Edlebeck	Innovation Center for Community and Youth Development	2006	Journal Article	New Directions for Youth Development
Community health	Developmental psychology	Youth-Adult Partnerships: Entering New Territory in Community Work and Research	Youth–adult partnerships are being promoted as a key strategy in community building, yet this aspect of community building has not been empirically researched. Based on data from a range of diverse communities, this study identifies the dimensions that make up the construct of youth–adult partnerships and the conditions affecting the practice of youth–adult partnerships. The value of youth–adult partnerships as a viable strategy for youth development and community building is discussed. The study concludes that changes in the lenses of both research and practice will open new directions for reaping the wisdom of youth–adult partnerships.	Linda Camino	University of Wisconsin-Madison	2000	Study	Applied Developmental Science
Developmental psychology	Community health	Youth–Adult Partnership and Youth Civic Development: Cross-National Analyses for Scholars and Field Professionals	Across the world, community-based youth organizations are engaging youth as partners with adults to promote youth civic development. A sample of 528 youth from the United States, Portugal, and Malaysia were surveyed to explore associations between youth–adult partnership (youth voice in decision making; supportive adult relationships) and two key aspects of civic development (youth empowerment; community connections). Results indicate that youth are most likely to achieve positive outcomes when they experience the freedom to make decisions, while experiencing trust and power sharing from adults.	Shepherd Zeldin	University of Wisconsin-Madison	2017	Study	Youth and Society
Developmental psychology	Community health	Youth–Adult Partnership and Youth Civic Development: Cross-National Analyses for Scholars and Field Professionals	Across the world, community-based youth organizations are engaging youth as partners with adults to promote youth civic development. A sample of 528 youth from the United States, Portugal, and Malaysia were surveyed to explore associations between youth–adult partnership (youth voice in decision making; supportive adult relationships) and two key aspects of civic development (youth empowerment; community connections). Results indicate that youth are most likely to achieve positive outcomes when they experience the freedom to make decisions, while experiencing trust and power sharing from adults.	Josset Gauley	University of Wisconsin-Madison	2017	Study	Youth and Society
Developmental psychology	Community health	Youth–Adult Partnership and Youth Civic Development: Cross-National Analyses for Scholars and Field Professionals	Across the world, community-based youth organizations are engaging youth as partners with adults to promote youth civic development. A sample of 528 youth from the United States, Portugal, and Malaysia were surveyed to explore associations between youth–adult partnership (youth voice in decision making; supportive adult relationships) and two key aspects of civic development (youth empowerment; community connections). Results indicate that youth are most likely to achieve positive outcomes when they experience the freedom to make decisions, while experiencing trust and power sharing from adults.	Steven Eric Krauss	Universiti Putra Malaysia	2017	Study	Youth and Society
Developmental psychology	Community health	Youth–Adult Partnership and Youth Civic Development: Cross-National Analyses for Scholars and Field Professionals	Across the world, community-based youth organizations are engaging youth as partners with adults to promote youth civic development. A sample of 528 youth from the United States, Portugal, and Malaysia were surveyed to explore associations between youth–adult partnership (youth voice in decision making; supportive adult relationships) and two key aspects of civic development (youth empowerment; community connections). Results indicate that youth are most likely to achieve positive outcomes when they experience the freedom to make decisions, while experiencing trust and power sharing from adults.	Mariah Kornbluh	University of Wisconsin-Madison	2017	Study	Youth and Society
Developmental psychology	Community health	Youth–Adult Partnership and Youth Civic Development: Cross-National Analyses for Scholars and Field Professionals	Across the world, community-based youth organizations are engaging youth as partners with adults to promote youth civic development. A sample of 528 youth from the United States, Portugal, and Malaysia were surveyed to explore associations between youth–adult partnership (youth voice in decision making; supportive adult relationships) and two key aspects of civic development (youth empowerment; community connections). Results indicate that youth are most likely to achieve positive outcomes when they experience the freedom to make decisions, while experiencing trust and power sharing from adults.	Jessica Collura	University of Wisconsin-Madison	2017	Study	Youth and Society
Developmental psychology	Political science	From Periphery to Center: Pathways for Youth Civic Engagement in the Day-To-Day Life of Communities	Inclusive participation is a primary component of civil society. Yet opportunities and pathways for youth civic engagement remain limited for youth. This limitation has been significantly influenced by the daily segregation of youth from adults, negative public beliefs about adolescents, and stereotypes, both negative and overly romantic, about the capabilities of adolescents. However, this state of affairs is being challenged by youth and adults across the county. Five contemporary pathways for youth civic engagement are described: public policy/consultation, community coalition involvement, youth in organizational decision making, youth organizing and activism, and school-based service learning. Three overarching qualities among these 5 pathways are also discussed: youth ownership, youth-adult partnership, and facilitative policies and structures.	Shepherd Zeldin	University of Wisconsin-Madison	2002	Journal Article	Applied Developmental Science
Developmental psychology	Political science	From Periphery to Center: Pathways for Youth Civic Engagement in the Day-To-Day Life of Communities	Inclusive participation is a primary component of civil society. Yet opportunities and pathways for youth civic engagement remain limited for youth. This limitation has been significantly influenced by the daily segregation of youth from adults, negative public beliefs about adolescents, and stereotypes, both negative and overly romantic, about the capabilities of adolescents. However, this state of affairs is being challenged by youth and adults across the county. Five contemporary pathways for youth civic engagement are described: public policy/consultation, community coalition involvement, youth in organizational decision making, youth organizing and activism, and school-based service learning. Three overarching qualities among these 5 pathways are also discussed: youth ownership, youth-adult partnership, and facilitative policies and structures.	Linda Camino	University of Wisconsin-Madison	2002	Journal Article	Applied Developmental Science
Political science		Youth activists, youth councils, and constrained democracy	This article provides a critical examination of a common form of adult attempts to promote civic engagement among young people, namely, youth advisory councils. While youth councils have been widely celebrated as an effective way to integrate young people into political processes, little research has explored why some politically active youth choose to leave, or refuse to join, youth councils. Based on two qualitative studies of politically active teens throughout North and Latin America, the authors argue that teenage activists possess valuable dissident knowledge of, and critical perspectives on, the potential for youth advisory councils to promote youth political power. We argue that young activists understand democracy in ways that are fundamentally different from that offered to them by youth councils. Youth activists put forth a theory of democracy that emphasizes authority and impact, not just voice; they understand democracy as representing collective concerns and perceive youth councils as elitist and nonrepresentative; and they emphasize the value of controversy and contentious politics while expressing anxiety that youth councils can function as modes of social control that tame and channel youth dissent, rather than opportunities to foster youth political power.	Jessica Taft	Davidson College	2013	Journal Article	Education, Citizenship and Social Justice
Political science		Youth activists, youth councils, and constrained democracy	This article provides a critical examination of a common form of adult attempts to promote civic engagement among young people, namely, youth advisory councils. While youth councils have been widely celebrated as an effective way to integrate young people into political processes, little research has explored why some politically active youth choose to leave, or refuse to join, youth councils. Based on two qualitative studies of politically active teens throughout North and Latin America, the authors argue that teenage activists possess valuable dissident knowledge of, and critical perspectives on, the potential for youth advisory councils to promote youth political power. We argue that young activists understand democracy in ways that are fundamentally different from that offered to them by youth councils. Youth activists put forth a theory of democracy that emphasizes authority and impact, not just voice; they understand democracy as representing collective concerns and perceive youth councils as elitist and nonrepresentative; and they emphasize the value of controversy and contentious politics while expressing anxiety that youth councils can function as modes of social control that tame and channel youth dissent, rather than opportunities to foster youth political power.	Hava Gordon	University of Denver	2013	Journal Article	Education, Citizenship and Social Justice
Political science		Children, Youth, and Civic (dis)Engagement: Digital Technology and Citizenship	In this paper, I will discuss recent academic literature pertaining to youth civic engagement in the Western context and map some of the important changes in the field identified by these scholars. I am particularly interested in examining contemporary approaches to issues such as how youth are conceptualized; how citizenship, civic participation, and civic (dis)engagement are understood with respect to youth; and, what roles media and internet technologies are perceived to play in youth civic engagement.  I will discuss a number of examples of technology-based networking projects that engage youth, as a means of demonstrating how some of these issues are negotiated in concrete ways. These examples will help to ground the issues as well as raise further questions about the perceived roles of technology and the internet in youth civic (dis)engagement and participation.	Brandi Bell	Concordia University	2005	Working Paper	Canadian Research Alliance for Community Innovation and Networking
Political science		Four forms of youth civic engagement for diverse democracy	Which form or forms of civic engagement have the most potential to involve young people in a socially-just diverse democracy? At a time when civic engagement will benefit from conceptual clarification, this paper addresses this question and some of the issues it raises. It analyzes four forms of youth civic engagement for a socially-just diverse democracy. It examines each one according to analytic categories, compares their similarities and differences, and raises questions for future work. It draws upon research in psychology, sociology, and other academic disciplines; and on intergroup relations, multicultural education, social work, and other professional fields.	Barry Checkoway	University of Michigan	2013	Journal Article	Children and Youth Services Review
Political science		Four forms of youth civic engagement for diverse democracy	Which form or forms of civic engagement have the most potential to involve young people in a socially-just diverse democracy? At a time when civic engagement will benefit from conceptual clarification, this paper addresses this question and some of the issues it raises. It analyzes four forms of youth civic engagement for a socially-just diverse democracy. It examines each one according to analytic categories, compares their similarities and differences, and raises questions for future work. It draws upon research in psychology, sociology, and other academic disciplines; and on intergroup relations, multicultural education, social work, and other professional fields.	Adriana Aldana	University of Michigan	2013	Journal Article	Children and Youth Services Review
Political science		Communicating Civic Engagement: Contrasting Models of Citizenship in the Youth Web Sphere	Communication aimed at promoting civic engagement may become problematic when citizen roles undergo historic changes. In the current era, younger generations are embracing more expressive styles of actualizing citizenship defined around peer content sharing and social media, in contrast to earlier models of dutiful citizenship based on one-way communication managed by authorities. An analysis of 90 youth Web sites operated by diverse civic and political organizations in the United States reveals uneven conceptions of citizenship and related civic skills, suggesting that many established organization are out of step with changing civic styles.	W. Lance Bennett	University of Washington	2011	Study	Journal of Communication
Political science		Communicating Civic Engagement: Contrasting Models of Citizenship in the Youth Web Sphere	Communication aimed at promoting civic engagement may become problematic when citizen roles undergo historic changes. In the current era, younger generations are embracing more expressive styles of actualizing citizenship defined around peer content sharing and social media, in contrast to earlier models of dutiful citizenship based on one-way communication managed by authorities. An analysis of 90 youth Web sites operated by diverse civic and political organizations in the United States reveals uneven conceptions of citizenship and related civic skills, suggesting that many established organization are out of step with changing civic styles.	Chris Wells	University of Washington	2011	Study	Journal of Communication
