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International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: AAVE - Esperanto. Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8.

E. K. Brown; R. E. Asher; J. M. Y. Simpson (2006). Encyclopedia of language & linguistics. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-044299-0.

Ryan, Camille (August 2013). "Language Use in the United States: 2011" (PDF). American Community Survey Reports. p. 1. Retrieved 16 December 2014. English is the language spoken by most people in the United States. The official language of many states is English and it is the language used in nearly all governmental functions. Despite this predominance, many people in the United States speak languages other than English ...

Office for National Statistics (4 March 2013). "Language in England and Wales, 2011". 2011 Census Analysis. Key Points. Retrieved 16 December 2014. Over 9 in 10 people in England and Wales reported English (English or Welsh in Wales) as their main language in March 2011. ... Despite almost 1 in 10 having another main language other than English or Welsh, a much smaller percentage of the total population said they could either not speak English well or not at all.

Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (28 June 2013). "Census 2011: Detailed Characteristics for Northern Ireland on Ethnicity, Country of Birth and Language" (PDF). Statistics Bulletin. p. 43. Retrieved 16 December 2014. 3.1 Main language and Proficiency in English Based on a new question for 2011, English was not the main language for 3.1 per cent (54,500) of Northern Ireland residents aged 3 years and over.

Department of Finance and Personnel: Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (11 December 2012). "Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland December 2012" (PDF). Statistics Bulletin. Table KS207NI: Main Language. Retrieved 16 December 2014. Percentage of all usual residents aged 3 and over whose main language is: English 96.86

Statistics South Africa. Census 2011: Census in Brief (PDF). Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province (number). ISBN 978-0-621-41388-5. Retrieved 16 December 2014. {{cite book}}: |periodical= ignored (help)

Young, Libby (May 2014). "South Africa's languages". Retrieved 16 December 2014. South Africa is a multilingual country. Its democratic Constitution, which came into effect on 4 February 1997, recognises 11 official languages, to which the state guarantees equal status. ... Most South Africans are multilingual, able to speak more than one language. ... Most South Africans speak English, which is fairly ubiquitous in official and commercial public life.

Read more: http://www.mediaclub.co.za/landstatic/80-languages#ixzz3M4oRkube

Huddleston, Rodney. "A SHORT OVERVIEW OF ENGLISH SYNTAX Based on The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language". University of Edinburgh: Linguistics and English Language. Retrieved 18 December 2014.




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Sources

[edit]
  • Whitelock, Dorothy (ed.) (1955) English Historical Documents; vol. I: c. 500–1042. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode

General

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  • Baker, Peter S. (2003). Introduction to Old English. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-23454-3.
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  • Strang, Barbara M. H. (1970) A History of English. London: Methuen.

External history

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  • Robinson, Orrin W. (1992). Old English and Its Closest Relatives. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2221-8.
  • Bremmer Jr, Rolf H. (2009). An Introduction to Old Frisian. History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
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Orthography/Palaeography

[edit]
  • Bourcier, Georges. (1978). L'orthographie de l'anglais: Histoire et situation actuelle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
  • Elliott, Ralph W. V. (1959). Runes: An introduction. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Keller, Wolfgang. (1906). Angelsächsische Paleographie, I: Einleitung. Berlin: Mayer & Müller.
  • Ker, N. R. (1957). A Catalogue of Manuscripts Containing Anglo-Saxon. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Ker, N. R. (1957: 1990). A Catalogue of Manuscripts Containing Anglo-Saxon; with supplement prepared by Neil Ker originally published in Anglo-Saxon England; 5, 1957. Oxford: Clarendon Press ISBN 0-19-811251-3
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  • Scragg, Donald G. (1974). A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Phonology