Political science		Communicating Civic Engagement: Contrasting Models of Citizenship in the Youth Web Sphere	Communication aimed at promoting civic engagement may become problematic when citizen roles undergo historic changes. In the current era, younger generations are embracing more expressive styles of actualizing citizenship defined around peer content sharing and social media, in contrast to earlier models of dutiful citizenship based on one-way communication managed by authorities. An analysis of 90 youth Web sites operated by diverse civic and political organizations in the United States reveals uneven conceptions of citizenship and related civic skills, suggesting that many established organization are out of step with changing civic styles.	Deen Freelon	University of Washington	2011	Study	Journal of Communication
Developmental psychology		The Role of Youth Programming in the Development of Civic Engagement	Youth civic engagement is an important means of overcoming disrespect and marginalization of young people that, when done right, can contribute to positive change for all of society. Youth service as a form of civic engagement has been promoted by private foundation and government interests; and youth civic engagement in politics,eitherasvotersorincampaigns, isanessentialwaytoempowerournation’syoung people; but youth programs can go far beyond community service without treading down partisan paths. Through involvement in (a) project creation, (b) institution governance, and (c) issue-based advocacy, the energy young people often waste in powerlessness, boredom, and drifting can be unleashed and reinvested in more constructive activities. This article offers proven strategies for generating greater youth participation in project creation, increasing the impact of youth in leadership and governance, and utilizing youth as a powerful resource for public advocacy.	Dorothy Stoneman	YouthBuild USA	2002	Journal Article	Applied Developmental Science
Political science		Civic Life Online: Learning How Digital Media Can Engage Youth	Young people today have grown up living substantial portions of their lives online, seeking entertainment, social relationships, and a place to express themselves. It is clear that participation in online communities is important for many young people, but less clear how this translates into civic or political engagement. This volume examines the relationship of online action and real-world politics. The contributors discuss not only how online networks might inspire conventional political participation but also how creative uses of digital technologies are expanding the boundaries of politics and public issues. Do protests in gaming communities, music file sharing, or fan petitioning of music companies constitute political behavior? Do the communication skills and patterns of action developed in these online activities transfer to such offline realms as voting and public protests? Civic Life Online describes the many forms of civic life online that could predict a generation's political behavior.	W. Lance Bennett	University of Washington-Seattle	2008	Book (edited)	MIT Press	MacArthur Foundation
Political science		Youth activism in the urban community: learning critical civic praxis within community organizations	Research on African-American and Latina/o youth has been dominated by studies that focus on ‘problem’ adolescent behavior. Typically, they explain youth crime, delinquency, and violence as individual pathological behavior or cultural adaptations stemming from social disorganization in their communities. This article argues for a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between youth-serving organizations and youth agency in urban communities, which can avoid the pitfall of focusing on the most egregious activities among youth. Rather, it is argued that AfricanAmerican and Latina/o youth respond to community and school conditions through civic engagement facilitated by community-based organizations. Urban youth collectively respond to community and school problems through youth organizing, spoken word, volunteering, and participation in civic affairs. Organizations in urban communities can provide youth with opportunities to develop critical civic praxis through engagement with ideas, social networks, and experiences that build individual and collective capacity to struggle for social justice. This view of youth acknowledges structural constraints in their communities, but also views young people as active participants in changing debilitative neighborhood conditions.	Shawn Ginwright	San Francisco State University	2007	Journal Article	International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education
Political science		Youth activism in the urban community: learning critical civic praxis within community organizations	Research on African-American and Latina/o youth has been dominated by studies that focus on ‘problem’ adolescent behavior. Typically, they explain youth crime, delinquency, and violence as individual pathological behavior or cultural adaptations stemming from social disorganization in their communities. This article argues for a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between youth-serving organizations and youth agency in urban communities, which can avoid the pitfall of focusing on the most egregious activities among youth. Rather, it is argued that AfricanAmerican and Latina/o youth respond to community and school conditions through civic engagement facilitated by community-based organizations. Urban youth collectively respond to community and school problems through youth organizing, spoken word, volunteering, and participation in civic affairs. Organizations in urban communities can provide youth with opportunities to develop critical civic praxis through engagement with ideas, social networks, and experiences that build individual and collective capacity to struggle for social justice. This view of youth acknowledges structural constraints in their communities, but also views young people as active participants in changing debilitative neighborhood conditions.	Julio Cammarota	University of Arizona	2007	Journal Article	International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education
Developmental psychology	Political science	“Power in Numbers”: Youth Organizing as a Context for Exploring Civic Identity	This study examines civic identity exploration among African‐American and Asian‐American urban youth who participated in a grassroots organizing campaign to improve their local high schools. Drawing on 9 months of ethnographic fieldwork and interviews with participants, the study found that the campaign provided a venue for participants to wrestle with contrasting perspectives about the relationship between the individual and the broader public. The first perspective, which I call atomism, described local social relations as individualistic and self‐interested. The second perspective, which I call collective agency, emphasized that people should work together toward common goals and that the more people who were involved, the more powerful the effort would be. Implications of youth organizing for civic identity formation are discussed.	Ben Kirshner	University of Colorado-Boulder	2009	Study	Journal of Research on Adolescence
Educational research		I Am Engaged: Action Civics in Four Steps	Preparing students to become citizens in a democracy is a complex endeavor. In addition to learning civics content knowledge it is equally important that students have opportunities to apply this knowledge to authentic civic tasks, including identifying and seeking solutions to important social issues in their local community and in other parts of the world. To prepare students for their roles as active and informed citizens, social studies curriculum should engage students in a comprehensive process of confronting multiple dilemmas, and encourage students to speculate, think critically, and make personal and civic decisions based on information from multiple perspectives. Action Civics is a promising new citizenship model for that puts students at the heart of civic action and has them do and behave as citizens by engaging in a cycle of research, action, and reflection about problems they care about personally, while learning about deeper principles of effective civic and especially political action.	Brooke Blevins	Baylor University	2015	Journal Article	Social Studies and the Young Learner
Educational research		I Am Engaged: Action Civics in Four Steps	Preparing students to become citizens in a democracy is a complex endeavor. In addition to learning civics content knowledge it is equally important that students have opportunities to apply this knowledge to authentic civic tasks, including identifying and seeking solutions to important social issues in their local community and in other parts of the world. To prepare students for their roles as active and informed citizens, social studies curriculum should engage students in a comprehensive process of confronting multiple dilemmas, and encourage students to speculate, think critically, and make personal and civic decisions based on information from multiple perspectives. Action Civics is a promising new citizenship model for that puts students at the heart of civic action and has them do and behave as citizens by engaging in a cycle of research, action, and reflection about problems they care about personally, while learning about deeper principles of effective civic and especially political action.	Karon LeCompte	Baylor University	2015	Journal Article	Social Studies and the Young Learner
Educational research		Innovations in Civic Education: Developing Civic Agency Through Action Civics	Action civics is a promising practice that puts students at the heart of civics learning by providing them with the opportunity to learn about civic and political action by engaging in a cycle of research, action, and reflection about problems they care about. As a response to move civics education toward a more action-oriented approach, the researchers planned and hosted two iterations of a summer civics institute for students entering 5th–9th grades. Using Jessica Gingold’s (2013) framework for action civics evaluation, this mixed-method research study explores the outcomes of the iEngage Summer Civics Institutes. Findings suggest that iEngage successfully incorporated four key competences from this framework, including producing 21st-century positive youth leaders, producing active and informed citizens, increasing youth civic participation, and encouraging youth civic creation	Brooke Blevins	Baylor University	2016	Study	Theory and Research in Social Education
Educational research		Innovations in Civic Education: Developing Civic Agency Through Action Civics	Action civics is a promising practice that puts students at the heart of civics learning by providing them with the opportunity to learn about civic and political action by engaging in a cycle of research, action, and reflection about problems they care about. As a response to move civics education toward a more action-oriented approach, the researchers planned and hosted two iterations of a summer civics institute for students entering 5th–9th grades. Using Jessica Gingold’s (2013) framework for action civics evaluation, this mixed-method research study explores the outcomes of the iEngage Summer Civics Institutes. Findings suggest that iEngage successfully incorporated four key competences from this framework, including producing 21st-century positive youth leaders, producing active and informed citizens, increasing youth civic participation, and encouraging youth civic creation	Karon LeCompte	Baylor University	2016	Study	Theory and Research in Social Education
Educational research		Innovations in Civic Education: Developing Civic Agency Through Action Civics	Action civics is a promising practice that puts students at the heart of civics learning by providing them with the opportunity to learn about civic and political action by engaging in a cycle of research, action, and reflection about problems they care about. As a response to move civics education toward a more action-oriented approach, the researchers planned and hosted two iterations of a summer civics institute for students entering 5th–9th grades. Using Jessica Gingold’s (2013) framework for action civics evaluation, this mixed-method research study explores the outcomes of the iEngage Summer Civics Institutes. Findings suggest that iEngage successfully incorporated four key competences from this framework, including producing 21st-century positive youth leaders, producing active and informed citizens, increasing youth civic participation, and encouraging youth civic creation	Sunny Wells	Baylor University	2016	Study	Theory and Research in Social Education
Community health	Educational research	Build a Bridge Between Service and Learning	Schools and communities have much to offer each other. One of the strongest bridges that can be built is service learning. This school reform strategy, a way of teaching and learning that involves students in addressing community problems, can dramatically close the school-community divide. Service learning creates a two-way bridge of interaction and shared purpose, resulting in better schools, stronger communities, and improved student learning, Through service learning, schools and students alike are redefined as contributors to the community.	James Kielsmeier	National Youth Leadership Council, University of Minnesota	2010	Journal Article	Phi Delta Kappan
Educational research		Building Social Capital for Civic and Political Engagement: The Potential of High-School Civics Courses	We employed a quasi-experimental design using pre/post surveys and comparisons with control groups to examine the impact of the Constitutional Rights Foundation's CityWorks (U.S.A.) curriculum. In particular, we assessed its ability to further democratic aims by supporting the development of three forms of social capital: norms of civic participation, social trust, and knowledge of social networks. Our evaluation indicates that this curriculum and several of its curricular features (use of simulations, role models, service learning, learning about problems in the community, learning how local government works, and personal relevance) have the potential to further the democratic purposes of education.	Joseph Kahne	University of California-Riverside, Civic Engagement Research Group (Director) at UC-Riverside, MacArthur Foundation (former), Mills College (former)	2006	Study	Canadian Journal of Education	Surdna Foundation
Educational research		Building Social Capital for Civic and Political Engagement: The Potential of High-School Civics Courses	We employed a quasi-experimental design using pre/post surveys and comparisons with control groups to examine the impact of the Constitutional Rights Foundation's CityWorks (U.S.A.) curriculum. In particular, we assessed its ability to further democratic aims by supporting the development of three forms of social capital: norms of civic participation, social trust, and knowledge of social networks. Our evaluation indicates that this curriculum and several of its curricular features (use of simulations, role models, service learning, learning about problems in the community, learning how local government works, and personal relevance) have the potential to further the democratic purposes of education.	Bernadette Chi	University of California-Berkeley	2006	Study	Canadian Journal of Education	Surdna Foundation
Educational research		Building Social Capital for Civic and Political Engagement: The Potential of High-School Civics Courses	We employed a quasi-experimental design using pre/post surveys and comparisons with control groups to examine the impact of the Constitutional Rights Foundation's CityWorks (U.S.A.) curriculum. In particular, we assessed its ability to further democratic aims by supporting the development of three forms of social capital: norms of civic participation, social trust, and knowledge of social networks. Our evaluation indicates that this curriculum and several of its curricular features (use of simulations, role models, service learning, learning about problems in the community, learning how local government works, and personal relevance) have the potential to further the democratic purposes of education.	Ellen Middaugh	San José State University	2006	Study	Canadian Journal of Education	Surdna Foundation
Political science		What Can Be Done to Encourage Civic Engagement in Youth?	What can be done to encourage civic engagement in youth? The observations here draw on a ten-year study of citizenship education that I conducted in five countries: Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States.Each country has had universal suffrage and public education since at least early in the 20th century. Their populations, while unique, share many civic beliefs and values, including the importance of citizen participation and respect for individual rights. Beginning in 1985, I sampled secondary schools from among the different types of schools prevalent in each country and within its different regions. I collected data in approximately 50 schools across the five nations, administering questionnaires to almost 4000 adolescents ages 14-19. The questionnaires contained scales to measure student political attitudes concerning interest, trust, and efficacy (the belief that citizens can influence decisions); student political behaviors, such as following the news and discussing politics; and student perceptions as to whether the classroom climate encouraged them to express their beliefs about controversial issues. What can be done to encourage civic engagement in youth? The observations here draw on a ten-year study of citizenship education that I conducted in five countries: Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States.1 Each country has had universal suffrage and public education since at least early in the 20th century. Their populations, while unique, share many civic beliefs and values, including the importance of citizen participation and respect for individual rights. Beginning in 1985, I sampled secondary schools from among the different types of schools prevalent in each country and within its different regions. I collected data in approximately 50 schools across the five nations, administering questionnaires to almost 4000 adolescents ages 14-19. The questionnaires contained scales to measure student political attitudes concerning interest, trust, and efficacy (the belief that citizens can influence decisions); student political behaviors, such as following the news and discussing politics; and student perceptions as to whether the classroom climate encouraged them to express their beliefs about controversial issues. This study of citizenship education across five democracies indicates that when students frequently discuss controversial issues in their classes, when they perceive that several sides of issues are presented and discussed, and when they feel comfortable expressing their views, they are more likely to develop attitudes that foster later civic participation than do students without such experiences. Here are glimpses into the ways teachers in each nation used elements of issues-centered content and pedagogy and took steps to promote an open classroom climate.	Carole Hahn	Emory University, National Council for the Social Studies (former president)	2003	Study	Journal of Political Science Education
Political science	Educational research	What Kind of Citizen? The Politics of Educating for Democracy	Educators and policymakers increasingly pursue programs that aim to strengthen democracy through civic education, service learning, and other pedagogies. Their underlying beliefs, however, differ. This article calls attention to the spectrum of ideas about what good citizenship is and what good citizens do that are embodied in democratic education programs. It offers analyses of a 2-year study of educational programs in the United States that aimed to promote democracy. Drawing on democratic theory and on findings from their study, the authors detail three conceptions of the "good" citizen-personally responsible, participatory, and justice oriented-that underscore political implications of education for democracy. The article demonstrates that the narrow and often ideologically conservative conception of citizenship embedded in many current efforts at teaching for democracy reflects not arbitrary choices but, rather, political choices with political consequences.	Joseph Kahne	University of California-Riverside, Civic Engagement Research Group (Director) at UC-Riverside, MacArthur Foundation (former), Mills College (former)	2004	Study	American Educational Research Journal
Political science	Educational research	What Kind of Citizen? The Politics of Educating for Democracy	Educators and policymakers increasingly pursue programs that aim to strengthen democracy through civic education, service learning, and other pedagogies. Their underlying beliefs, however, differ. This article calls attention to the spectrum of ideas about what good citizenship is and what good citizens do that are embodied in democratic education programs. It offers analyses of a 2-year study of educational programs in the United States that aimed to promote democracy. Drawing on democratic theory and on findings from their study, the authors detail three conceptions of the "good" citizen-personally responsible, participatory, and justice oriented-that underscore political implications of education for democracy. The article demonstrates that the narrow and often ideologically conservative conception of citizenship embedded in many current efforts at teaching for democracy reflects not arbitrary choices but, rather, political choices with political consequences.	Joel Westheimer	University of Ottawa	2004	Study	American Educational Research Journal
Community health		Youth-Led Research and Evaluation: Tools for Youth, Organizational, and Community Development	Why have the realizations that youth and community development are inextricably linked—that youth are essential partners in community building, and that community building can provide developmental opportunities for youth—not been enough to make linking the two common practices? We contend that for support practitioners to do this type of work, they will need concrete models of practice in which youth play leadership roles in addressing community issues and communities learn to align themselves to better support their youth. There are excellent models of practice, as profiled by the Urban Strategies Council (1999), McLaughlin (2000), and elsewhere. In this chapter, we present an approach developed by Youth In Focus, a nonprofit intermediary organization dedicated to youth empowerment through youth-led research, evaluation, and planning.	Jonathan London	University of California-Davis	2003	Journal Article	New Directions for Evaluation
Community health		Youth-Led Research and Evaluation: Tools for Youth, Organizational, and Community Development	Why have the realizations that youth and community development are inextricably linked—that youth are essential partners in community building, and that community building can provide developmental opportunities for youth—not been enough to make linking the two common practices? We contend that for support practitioners to do this type of work, they will need concrete models of practice in which youth play leadership roles in addressing community issues and communities learn to align themselves to better support their youth. There are excellent models of practice, as profiled by the Urban Strategies Council (1999), McLaughlin (2000), and elsewhere. In this chapter, we present an approach developed by Youth In Focus, a nonprofit intermediary organization dedicated to youth empowerment through youth-led research, evaluation, and planning.	Kristen Zimmerman		2003	Journal Article	New Directions for Evaluation
Community health		Youth-Led Research and Evaluation: Tools for Youth, Organizational, and Community Development	Why have the realizations that youth and community development are inextricably linked—that youth are essential partners in community building, and that community building can provide developmental opportunities for youth—not been enough to make linking the two common practices? We contend that for support practitioners to do this type of work, they will need concrete models of practice in which youth play leadership roles in addressing community issues and communities learn to align themselves to better support their youth. There are excellent models of practice, as profiled by the Urban Strategies Council (1999), McLaughlin (2000), and elsewhere. In this chapter, we present an approach developed by Youth In Focus, a nonprofit intermediary organization dedicated to youth empowerment through youth-led research, evaluation, and planning.	Nancy Erbstein	University of California-Davis	2003	Journal Article	New Directions for Evaluation
Political science		The Civic and Political Significance of Online Participatory Cultures among Youth Transitioning to Adulthood	Much scholarship has examined how accessing news and other civic and politically oriented online activities can influence offline civic and political behaviors. Much less is known about the influence of nonpolitical online activity on civic and political practices. We found that youth engagement in some forms of nonpolitical online activity can serve as a gateway to participation in civic and political life, including volunteering, community problem solving, protest activities, and political voice. Unlike most prior work in this area that relies on convenience samples and cross-sectional data, we draw on two large panel studies, so we are able to control for prior levels of civic and political engagement. With such controls in place and with controls for a full range of demographic variables, we find that relationships between participation in nonpolitical online participatory cultures on the one hand and civic and political participation on the other remain statistically significant for both datasets. While politically driven online participation is clearly also worthy of attention, our findings indicate that it should not be seen as the only relevant bridge from online activity to civic and political engagement.	Joseph Kahne	University of California-Riverside, Civic Engagement Research Group (Director) at UC-Riverside, MacArthur Foundation (former), Mills College (former)	2013	Study	Journal of Information Technology and Politics	MacArthur Foundation, CIRCLE
Political science		The Civic and Political Significance of Online Participatory Cultures among Youth Transitioning to Adulthood	Much scholarship has examined how accessing news and other civic and politically oriented online activities can influence offline civic and political behaviors. Much less is known about the influence of nonpolitical online activity on civic and political practices. We found that youth engagement in some forms of nonpolitical online activity can serve as a gateway to participation in civic and political life, including volunteering, community problem solving, protest activities, and political voice. Unlike most prior work in this area that relies on convenience samples and cross-sectional data, we draw on two large panel studies, so we are able to control for prior levels of civic and political engagement. With such controls in place and with controls for a full range of demographic variables, we find that relationships between participation in nonpolitical online participatory cultures on the one hand and civic and political participation on the other remain statistically significant for both datasets. While politically driven online participation is clearly also worthy of attention, our findings indicate that it should not be seen as the only relevant bridge from online activity to civic and political engagement.	Nam-Jin Lee	College of Charleston	2013	Study	Journal of Information Technology and Politics	MacArthur Foundation, CIRCLE
Political science		The Civic and Political Significance of Online Participatory Cultures among Youth Transitioning to Adulthood	Much scholarship has examined how accessing news and other civic and politically oriented online activities can influence offline civic and political behaviors. Much less is known about the influence of nonpolitical online activity on civic and political practices. We found that youth engagement in some forms of nonpolitical online activity can serve as a gateway to participation in civic and political life, including volunteering, community problem solving, protest activities, and political voice. Unlike most prior work in this area that relies on convenience samples and cross-sectional data, we draw on two large panel studies, so we are able to control for prior levels of civic and political engagement. With such controls in place and with controls for a full range of demographic variables, we find that relationships between participation in nonpolitical online participatory cultures on the one hand and civic and political participation on the other remain statistically significant for both datasets. While politically driven online participation is clearly also worthy of attention, our findings indicate that it should not be seen as the only relevant bridge from online activity to civic and political engagement.	Jessica Feezell	University of New Mexico	2013	Study	Journal of Information Technology and Politics	MacArthur Foundation, CIRCLE
Community health	Political science	Building Power, Learning Democracy: Youth Organizing as a Site of Civic Development in Education, Democracy, and the Public Good	In this chapter, we explore the potential of youth organizing to promote civic development, new forms of civic engagement that make public institutions more accountable and responsive to the needs of their constituencies, and an expanded commitment to acting in the interest of the public good. The post office protests hint at this potential. Not only were low-income youth of color engaged in civic life, they also lifted up public education as a crucial investment in the future social and economic well-being of their communities. And Jesus Garcia’s claim that his school deserves more funding than other schools suggests that youth organizing may help young people to frame distinctive understandings of what constitutes the public good—understandings that are grounded in historical analyses of power and social relationships and focused explicitly on expanding opportunities for disadvantaged groups.	John Rogers	University of California-Los Angeles	2012	Journal Article	American Educational Research Association