[edit]
  • Anderson, John M; & Jones, Charles. (1977). Phonological structure and the history of English. North-Holland linguistics series (No. 33). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
  • Brunner, Karl. (1965). Altenglische Grammatik (nach der angelsächsischen Grammatik von Eduard Sievers neubearbeitet) (3rd ed.). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
  • Campbell, A. (1959). Old English Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Cercignani, Fausto (1983). "The Development of */k/ and */sk/ in Old English". Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 82 (3): 313–323.
  • Girvan, Ritchie. (1931). Angelsaksisch Handboek; E. L. Deuschle (transl.). (Oudgermaansche Handboeken; No. 4). Haarlem: Tjeenk Willink.
  • Halle, Morris; & Keyser, Samuel J. (1971). English Stress: its form, its growth, and its role in verse. New York: Harper & Row.
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  • Hogg, Richard M. (1992). A Grammar of Old English, I: Phonology. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Kuhn, Sherman M. (1961). "On the Syllabic Phonemes of Old English". Language. 37 (4): 522–538. doi:10.2307/411354. JSTOR 411354.
  • Kuhn, Sherman M. (1970). "On the consonantal phonemes of Old English". In: J. L. Rosier (ed.) Philological Essays: studies in Old and Middle English language and literature in honour of Herbert Dean Merritt (pp. 16–49). The Hague: Mouton.
  • Lass, Roger; & Anderson, John M. (1975). Old English Phonology. (Cambridge studies in linguistics; No. 14). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Luick, Karl. (1914–1940). Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache. Stuttgart: Bernhard Tauchnitz.
  • Maling, J. (1971). "Sentence stress in Old English". Linguistic Inquiry. 2 (3): 379–400. JSTOR 4177642.
  • McCully, C. B.; Hogg, Richard M. (1990). "An account of Old English stress". Journal of Linguistics. 26 (2): 315–339. doi:10.1017/S0022226700014699.
  • Moulton, W. G. (1972). "The Proto-Germanic non-syllabics (consonants)". In: F. van Coetsem & H. L. Kufner (Eds.), Toward a Grammar of Proto-Germanic (pp. 141–173). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
  • Sievers, Eduard (1893). Altgermanische Metrik. Halle: Max Niemeyer.
  • Wagner, Karl Heinz (1969). Generative Grammatical Studies in the Old English language. Heidelberg: Julius Groos.

Morphology

[edit]
  • Brunner, Karl. (1965). Altenglische Grammatik (nach der angelsächsischen Grammatik von Eduard Sievers neubearbeitet) (3rd ed.). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
  • Campbell, A. (1959). Old English grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Wagner, Karl Heinz. (1969). Generative grammatical studies in the Old English language. Heidelberg: Julius Groos.

Syntax

[edit]
  • Brunner, Karl. (1962). Die englische Sprache: ihre geschichtliche Entwicklung (Vol. II). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
  • Kemenade, Ans van. (1982). Syntactic Case and Morphological Case in the History of English. Dordrecht: Foris.
  • MacLaughlin, John C. (1983). Old English Syntax: a handbook. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
  • Mitchell, Bruce. (1985). Old English Syntax (Vols. 1–2). Oxford: Clarendon Press (no more published)
    • Vol.1: Concord, the parts of speech and the sentence
    • Vol.2: Subordination, independent elements, and element order
  • Mitchell, Bruce. (1990) A Critical Bibliography of Old English Syntax to the end of 1984, including addenda and corrigenda to "Old English Syntax" . Oxford: Blackwell
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  • Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. (1972). A History of English Syntax: a transformational approach to the history of English sentence structure. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
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Lexicons

[edit]
Bosworth-Toller
  • Bosworth, J; & Toller, T. Northcote. (1898). An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Based on Bosworth's 1838 dictionary, his papers & additions by Toller)
  • Toller, T. Northcote. (1921). An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Supplement. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Campbell, A. (1972). An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Enlarged addenda and corrigenda. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Clark Hall-Merritt
  • Clark Hall, J. R; & Merritt, H. D. (1969). A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (4th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Toronto
  • Cameron, Angus, et al. (ed.) (1983) Dictionary of Old English. Toronto: Published for the Dictionary of Old English Project, Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto by the Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1983/1994. (Issued on microfiche and subsequently as a CD-ROM and on the World Wide Web.)



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  • Patrick, Peter L. (1995), "Recent Jamaican Words in Sociolinguistic Context", American Speech, 70 (3): 227–264, doi:10.2307/455899, JSTOR 455899
  • Patrick, Peter L. (1999). Urban Jamaican Creole: Variation in the Mesolect. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.
  • Rickford, John R. (1987). Dimensions of a Creole Continuum: History, Texts, Linguistic Analysis of Guyanese. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Winford, Donald (1985), "The Syntax of Fi Complements in Caribbean English Creole", Language, 61 (3): 588–624, doi:10.2307/414387, JSTOR 414387



Other articles to look at with messy but useful references include "international English", "Middle English", "English as a second or foreign language", "Australian English", "Hiberno-English",


  • Cheng, Linsun; Bagg, Mary, eds. (2009). Berkshire encyclopedia of China : modern and historic views of the world's newest and oldest global power. Vol. 3. Great Barrington (MA): Berkshire Pub. Group. p. 1385. ISBN 978-0-97701594-8.
  • Brown, E. K.; Anderson, Anne, eds. (2006). Encyclopedia of language & linguistics. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier. p. 345. ISBN 0-08044358-3.
  • Frawley, William; Bright, William, eds. (2003). International encyclopedia of linguistics. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 316. ISBN 0-19-513977-1.
  • Campbell, George L., ed. (2000). Compendium of the world's languages. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 374–379. ISBN 0=41520296-5. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
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