Community health	Political science	Building Power, Learning Democracy: Youth Organizing as a Site of Civic Development in Education, Democracy, and the Public Good	In this chapter, we explore the potential of youth organizing to promote civic development, new forms of civic engagement that make public institutions more accountable and responsive to the needs of their constituencies, and an expanded commitment to acting in the interest of the public good. The post office protests hint at this potential. Not only were low-income youth of color engaged in civic life, they also lifted up public education as a crucial investment in the future social and economic well-being of their communities. And Jesus Garcia’s claim that his school deserves more funding than other schools suggests that youth organizing may help young people to frame distinctive understandings of what constitutes the public good—understandings that are grounded in historical analyses of power and social relationships and focused explicitly on expanding opportunities for disadvantaged groups.	Kavitha Mediratta	Atlantic Fellows for Racial Equity	2012	Journal Article	American Educational Research Association
Community health	Political science	Building Power, Learning Democracy: Youth Organizing as a Site of Civic Development in Education, Democracy, and the Public Good	In this chapter, we explore the potential of youth organizing to promote civic development, new forms of civic engagement that make public institutions more accountable and responsive to the needs of their constituencies, and an expanded commitment to acting in the interest of the public good. The post office protests hint at this potential. Not only were low-income youth of color engaged in civic life, they also lifted up public education as a crucial investment in the future social and economic well-being of their communities. And Jesus Garcia’s claim that his school deserves more funding than other schools suggests that youth organizing may help young people to frame distinctive understandings of what constitutes the public good—understandings that are grounded in historical analyses of power and social relationships and focused explicitly on expanding opportunities for disadvantaged groups.	Seema Shah	Foundation Center	2012	Journal Article	American Educational Research Association
Educational research		Democracy and Education	Dewey describes the ways that education fulfills a social need and function...In the second part of the book, Dewey describes how the purpose of education in a democratic society is to empower individuals to think critically about knowledge and be active agents in reconstructing and reorganizing knowledge from personal experience—to learn a fundamental disposition towards action and transformation. The last part of the book considers challenges to realizing democratic ideals through education.	John Dewey		1916
Educational research		Education, Democracy, and the Public Good: Review of Research in Education	Review of Research in Education (Volume 36) presents new research that explores the varied intersections between Education, Democracy, and the Public Good. It is intended to give readers a broader perspective on how the three constructs are interconnected and applied in the United States and in other countries around the world. By examining the theme in multiple contexts and through diverse lenses, the chapters provide a deeper understanding of the many ways that education and schools serve the "public good," where the "public good" is used throughout the volume as a unifying concept to express purposes beyond individual self-interest in order to encompass those that serve greater public purposes.	Kathryn Borman	University of South Florida	2012	Book	Review of Research in Education
Educational research		Education, Democracy, and the Public Good: Review of Research in Education	Review of Research in Education (Volume 36) presents new research that explores the varied intersections between Education, Democracy, and the Public Good. It is intended to give readers a broader perspective on how the three constructs are interconnected and applied in the United States and in other countries around the world. By examining the theme in multiple contexts and through diverse lenses, the chapters provide a deeper understanding of the many ways that education and schools serve the "public good," where the "public good" is used throughout the volume as a unifying concept to express purposes beyond individual self-interest in order to encompass those that serve greater public purposes.	Arnold Danzig	Arizona State University	2012	Book	Review of Research in Education
Educational research		Education, Democracy, and the Public Good: Review of Research in Education	Review of Research in Education (Volume 36) presents new research that explores the varied intersections between Education, Democracy, and the Public Good. It is intended to give readers a broader perspective on how the three constructs are interconnected and applied in the United States and in other countries around the world. By examining the theme in multiple contexts and through diverse lenses, the chapters provide a deeper understanding of the many ways that education and schools serve the "public good," where the "public good" is used throughout the volume as a unifying concept to express purposes beyond individual self-interest in order to encompass those that serve greater public purposes.	David Garcia	Arizona State University	2012	Book	Review of Research in Education
Political science		Educating the 'good' citizen: political choices and pedagogical goals	We title this article "Educating the 'Good' Citizen" to call attention to the spectrum of ideas about what good citizenship is and what good citizens do that are embodied by democratic education programs nationwide. We add the subtitle "Political Choices and Pedagogical Goals" to reflect our belief that the narrow and often ideologically conservative conception of citizenship embedded in many current efforts at teaching for democracy reflects neither arbitrary choices nor pedagogical limitations but rather political choices with political consequences.	Joseph Kahne	University of California-Riverside, Civic Engagement Research Group (Director) at UC-Riverside, MacArthur Foundation (former), Mills College (former)	2004	Journal Article	Political Science and Politics
Political science		Educating the 'good' citizen: political choices and pedagogical goals	We title this article "Educating the 'Good' Citizen" to call attention to the spectrum of ideas about what good citizenship is and what good citizens do that are embodied by democratic education programs nationwide. We add the subtitle "Political Choices and Pedagogical Goals" to reflect our belief that the narrow and often ideologically conservative conception of citizenship embedded in many current efforts at teaching for democracy reflects neither arbitrary choices nor pedagogical limitations but rather political choices with political consequences.	Joel Westheimer	University of Ottawa	2004	Journal Article	Political Science and Politics
Philosophy	Sociology	Rediscovering the Democratic Purposes of Education	This volume of essays, spanning philosophy, history, sociology, and political science seeks to demonstrate that the democratic purposes of education are not outmoded but can continue to be driving forces in public education. Nine original articles examine how those democratic purposes might be redefined and revived. The volume both establishes the intellectual foundation for revitalizing U.S. schools and offers concrete ideas for how the educational process can be made more democratic.	Lorraine McDonnell	University of California-Santa Barbara	2000	Book (edited)	University Press of Kansas
Philosophy	Sociology	Rediscovering the Democratic Purposes of Education	This volume of essays, spanning philosophy, history, sociology, and political science seeks to demonstrate that the democratic purposes of education are not outmoded but can continue to be driving forces in public education. Nine original articles examine how those democratic purposes might be redefined and revived. The volume both establishes the intellectual foundation for revitalizing U.S. schools and offers concrete ideas for how the educational process can be made more democratic.	P. Michael Timpane	Teachers College (former), RAND	2000	Book (edited)	University Press of Kansas
Philosophy	Sociology	Rediscovering the Democratic Purposes of Education	This volume of essays, spanning philosophy, history, sociology, and political science seeks to demonstrate that the democratic purposes of education are not outmoded but can continue to be driving forces in public education. Nine original articles examine how those democratic purposes might be redefined and revived. The volume both establishes the intellectual foundation for revitalizing U.S. schools and offers concrete ideas for how the educational process can be made more democratic.	Roger Benjamin	RAND	2000	Book (edited)	University Press of Kansas
Political science	Educational research	Teaching democracy: What schools need to do	For the past three years, we studied 10 educational programs, funded by the Surdna Foundation, that were unusual in that they put the challenge of educating for democratic citizenship at the center of their efforts. By studying these programs and their impact, we have been able to learn a great deal about how such goals can be attained. The programs we studied approached the development of democratic citizens in different ways and worked with varied populations, but common curricular components emerged from our analysis. Unfortunately, neither these goals nor these curricular components are getting much attention in most current school reform efforts. We believe that, if schools are to fulfill their historic ideal of laying the foundation for a democratic society, these goals and curricular components must be given much more attention.	Joseph Kahne	University of California-Riverside, Civic Engagement Research Group (Director) at UC-Riverside, MacArthur Foundation (former), Mills College (former)	2003	Study	Phi Delta Kappan	Surdna Foundation
Political science	Educational research	Teaching democracy: What schools need to do	For the past three years, we studied 10 educational programs, funded by the Surdna Foundation, that were unusual in that they put the challenge of educating for democratic citizenship at the center of their efforts. By studying these programs and their impact, we have been able to learn a great deal about how such goals can be attained. The programs we studied approached the development of democratic citizens in different ways and worked with varied populations, but common curricular components emerged from our analysis. Unfortunately, neither these goals nor these curricular components are getting much attention in most current school reform efforts. We believe that, if schools are to fulfill their historic ideal of laying the foundation for a democratic society, these goals and curricular components must be given much more attention.	Joel Westheimer	University of Ottawa	2003	Study	Phi Delta Kappan	Surdna Foundation
Educational research		Democratic schools: Lessons in powerful education	The first edition of Democratic Schools was praised by legions of education professionals for showing how to create schools and classrooms with democratic values in mind; it was hailed for its clear-eyed assessment of the important role schools continue to play in promoting democracy, its traditions, and its thinking. Democratic Schools, Second Edition, shows in detail how educators can make a lasting difference by combining authentic, important lessons and a consistent, building- or system-wide focus on a critical and democratic education. Apple and Beane once more convene seven of America's most creative democratic educators for a powerful conversation about how to build an education that is worthy of our highest ideals.	Michael Apple	University of Wisconsin-Madison	2007	Book (edited)	Heinemann
Educational research		Democratic schools: Lessons in powerful education	The first edition of Democratic Schools was praised by legions of education professionals for showing how to create schools and classrooms with democratic values in mind; it was hailed for its clear-eyed assessment of the important role schools continue to play in promoting democracy, its traditions, and its thinking. Democratic Schools, Second Edition, shows in detail how educators can make a lasting difference by combining authentic, important lessons and a consistent, building- or system-wide focus on a critical and democratic education. Apple and Beane once more convene seven of America's most creative democratic educators for a powerful conversation about how to build an education that is worthy of our highest ideals.	James Beane	National-Louis University	2007	Book (edited)	Heinemann
Educational research		Controversy in the Classroom: The Democratic Power of Discussion	In a conservative educational climate that is dominated by policies like No Child Left Behind, one of the most serious effects has been for educators to worry about the politics of what they are teaching and how they are teaching it. As a result, many dedicated teachers choose to avoid controversial issues altogether in preference for "safe" knowledge and "safe" teaching practices. Diana Hess interrupts this dangerous trend by providing readers a spirited and detailed argument for why curricula and teaching based on controversial issues are truly crucial at this time. Through rich empirical research from real classrooms throughout the nation, she demonstrates why schools have the potential to be particularly powerful sites for democratic education and why this form of education must include sustained attention to authentic and controversial political issues that animate political communities. The purposeful inclusion of controversial issues in the school curriculum, when done wisely and well, can communicate by example the essence of what makes communities democratic while simultaneously building the skills and dispositions that young people will need to live in and improve such communities.	Diana Hess	The Spencer Foundation, University of Wisconsin-Madison	2009	Book	Routledge
Political science		Toward a political theory of politial socialization of youth in Handbook of research on civic engagement in youth	The organization of this Handbook reflects the field of research and policy on youth civic engagement. It is organized into three sections: global and multidisciplinary perspectives; development, socialization, and diversity; and methods and measures. The chapters in this Handbook explore the dimensions of international comparisons that are important to contemporary research on youth civic engagement.	James Youniss	Catholic University	2010	Chapter
Political science		Toward a political theory of politial socialization of youth in Handbook of research on civic engagement in youth	The organization of this Handbook reflects the field of research and policy on youth civic engagement. It is organized into three sections: global and multidisciplinary perspectives; development, socialization, and diversity; and methods and measures. The chapters in this Handbook explore the dimensions of international comparisons that are important to contemporary research on youth civic engagement.	Hugh McIntosh	Catholic University	2010	Chapter
Developmental psychology	Political science	Youth civic development: Work at the cutting edge	Take a cutting edge look at the civic engagement of young people. Increasingly recognized as an important feature of democratic functioning in communities, it has also become clear that the civic domain is indispensable as a context for understanding human development processes. This volume proposes the following central theses in relation to youth civic development: It is rooted in the realities of young people’s everyday lives. It is collectively constructed. It raises questions about the principles, values, and relationships that bind people together in societies. It raises questions about power and justice.	Constance Flanagan	University of Wisconsin-Madison, Pennsylvania State University (former)	2011	Book (edited)	New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development
Developmental psychology	Political science	Youth civic development: Work at the cutting edge	Take a cutting edge look at the civic engagement of young people. Increasingly recognized as an important feature of democratic functioning in communities, it has also become clear that the civic domain is indispensable as a context for understanding human development processes. This volume proposes the following central theses in relation to youth civic development: It is rooted in the realities of young people’s everyday lives. It is collectively constructed. It raises questions about the principles, values, and relationships that bind people together in societies. It raises questions about power and justice.	Brian Christens	University of Wisconsin-Madison	2011	Book (edited)	New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development
Educational research		Paths to 21st Century Competences Through Civic Education Classrooms: An Analysis of Survey Results from Ninth-Graders	This analysis provides evidence that can serve to enlist individuals and organizations promoting civic education in the task of fostering adolescents’ 21st Century skills and competencies. Educators who wish to strengthen their programs should focus on enhancing interactive discussion-based teaching methods with a strong content focus as part of every student’s educational experience. This will benefit both the individual’s preparation as a citizen grounded in knowledge of democratic principles and also the individual’s preparation as a worker who understands economic processes and can collaborate with a diverse range of co-workers.	Judith Torney-Purta	University of Maryland-College Park	2009	Report	American Bar Association Division for Public Education
Educational research		Paths to 21st Century Competences Through Civic Education Classrooms: An Analysis of Survey Results from Ninth-Graders	This analysis provides evidence that can serve to enlist individuals and organizations promoting civic education in the task of fostering adolescents’ 21st Century skills and competencies. Educators who wish to strengthen their programs should focus on enhancing interactive discussion-based teaching methods with a strong content focus as part of every student’s educational experience. This will benefit both the individual’s preparation as a citizen grounded in knowledge of democratic principles and also the individual’s preparation as a worker who understands economic processes and can collaborate with a diverse range of co-workers.	Britt Wilkenfeld	University of Maryland-College Park	2009	Report	American Bar Association Division for Public Education
Educational research		Paths to 21st Century Competences Through Civic Education Classrooms: An Analysis of Survey Results from Ninth-Graders	This analysis provides evidence that can serve to enlist individuals and organizations promoting civic education in the task of fostering adolescents’ 21st Century skills and competencies. Educators who wish to strengthen their programs should focus on enhancing interactive discussion-based teaching methods with a strong content focus as part of every student’s educational experience. This will benefit both the individual’s preparation as a citizen grounded in knowledge of democratic principles and also the individual’s preparation as a worker who understands economic processes and can collaborate with a diverse range of co-workers.	Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools	--	2009	Report	American Bar Association Division for Public Education
Philosophy		Citizenship as Identity, Citizenship as Shared Fate, and the Functions of Multicultural Education in Citizenship and Education in Liberal-Democratic Societies: Teaching for Cosmopolitan Values and Collective Identities	This is the second of the four essays in Part II of the book on liberalism and traditionalist education; all four are by authors who would like to find ways for the liberal state to honour the self-definitions of traditional cultures and to find ways of avoiding a confrontation with differences. Melissa Williams examines citizenship as identity in relation to the project of nation-building, the shifting boundaries of citizenship in relation to globalization, citizenship as shared fate, and the role of multicultural education within the view of citizenship-as-shared-fate. She argues the other side of the same coin to that presented by Shelley Burtt in the previous chapter: according to Williams, the liberal state often demands too much in the way of loyalty from traditional groups, and when it does, it runs a strong risk of becoming oppressive and illiberal. Moreover, she holds that there is no need for a single shared identity among citizens of the liberal state. Her conception of people tied together by a shared fate is to this extent compatible with Burtt’s attempt to make liberalism’s commitment to autonomy more hospitable to groups of individuals encumbered by unchosen attachments, but her notion of citizenship as shared fate also goes further than that, and possibly stands in some tension with, Burtt’s view, since it allows and even encourages people to develop primary affiliation to all kind of groups – traditional as well as global.	Melissa Williams	University of Toronto	2003	Chapter
Philosophy		Citizenship and Education in Liberal-Democratic Societies: Teaching for Cosmopolitan Values and Collective Identities	The essays in the volume address educational issues that arise when national, sub-national, and supra-national identities compete. These include: how to determine the limits to parental educational rights when liberalism’s concern to protect and promote children’s autonomy conflicts with the desire to maintain communal integrity; whether, given the advances made by the forces of globalization, the liberal–democratic state can morally justify its traditional purpose of forging a cohesive national identity or whether increasing globalization has rendered this educational aim obsolete and morally corrupt; and whether liberal education should instead seek to foster a sense of global citizenship, even if doing so would suppress patriotic identification. In addressing these and many other questions, the volume examines the theoretical and practical issues at stake between nationalists, multiculturalists, and cosmopolitans in the field of education. The 15 essays included (which were originally presented at a symposium on ‘Collective Identities and Cosmopolitan Values: Group Rights and Public Education in Liberal–Democratic Societies’, held in Montreal from June 22 to 25, 2000), and an introductory essay by the editors, provide a genuine, productive dialogue between political and legal philosophers and educational theorists	Kevin McDonough	McGill University	2003	Book (edited)	Oxford University
Philosophy		Citizenship and Education in Liberal-Democratic Societies: Teaching for Cosmopolitan Values and Collective Identities	The essays in the volume address educational issues that arise when national, sub-national, and supra-national identities compete. These include: how to determine the limits to parental educational rights when liberalism’s concern to protect and promote children’s autonomy conflicts with the desire to maintain communal integrity; whether, given the advances made by the forces of globalization, the liberal–democratic state can morally justify its traditional purpose of forging a cohesive national identity or whether increasing globalization has rendered this educational aim obsolete and morally corrupt; and whether liberal education should instead seek to foster a sense of global citizenship, even if doing so would suppress patriotic identification. In addressing these and many other questions, the volume examines the theoretical and practical issues at stake between nationalists, multiculturalists, and cosmopolitans in the field of education. The 15 essays included (which were originally presented at a symposium on ‘Collective Identities and Cosmopolitan Values: Group Rights and Public Education in Liberal–Democratic Societies’, held in Montreal from June 22 to 25, 2000), and an introductory essay by the editors, provide a genuine, productive dialogue between political and legal philosophers and educational theorists	Walter Feinberg	University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign	2003	Book (edited)	Oxford University
Political science		From Voice to Influence: Understanding Citizenship in the Digital Age	With From Voice to Influence, Danielle Allen and Jennifer S. Light have brought together a stellar group of political and social theorists, social scientists, and media analysts to explore this transformation. Threading through the contributions is the notion of egalitarian participatory democracy, and among the topics discussed are immigration rights activism, the participatory potential of hip hop culture, and the porous boundary between public and private space on social media. The opportunities presented for political efficacy through digital media to people who otherwise might not be easily heard also raise a host of questions about how to define “good participation:” Does the ease with which one can now participate in online petitions or conversations about current events seduce some away from serious civic activities into “slacktivism?” Drawing on a diverse body of theory, from Hannah Arendt to Anthony Appiah, From Voice to Influence offers a range of distinctive visions for a political ethics to guide citizens in a digitally connected world.	Danielle Allen	Harvard University, Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics	2015	Book (edited)	University of Chicago Press
Political science		From Voice to Influence: Understanding Citizenship in the Digital Age	With From Voice to Influence, Danielle Allen and Jennifer S. Light have brought together a stellar group of political and social theorists, social scientists, and media analysts to explore this transformation. Threading through the contributions is the notion of egalitarian participatory democracy, and among the topics discussed are immigration rights activism, the participatory potential of hip hop culture, and the porous boundary between public and private space on social media. The opportunities presented for political efficacy through digital media to people who otherwise might not be easily heard also raise a host of questions about how to define “good participation:” Does the ease with which one can now participate in online petitions or conversations about current events seduce some away from serious civic activities into “slacktivism?” Drawing on a diverse body of theory, from Hannah Arendt to Anthony Appiah, From Voice to Influence offers a range of distinctive visions for a political ethics to guide citizens in a digitally connected world.	Jennifer Light	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	2015	Book (edited)	University of Chicago Press
Political science		Civic Education and Political Participation		William A. Galston	University of Maryland-College Park, CIRCLE (founding director), Brookings Institution	2004	Journal Article	Political Science and Politics
Political science		Political knowledge, political engagement, and civic education	After decades of neglect, civic education is back on the agenda of political science in the United States. Despite huge increases in the formal educational attainment of the US population during the past 50 years, levels of political knowledge have barely budged. Today's college graduates know no more about politics than did high school graduates in 1950. Recent research indicates that levels of political knowledge affect the acceptance of democratic principles, attitudes toward specific issues, and political participation. There is evidence that political participation is in part a positional good and is shaped by relative as well as absolute levels of educational attainment. Contrary to findings from 30 years ago, recent research suggests that traditional classroom-based civic education can significantly raise political knowledge. Service learning—a combination of community-based civic experience and systematic classroom reflection on that experience—is a promising innovation, but program evaluations have yielded mixed results. Longstanding fears that private schools will not shape democratic citizens are not supported by the evidence.	William A. Galston	University of Maryland-College Park, CIRCLE (founding director), Brookings Institution	2001	Journal Article	Annual Review of Political Science
Philosophy		Civic education and social diversity		Amy Gutmann	Pennsylvania State University	1995	Journal Article	Ethics
Developmental psychology	Political science	Civic competence in urban youth	Civic competence and obstacles to its development are explored in urban youth. Our review suggests that urban youth lag behind suburban adolescents in civic knowledge and civic participation. These lags may be attributable to low levels of political participation among urban adults, educational failures, and a lack of childhood opportunities to join clubs and teams. A comparison of a small city and a neighboring suburban town illustrates both the intertwined obstacles that confront urban youth on the path to civic development and the difficulty that most urban centers face in improving opportunities for civic development. We conclude that urban youth's genuine interest in acquiring civic competence is frustrated by demographic factors largely outside the control of those living in America's cities.	Daniel Hart	Rutgers University	2002	Journal Article	Applied Developmental Science
Developmental psychology	Political science	Civic competence in urban youth	Civic competence and obstacles to its development are explored in urban youth. Our review suggests that urban youth lag behind suburban adolescents in civic knowledge and civic participation. These lags may be attributable to low levels of political participation among urban adults, educational failures, and a lack of childhood opportunities to join clubs and teams. A comparison of a small city and a neighboring suburban town illustrates both the intertwined obstacles that confront urban youth on the path to civic development and the difficulty that most urban centers face in improving opportunities for civic development. We conclude that urban youth's genuine interest in acquiring civic competence is frustrated by demographic factors largely outside the control of those living in America's cities.	Robert Atkins	Rutgers University	2002	Journal Article	Applied Developmental Science
Developmental psychology	Political science	Civic participation and development among urban adolescents		Daniel Hart	Rutgers University	2009	Journal Article	Engaging young people in civic life
Developmental psychology	Political science	Civic participation and development among urban adolescents		Ben Kirshner	University of Colorado-Boulder	2009	Journal Article	Engaging young people in civic life
Educational research		Civic education in the NCLB era: The contested mission of schools		Elizabeth Hinde	Arizona State University	2008	Journal Article	Journal of Curriculum and Instruction
Political science	Educational research	Different pedagogy, different politics: High school learning opportunities and youth political engagement	Using data from an original two‐wave panel survey of California high school students and a two‐wave panel survey of high school students in Chicago, we find that different pedagogical approaches influence different forms of civic and political engagement. Specifically, controlling for prior levels of engagement and demographic factors, we find that open discussion of societal issues promotes engagement with political issues and elections. In contrast, service learning opportunities increase community‐based and expressive actions. Both kinds of opportunities promoted commitments to participatory citizenship. These patterns can teach us about the kinds of opportunities (both in school and out) that can shape adolescents' civic and political development.	Joseph Kahne	University of California-Riverside, Civic Engagement Research Group (Director) at UC-Riverside, MacArthur Foundation (former), Mills College (former)	2013	Study	Political Psychology
Political science	Educational research	Different pedagogy, different politics: High school learning opportunities and youth political engagement	Using data from an original two‐wave panel survey of California high school students and a two‐wave panel survey of high school students in Chicago, we find that different pedagogical approaches influence different forms of civic and political engagement. Specifically, controlling for prior levels of engagement and demographic factors, we find that open discussion of societal issues promotes engagement with political issues and elections. In contrast, service learning opportunities increase community‐based and expressive actions. Both kinds of opportunities promoted commitments to participatory citizenship. These patterns can teach us about the kinds of opportunities (both in school and out) that can shape adolescents' civic and political development.	David Crow	Center for Economic Research and Teaching (Mexico City), University of California-Riverside (former)	2013	Study	Political Psychology
Political science	Educational research	Different pedagogy, different politics: High school learning opportunities and youth political engagement	Using data from an original two‐wave panel survey of California high school students and a two‐wave panel survey of high school students in Chicago, we find that different pedagogical approaches influence different forms of civic and political engagement. Specifically, controlling for prior levels of engagement and demographic factors, we find that open discussion of societal issues promotes engagement with political issues and elections. In contrast, service learning opportunities increase community‐based and expressive actions. Both kinds of opportunities promoted commitments to participatory citizenship. These patterns can teach us about the kinds of opportunities (both in school and out) that can shape adolescents' civic and political development.	Nam-Jin Lee	College of Charleston	2013	Study	Political Psychology
Community health		Learning connected civics: Narratives, practices, infrastructures	Bringing together popular culture studies and sociocultural learning theory, in this paper we formulate the concept of “connected civics,” grounded in the idea that young people today are engaging in new forms of politics that are profoundly participatory. Often working in collaboration with adult allies, they leverage digital media and emerging modes of connectivity to achieve voice and influence in public spheres. The rise of participatory politics provides new opportunities to support connected civics, which is socially engaged and embedded in young people's personal interests, affinities, and identities. We posit three supports that build consequential connections between young people's cultural affinities, their agency in the social world, and their civic engagement: 1. By constructing hybrid narratives, young people mine the cultural contexts they are embedded in and identify with for civic and political themes relevant to issues of public concern. 2. Through shared civic practices, members of affinity networks lower barriers to entry and multiply opportunities for young people to engage in civic and political action. 3. By developing cross-cutting infrastructure, young people–often with adults–institutionalize their efforts in ways that make a loosely affiliated network into something that is socially organized and self-sustaining. Drawing from a corpus of interviews and case studies of youth affinity networks at various sites across the US, this paper recasts the relationship between connected learning, cultural production, and participatory politics.	Mizuko Ito	University of California-Irvine	2015	Journal Article	Curriculum Inquiry
Community health		Learning connected civics: Narratives, practices, infrastructures	Bringing together popular culture studies and sociocultural learning theory, in this paper we formulate the concept of “connected civics,” grounded in the idea that young people today are engaging in new forms of politics that are profoundly participatory. Often working in collaboration with adult allies, they leverage digital media and emerging modes of connectivity to achieve voice and influence in public spheres. The rise of participatory politics provides new opportunities to support connected civics, which is socially engaged and embedded in young people's personal interests, affinities, and identities. We posit three supports that build consequential connections between young people's cultural affinities, their agency in the social world, and their civic engagement: 1. By constructing hybrid narratives, young people mine the cultural contexts they are embedded in and identify with for civic and political themes relevant to issues of public concern. 2. Through shared civic practices, members of affinity networks lower barriers to entry and multiply opportunities for young people to engage in civic and political action. 3. By developing cross-cutting infrastructure, young people–often with adults–institutionalize their efforts in ways that make a loosely affiliated network into something that is socially organized and self-sustaining. Drawing from a corpus of interviews and case studies of youth affinity networks at various sites across the US, this paper recasts the relationship between connected learning, cultural production, and participatory politics.	Elisabeth Soep	Youth Radio (Oakland)	2015	Journal Article	Curriculum Inquiry
Community health		Learning connected civics: Narratives, practices, infrastructures	Bringing together popular culture studies and sociocultural learning theory, in this paper we formulate the concept of “connected civics,” grounded in the idea that young people today are engaging in new forms of politics that are profoundly participatory. Often working in collaboration with adult allies, they leverage digital media and emerging modes of connectivity to achieve voice and influence in public spheres. The rise of participatory politics provides new opportunities to support connected civics, which is socially engaged and embedded in young people's personal interests, affinities, and identities. We posit three supports that build consequential connections between young people's cultural affinities, their agency in the social world, and their civic engagement: 1. By constructing hybrid narratives, young people mine the cultural contexts they are embedded in and identify with for civic and political themes relevant to issues of public concern. 2. Through shared civic practices, members of affinity networks lower barriers to entry and multiply opportunities for young people to engage in civic and political action. 3. By developing cross-cutting infrastructure, young people–often with adults–institutionalize their efforts in ways that make a loosely affiliated network into something that is socially organized and self-sustaining. Drawing from a corpus of interviews and case studies of youth affinity networks at various sites across the US, this paper recasts the relationship between connected learning, cultural production, and participatory politics.	Neta Kligler-Vilenchik	University of Southern California-Los Angeles	2015	Journal Article	Curriculum Inquiry
Community health		Learning connected civics: Narratives, practices, infrastructures	Bringing together popular culture studies and sociocultural learning theory, in this paper we formulate the concept of “connected civics,” grounded in the idea that young people today are engaging in new forms of politics that are profoundly participatory. Often working in collaboration with adult allies, they leverage digital media and emerging modes of connectivity to achieve voice and influence in public spheres. The rise of participatory politics provides new opportunities to support connected civics, which is socially engaged and embedded in young people's personal interests, affinities, and identities. We posit three supports that build consequential connections between young people's cultural affinities, their agency in the social world, and their civic engagement: 1. By constructing hybrid narratives, young people mine the cultural contexts they are embedded in and identify with for civic and political themes relevant to issues of public concern. 2. Through shared civic practices, members of affinity networks lower barriers to entry and multiply opportunities for young people to engage in civic and political action. 3. By developing cross-cutting infrastructure, young people–often with adults–institutionalize their efforts in ways that make a loosely affiliated network into something that is socially organized and self-sustaining. Drawing from a corpus of interviews and case studies of youth affinity networks at various sites across the US, this paper recasts the relationship between connected learning, cultural production, and participatory politics.	Sangita Shresthova	University of Southern California-Los Angeles	2015	Journal Article	Curriculum Inquiry
Community health		Learning connected civics: Narratives, practices, infrastructures	Bringing together popular culture studies and sociocultural learning theory, in this paper we formulate the concept of “connected civics,” grounded in the idea that young people today are engaging in new forms of politics that are profoundly participatory. Often working in collaboration with adult allies, they leverage digital media and emerging modes of connectivity to achieve voice and influence in public spheres. The rise of participatory politics provides new opportunities to support connected civics, which is socially engaged and embedded in young people's personal interests, affinities, and identities. We posit three supports that build consequential connections between young people's cultural affinities, their agency in the social world, and their civic engagement: 1. By constructing hybrid narratives, young people mine the cultural contexts they are embedded in and identify with for civic and political themes relevant to issues of public concern. 2. Through shared civic practices, members of affinity networks lower barriers to entry and multiply opportunities for young people to engage in civic and political action. 3. By developing cross-cutting infrastructure, young people–often with adults–institutionalize their efforts in ways that make a loosely affiliated network into something that is socially organized and self-sustaining. Drawing from a corpus of interviews and case studies of youth affinity networks at various sites across the US, this paper recasts the relationship between connected learning, cultural production, and participatory politics.	Liana Gamber-Thompson	New York University	2015	Journal Article	Curriculum Inquiry
Community health		Learning connected civics: Narratives, practices, infrastructures	Bringing together popular culture studies and sociocultural learning theory, in this paper we formulate the concept of “connected civics,” grounded in the idea that young people today are engaging in new forms of politics that are profoundly participatory. Often working in collaboration with adult allies, they leverage digital media and emerging modes of connectivity to achieve voice and influence in public spheres. The rise of participatory politics provides new opportunities to support connected civics, which is socially engaged and embedded in young people's personal interests, affinities, and identities. We posit three supports that build consequential connections between young people's cultural affinities, their agency in the social world, and their civic engagement: 1. By constructing hybrid narratives, young people mine the cultural contexts they are embedded in and identify with for civic and political themes relevant to issues of public concern. 2. Through shared civic practices, members of affinity networks lower barriers to entry and multiply opportunities for young people to engage in civic and political action. 3. By developing cross-cutting infrastructure, young people–often with adults–institutionalize their efforts in ways that make a loosely affiliated network into something that is socially organized and self-sustaining. Drawing from a corpus of interviews and case studies of youth affinity networks at various sites across the US, this paper recasts the relationship between connected learning, cultural production, and participatory politics.	Arely Zimmerman	New York University	2015	Journal Article	Curriculum Inquiry
Developmental psychology	Political science	Critical civic engagement among urban youth	In recent years, researchers have identified civic engagement as an important element of youth development (Flanagan & Faison, 2001; Youniss, 1999). Particular attention has been directed towards adolescence as a critical period in the emergence of a civic identity. During adolescence, youth begin to transition out of the role of beneficiaries within a community into the roles and responsibilities of active citizens (Hart & Atkins, 2002). Some researchers have identified predictors of youth involvement in volunteer service and community organizing, such as socioeconomic status and family values (Flanagan et al., 1998; Hart, Atkins, & Ford, 1998). Other researchers have focused on developmental outcomes associated with community service, such as improved self-esteem and sense of social responsibility (Conrad & Hedin, 1992; Pancer, Rose-Krasnor, & Loiselle, in press). While this work has provided important and useful insights, little is known about how youth interpret their social context and how this sense-making is related to their emerging civic awareness and involvement. Rather than focus on predictors or correlates of youth civic involvement, in this study we use interpretive methods to find out how young people involved in an after school program reasoned about their social and political environment. Our paper begins by reviewing literature about the civic engagement of urban youth1. We then describe the specific research questions and methodology that organize the study, as well as provide an overview of the after school program where the research took place. The remainder of the paper discusses youth's perspectives on their local social context and their efforts to respond through research and advocacy to problems they identified.	Ben Kirshner	University of Colorado-Boulder	2003	Journal Article	Penn GSE Perspectives on Urban Education
Developmental psychology	Political science	Critical civic engagement among urban youth	In recent years, researchers have identified civic engagement as an important element of youth development (Flanagan & Faison, 2001; Youniss, 1999). Particular attention has been directed towards adolescence as a critical period in the emergence of a civic identity. During adolescence, youth begin to transition out of the role of beneficiaries within a community into the roles and responsibilities of active citizens (Hart & Atkins, 2002). Some researchers have identified predictors of youth involvement in volunteer service and community organizing, such as socioeconomic status and family values (Flanagan et al., 1998; Hart, Atkins, & Ford, 1998). Other researchers have focused on developmental outcomes associated with community service, such as improved self-esteem and sense of social responsibility (Conrad & Hedin, 1992; Pancer, Rose-Krasnor, & Loiselle, in press). While this work has provided important and useful insights, little is known about how youth interpret their social context and how this sense-making is related to their emerging civic awareness and involvement. Rather than focus on predictors or correlates of youth civic involvement, in this study we use interpretive methods to find out how young people involved in an after school program reasoned about their social and political environment. Our paper begins by reviewing literature about the civic engagement of urban youth1. We then describe the specific research questions and methodology that organize the study, as well as provide an overview of the after school program where the research took place. The remainder of the paper discusses youth's perspectives on their local social context and their efforts to respond through research and advocacy to problems they identified.	Karen Strobel	Partnership for 21st Century Assessment	2003	Journal Article	Penn GSE Perspectives on Urban Education
Developmental psychology	Political science	Critical civic engagement among urban youth	In recent years, researchers have identified civic engagement as an important element of youth development (Flanagan & Faison, 2001; Youniss, 1999). Particular attention has been directed towards adolescence as a critical period in the emergence of a civic identity. During adolescence, youth begin to transition out of the role of beneficiaries within a community into the roles and responsibilities of active citizens (Hart & Atkins, 2002). Some researchers have identified predictors of youth involvement in volunteer service and community organizing, such as socioeconomic status and family values (Flanagan et al., 1998; Hart, Atkins, & Ford, 1998). Other researchers have focused on developmental outcomes associated with community service, such as improved self-esteem and sense of social responsibility (Conrad & Hedin, 1992; Pancer, Rose-Krasnor, & Loiselle, in press). While this work has provided important and useful insights, little is known about how youth interpret their social context and how this sense-making is related to their emerging civic awareness and involvement. Rather than focus on predictors or correlates of youth civic involvement, in this study we use interpretive methods to find out how young people involved in an after school program reasoned about their social and political environment. Our paper begins by reviewing literature about the civic engagement of urban youth1. We then describe the specific research questions and methodology that organize the study, as well as provide an overview of the after school program where the research took place. The remainder of the paper discusses youth's perspectives on their local social context and their efforts to respond through research and advocacy to problems they identified.	Maria Fernandez	Stanford University	2003	Journal Article	Penn GSE Perspectives on Urban Education
Philosophy		The civic empowerment gap: Defining the problem and locating solutions in Handvbook of research on civic engagement in youth		Meira Levinson	Harvard University	2010	Chapter
Political science	Philosophy	Diversity and distrust: Civic education in a multicultural democracy	What should the aims of education policy be in the United States and other culturally diverse democracies? Should the foremost aim be to allow the flourishing of social and religious diversity? Or is it more important to foster shared political values and civic virtues? Stephen Macedo believes that diversity should usually, but not always, be highly valued. We must remember, he insists, that many forms of social and religious diversity are at odds with basic commitments to liberty, equality, and civic flourishing. Liberalism has an important but neglected civic dimension, he argues, and liberal democrats must take care to promote not only well-ordered institutions but also well-ordered citizens. Macedo shows that this responsibility is incompatible with a neutral or hands-off stance toward diversity in general or toward the education of children in particular. Extending the ideas of John Rawls, he defends a “civic liberalism” that supports the legitimacy of reasonable efforts to inculcate shared political virtues while leaving many larger questions of meaning and value to private communities. Macedo’s tough-minded liberal agenda for civic education offers a fundamental challenge to free market libertarians, the religious right, parental rights activists, postmodernists, and many of those who call themselves multiculturalists. This book will become an important resource in the debate about the reform of public education, and in the culture war over the future of liberalism.	Stephen Macedo	Princeton University	2009	Book	Harvard University Press
Educational research		Making Citizens: Transforming civic learning for diverse social studies classrooms	Can social studies classrooms be effective "makers" of citizens if much of what occurs in these classrooms does little to prepare young people to participate in the civic and political life of our democracy? Making Citizens illustrates how social studies can recapture its civic purpose through an approach that incorporates meaningful civic learning into middle and high school classrooms. The book explains why social studies teachers, particularly those working in diverse and urban areas, should infuse civic education into their teaching, and outlines how this can be done effectively.	Beth Rubin	Rutgers University	2012	Book	Routledge
Educational research		The school's role in developing civic engagement: A study of adolescents in twenty-eight countries.	Schools achieve the best results in fostering civic engagement when they rigorously teach civic content and skills, ensure an open classroom climate for discussing issues, emphasize the importance of the electoral process, and encourage a participative school culture. Schools whose students do not plan to attend college and have few educational resources at home face a special challenge. These are among the conclusions of the IEA Civic Education Study in which 90,000 14-year-olds in 28 countries were tested on knowledge of civic content and skills and were surveyed about concepts of citizenship, attitudes toward governmental and civic institutions, and political actions.	Judith Torney-Purta	University of Maryland-College Park	2002	Study	Applied Developmental Science
Educational research		Reimagining Civic Education: How Diverse Societies Form Democratic Citizens	This volume surveys the new global landscape for democratic civic education. Rooted in qualitative researc, the contributors explore the many ways that notions of democracy and citizenship have been implemented in recent education policy, curriculum, and classroom practice around the world. From Indonesia to the Spokane Reservation and El Salvador to Estonia, these chapters reveal a striking diversity of approaches to political socialization in varying cultural and institutional contexts. By bringing to bear the methodological, conceptual and theoretical perspectives of qualitative research, this book adds important new voices to one of educationOs most critical debates: how to form democratic citizens in a changing world.	Doyle Stevick	University of South Carolina	2007	Book (edited)	Rowman & Littlefield
Educational research		Reimagining Civic Education: How Diverse Societies Form Democratic Citizens	This volume surveys the new global landscape for democratic civic education. Rooted in qualitative researc, the contributors explore the many ways that notions of democracy and citizenship have been implemented in recent education policy, curriculum, and classroom practice around the world. From Indonesia to the Spokane Reservation and El Salvador to Estonia, these chapters reveal a striking diversity of approaches to political socialization in varying cultural and institutional contexts. By bringing to bear the methodological, conceptual and theoretical perspectives of qualitative research, this book adds important new voices to one of educationOs most critical debates: how to form democratic citizens in a changing world.	Meira Levinson	Harvard University	2007	Book (edited)	Rowman & Littlefield
Philosophy		Making Good Citizens: Education and Civil Society	In this timely book, Ravitch and Viteritti, professors at New York University and coeditors of New Schools for a New Century, explore the link between education and citizenship through a series of essays by contributors from a broad spectrum of educational institutions. Some of the essays are research-oriented, filled with charts and data from various studies, while others are less technical. All consider some aspect of the role of education in shaping students for civic responsibility. For example, is it wrong to stress patriotism to American students? Should our top priority be teaching students the importance of being a U.S. citizen, or should we instead stress that they are citizens of the globe? If the number of Americans who volunteer for civic and political causes is decreasing, is U.S. education to blame? And how can teachers instill values such as honesty when students see that in politics and entertainment corruption often is rewarded? There's something here for everyone, from the academic interested in data to the common citizen wondering what, if anything, is wrong with American education.	Diane Ravitch	New York University, U.S. Department of Education (former)	2001	Book (edited)	Yale University Press
Philosophy		Making Good Citizens: Education and Civil Society	In this timely book, Ravitch and Viteritti, professors at New York University and coeditors of New Schools for a New Century, explore the link between education and citizenship through a series of essays by contributors from a broad spectrum of educational institutions. Some of the essays are research-oriented, filled with charts and data from various studies, while others are less technical. All consider some aspect of the role of education in shaping students for civic responsibility. For example, is it wrong to stress patriotism to American students? Should our top priority be teaching students the importance of being a U.S. citizen, or should we instead stress that they are citizens of the globe? If the number of Americans who volunteer for civic and political causes is decreasing, is U.S. education to blame? And how can teachers instill values such as honesty when students see that in politics and entertainment corruption often is rewarded? There's something here for everyone, from the academic interested in data to the common citizen wondering what, if anything, is wrong with American education.	Joseph Viteritti	New York University	2001	Book (edited)	Yale University Press
Philosophy		Patriotic Purposes: Public Schools and the Education of Citizens in The Public Schools		Julie Reuben	Harvard University	2005	Chapter	Oxford University Press
Political science		Education and Democratic Citizenship in America	Formal education is crucial for creating enlightened and active citizens. The better educated are more engaged, more knowledgeable, and more politically tolerant. Despite a dramatic increase in education attainment over the last quarter century, political engagement has not risen at a commensurate level. How and why education affects citizenship in these ways has until now been a puzzle. Norman H. Nie, Jane Junn, and Kenneth Stehlik-Barry provide answers by uncovering the causal relationship between education and democratic citizenship. They argue that citizenship encompasses both political engagement in pursuit of interests and commitment to democratic values that temper what citizens can do to win in politics. Education affects the two dimensions in distinct ways. Especially significant is the influence of education on political engagement through occupational prominence and position in social networks. Formal education orders the distribution of social position and connections and creates an uneven political playing field.	Norman Nie	University of Chicago	1996	Book	University of Chicago Press
Political science		Education and Democratic Citizenship in America	Formal education is crucial for creating enlightened and active citizens. The better educated are more engaged, more knowledgeable, and more politically tolerant. Despite a dramatic increase in education attainment over the last quarter century, political engagement has not risen at a commensurate level. How and why education affects citizenship in these ways has until now been a puzzle. Norman H. Nie, Jane Junn, and Kenneth Stehlik-Barry provide answers by uncovering the causal relationship between education and democratic citizenship. They argue that citizenship encompasses both political engagement in pursuit of interests and commitment to democratic values that temper what citizens can do to win in politics. Education affects the two dimensions in distinct ways. Especially significant is the influence of education on political engagement through occupational prominence and position in social networks. Formal education orders the distribution of social position and connections and creates an uneven political playing field.	Jane Junn	University of Southern California	1996	Book	University of Chicago Press
Political science		Education and Democratic Citizenship in America	Formal education is crucial for creating enlightened and active citizens. The better educated are more engaged, more knowledgeable, and more politically tolerant. Despite a dramatic increase in education attainment over the last quarter century, political engagement has not risen at a commensurate level. How and why education affects citizenship in these ways has until now been a puzzle. Norman H. Nie, Jane Junn, and Kenneth Stehlik-Barry provide answers by uncovering the causal relationship between education and democratic citizenship. They argue that citizenship encompasses both political engagement in pursuit of interests and commitment to democratic values that temper what citizens can do to win in politics. Education affects the two dimensions in distinct ways. Especially significant is the influence of education on political engagement through occupational prominence and position in social networks. Formal education orders the distribution of social position and connections and creates an uneven political playing field.	Kenneth Stehlik-Barry	Northwestern University	1996	Book	University of Chicago Press
Philosophy	Political science	Learning for cosmopolitan ciizenship: Theoretical debates and young people's experiences	Since citizenship is a contested concept, education for citizenship is also a site of debate and controversy. This article explores the limitations of education for national citizenship, and reflects on the deficit models of young people which are often presented in justifying citizenship education. Extending political theorist David Held's model of cosmopolitan democracy, the authors propose the term education for cosmopolitan citizenship. They explore the features of education for citizenship in the context of globalisation, noting that citizenship education addresses local, national, regional and global issues. Such a perspective is critical in preparing young people to live together in increasingly diverse local communities and an interdependent world. The authors report on research carried out with young people living in multicultural communities in Leicester, UK, to explore understandings of community and levels of civic engagement. They explore the multiple identities and loyalties of these young people and identify sites of learning for citizenship in homes and communities. Drawing on these findings, the article concludes that a re-conceptualised education for cosmopolitan citizenship needs to address peace, human rights, democracy and development, equipping young people to make a difference at all levels, from the local to the global.	Audrey Osler	Centre for Citizenship Studies in Education, University of Leicester (UK)	2003	Journal Article	Educational Review
Philosophy	Political science	Learning for cosmopolitan ciizenship: Theoretical debates and young people's experiences	Since citizenship is a contested concept, education for citizenship is also a site of debate and controversy. This article explores the limitations of education for national citizenship, and reflects on the deficit models of young people which are often presented in justifying citizenship education. Extending political theorist David Held's model of cosmopolitan democracy, the authors propose the term education for cosmopolitan citizenship. They explore the features of education for citizenship in the context of globalisation, noting that citizenship education addresses local, national, regional and global issues. Such a perspective is critical in preparing young people to live together in increasingly diverse local communities and an interdependent world. The authors report on research carried out with young people living in multicultural communities in Leicester, UK, to explore understandings of community and levels of civic engagement. They explore the multiple identities and loyalties of these young people and identify sites of learning for citizenship in homes and communities. Drawing on these findings, the article concludes that a re-conceptualised education for cosmopolitan citizenship needs to address peace, human rights, democracy and development, equipping young people to make a difference at all levels, from the local to the global.	Hugh Starkey	Centre for Citizenship Studies in Education, University of Leicester (UK)	2003	Journal Article	Educational Review
Philosophy	Educational research	Pledging Allegiance: The Politics of Patriotism in America's Schools	What does it mean to be “patriotic” in the United States after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001? And how have the prevailing notions of patriotism—loudly trumpeted in the American media—affected education in American schools? In this spirited book, renowned educational leaders and classroom practitioners answer these questions with insights, opinions, and hard facts. They focus on critical issues related to patriotism and democracy in education, including the social studies curriculum, military recruitment in schools, and student dissent.	Joel Westheimer	University of Ottawa	2007	Book (edited)	Teachers College Press
Educational research		I Was Born Here, but My Home, It's Not Here': Educating for Democratic Citizenship in an Era of Transnational Migration and Global Conflict	In this article, Thea Renda Abu El-Haj shares her research on how a group of Palestinian American high school youth understand themselves as members of the U.S. community, of the Palestinian American community, and of communities in Palestine. She argues that, for these youth, coming to terms with who they are has a great deal to do both with how they view themselves and how Palestinian Americans are viewed in the imagined community of the United States, especially after September 11, 2001. Her research reports on the tensions these youth face as they deal with school issues, like pledging allegiance to the U.S. flag, teacher harassment, and disciplinary sanctions related to being framed as "terrorists," that affect how they think about citizenship and belonging. Given the complex way these and other youth experience belonging, Abu El-Haj ends with a call for a greater commitment to, and a more nuanced understanding of, citizenship education.	Thea Renda Abu El-Haj	Barnard College	2008	Study	Harvard Educational Review
Educational research		What does civics education look like in America?	The 2018 Brown Center Report on American Education focuses on the state of civics education in the U.S. Chapter 2 examines how states have incorporated certain practices into their requirements for civics education and uses survey data to assess whether student experiences reflect these practices. The data highlight how critical parts of a civics education, namely participatory elements and community engagement, are often missing from state requirements, whereas discussion and knowledge-building components appear more common. As with almost any attempt to identify a set of “best” practices in education, we find different perspectives from different experts, with a research base too thin to offer unambiguous guidance. In this context, we turn to what appears to be as close as we could reasonably expect to a consensus view from experts—the Six Proven Practices for Effective Civic Learning framework.	Elizabeth Mann Levesque	Brookings Institution, Brown Center on Education Policy	2018	Report	Brookings Institute
Political science		Survey Measures of Civic Engagement	Circle and our colleagues and partners have developed and tested various measures of young adults’ “civic engagement” (including their political participation; their community service and local civic work; and their knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values). These measures are available for anyone to use without our permission. Different measures are appropriate for different ages and situation.	CIRCLE	--	2010		CIRCLE
Educational research		Civic Learning Impact and Measurement Convening Research Summary: Knowledge and Cognitive Skills		Center for Educational Equity	--	2019	Research review	CivX
Educational research		Civic Learning Impact and Measurement Convening Research Summary: Values, Dispositions and Attitudes		Center for Educational Equity	--	2019	Research review	CivX
Educational research		Civic Learning Impact and Measurement Convening Research Summary: Political and Civic Behavior		Center for Educational Equity	--	2019	Research review	CivX
Educational research		High Schools, Civics, and Citizenship: What Social Studies Teachers Think and Do	This study revolves around an essential question: what are teachers trying to teach our youth about citizenship and what it means to be an American? The findings are based on a national, random sample survey of 866 public high school social studies teachers, an oversample survey of 245 Catholic and private high school social studies teachers, and three focus groups. Social studies teachers are excellent sources of information for this type of research. They are in the trenches, and they can report not only on their own attitudes, priorities, and behaviors, but also on what is actually happening in high schools and school districts.	Frederick Hess	American Enterprise Institute	2010	Study	American Enterprise Institute
Educational research		High Schools, Civics, and Citizenship: What Social Studies Teachers Think and Do	This study revolves around an essential question: what are teachers trying to teach our youth about citizenship and what it means to be an American? The findings are based on a national, random sample survey of 866 public high school social studies teachers, an oversample survey of 245 Catholic and private high school social studies teachers, and three focus groups. Social studies teachers are excellent sources of information for this type of research. They are in the trenches, and they can report not only on their own attitudes, priorities, and behaviors, but also on what is actually happening in high schools and school districts.	Gary Schmitt	American Enterprise Institute (Program on American Citizenship)	2010	Study	American Enterprise Institute
Educational research		High Schools, Civics, and Citizenship: What Social Studies Teachers Think and Do	This study revolves around an essential question: what are teachers trying to teach our youth about citizenship and what it means to be an American? The findings are based on a national, random sample survey of 866 public high school social studies teachers, an oversample survey of 245 Catholic and private high school social studies teachers, and three focus groups. Social studies teachers are excellent sources of information for this type of research. They are in the trenches, and they can report not only on their own attitudes, priorities, and behaviors, but also on what is actually happening in high schools and school districts.	Cheryl Miller	American Enterprise Institute (Program on American Citizenship)	2010	Study	American Enterprise Institute
Educational research		High Schools, Civics, and Citizenship: What Social Studies Teachers Think and Do	This study revolves around an essential question: what are teachers trying to teach our youth about citizenship and what it means to be an American? The findings are based on a national, random sample survey of 866 public high school social studies teachers, an oversample survey of 245 Catholic and private high school social studies teachers, and three focus groups. Social studies teachers are excellent sources of information for this type of research. They are in the trenches, and they can report not only on their own attitudes, priorities, and behaviors, but also on what is actually happening in high schools and school districts.	Jenna Schuette	American Enterprise Institute	2010	Study	American Enterprise Institute
Educational research		High Schools, Civics, and Citizenship: What Social Studies Teachers Think and Do	This study revolves around an essential question: what are teachers trying to teach our youth about citizenship and what it means to be an American? The findings are based on a national, random sample survey of 866 public high school social studies teachers, an oversample survey of 245 Catholic and private high school social studies teachers, and three focus groups. Social studies teachers are excellent sources of information for this type of research. They are in the trenches, and they can report not only on their own attitudes, priorities, and behaviors, but also on what is actually happening in high schools and school districts.	Steve Farkas	FDR Group	2010	Study	American Enterprise Institute
Educational research		High Schools, Civics, and Citizenship: What Social Studies Teachers Think and Do	This study revolves around an essential question: what are teachers trying to teach our youth about citizenship and what it means to be an American? The findings are based on a national, random sample survey of 866 public high school social studies teachers, an oversample survey of 245 Catholic and private high school social studies teachers, and three focus groups. Social studies teachers are excellent sources of information for this type of research. They are in the trenches, and they can report not only on their own attitudes, priorities, and behaviors, but also on what is actually happening in high schools and school districts.	Ann Duffett	FDR Group	2010	Study	American Enterprise Institute