User:WeijiBaikeBianji/IPApronunciationkeys

(Words in SMALL CAPITALS are the standard lexical sets. Words in the lexical sets BATH, CLOTH and INTO are given two transcriptions, respectively one with /ɑː/ and one with /æ/, with /ɒ/ and /ɔː/, and with /ʊ/ and /uː/.)

Consonants
IPA	Examples
b	buy, cab
d	die, cad
ð	thy, breathe, father
dʒ	giant, badge, jam
f	phi, caff, fan
ɡ (ɡ)^[1]	guy, bag
h	high, ahead
j	yes, yacht
k	chi, sky, crack
l	lie, sly, gal
m	my, smile, cam
n	nigh, snide, can
ŋ	sang, sink, singer
ŋɡ	finger, anger
θ	thigh, math
p	pie, spy, cap
r	rye, try, very^[2]
s	sigh, mass
ʃ	shy, cash, emotion
t	tie, sty, cat, atom
tʃ	China, catch
v	vie, have
w	wye, swine
hw	why^[3]
z	xi, zoo, has
ʒ	pleasure, vision, beige^[4]
Marginal consonants
x	ugh, loch, Chanukah^[5]
ʔ	uh-oh /ˈʌʔoʊ/

Vowels and diphthongs
IPA		R-colored vowels^[6]^[7]
ɑː	PALM, baht, father, bra	ɑr	START, bard, barn, snarl, star (also /ɑːr./)
ɒ	LOT, pod, song, doll^[8]	ɒr	moral, forage
æ	TRAP, pad, shall, ban	ær	barrow, marry
aɪ	PRICE, ride, file, fine, pie	aɪər	fire^[7]
aʊ	MOUTH, loud, foul, down, how	aʊər	hour^[7]
ɛ	DRESS, bed, fell, men	ɛr	error, merry
eɪ	FACE, made, fail, vein, pay	ɛər	SQUARE, scared, scarce, cairn, Mary (/eɪr./)
ɪ	KIT, lid, fill, bin	ɪr	mirror, Sirius
iː	FLEECE, seed, feel, mean, sea	ɪər	NEAR, beard, fierce, serious (/iːr./)
ɔː	THOUGHT, Maud, dawn, fall, straw^[9]	ɔr	NORTH, born, for, aural (/ɔːr./)
ɔɪ	CHOICE, void, foil, coin, boy	ɔɪər	loir, coir^[7]
oʊ	GOAT, code, foal, bone, go^[10]	ɔər	FORCE, boar, more, oral (/oʊr./)^[11]
ʊ	FOOT, good, full, woman	ʊr	courier
uː	GOOSE, food, fool, soon, chew	ʊər	boor, moor, tourist (/uːr./)^[12]
juː	cued, cute, mule, tune, queue^[13]	jʊər	CURE
ʌ	STRUT, mud, dull, gun^[14]	ʌr	borough, hurry
ʌ	STRUT, mud, dull, gun^[14]	ɜr	NURSE, word, girl, fern, furry (/ɝː/)^[15]
Reduced vowels
ə	Rosa’s, a mission, COMMA	ər	LETTER, perform (also /ɚ/)^[15]
ɨ	roses, emission^[16]	ən	button
ɵ	omission^[17]	əm	rhythm
ʉ	beautiful, curriculum ([jʉ])^[18]	əl	bottle
i	HAPPY, serious^[19]

Stress		Syllabification
IPA	Examples	IPA	Examples
ˈ	intonation /ˌɪntɵˈneɪʃən/,^[20] battleship /ˈbætəlʃɪp/^[21]	.	shellfish /ˈʃɛl.fɪʃ/, selfish /ˈsɛlf.ɨʃ/ nitrate /ˈnaɪ.treɪt/, night-rate /ˈnaɪt.reɪt/ hire /ˈhaɪər/, higher /ˈhaɪ.ər/ moai /ˈmoʊ.aɪ/, Windhoek /ˈvɪnt.hʊk/ Vancouveria /væn.kuːˈvɪəriə/^[22]
ˌ		.

^ If the two characters ‹ɡ› and ‹› do not match and if the first looks like a ‹γ›, then you have an issue with your default font. See Rendering issues.
^ Although the IPA symbol [r] represents a trill, /r/ is widely used instead of /ɹ/ in broad transcriptions of English.
^ /hw/ is not distinguished from /w/ in dialects with the wine-whine merger, such as RP and most varieties of GenAm.
^ A number of English words, such as genre and garage, are pronounced with either /ʒ/ or /dʒ/.
^ In most dialects, /x/ is replaced by /k/ in loch and by /h/ in Chanukah.
^ In non-rhotic accents such as RP, /r/ is not pronounced unless followed by a vowel. In some Wikipedia articles, /ɪər/ etc. may not be distinguished from /ɪr/ etc. When they are distinguished, the long vowels may be transcribed /iːr/ etc. by analogy with vowels not followed by /r/. If you notify us of this on the talk page, we will correct it.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Note that many speakers distinguish these rhotic vowels from non-rhotic vowels followed by an R: our /ˈaʊər/ from plougher /ˈplaʊ.ər/, hire /ˈhaɪər/ from higher /ˈhaɪ.ər/, loir /ˈlɔɪər/ from employer /ɨmˈplɔɪ.ər/, mare /ˈmɛər/ from mayor /ˈmeɪ.ər/.
^ /ɒ/ is not distinguished from /ɑː/ in dialects with the father-bother merger such as GenAm.
^ /ɔː/ is not distinguished from /ɑː/ (except before /r/) in dialects with the cot-caught merger such as some varieties of GenAm.
^ Commonly transcribed /əʊ/ or /oː/.
^ /ɔər/ is not distinguished from /ɔr/ in dialects with the horse-hoarse merger, which include most dialects of modern English.
^ /ʊər/ is not distinguished from /ɔr/ in dialects with the pour-poor merger, including many younger speakers.
^ In dialects with yod-dropping, /juː/ is pronounced the same as /uː/ after coronal consonants (/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /θ/, and /l/) in the same syllable, so that dew /djuː/ is pronounced the same as do /duː/. In dialects with yod-coalescence, /tj/, /dj/, /sj/ and /zj/ are pronounced /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, so that the first syllable in Tuesday is pronounced the same as choose.
^ This phoneme is not used in the northern half of England and some bordering parts of Wales. These words would take the ʊ vowel: there is no foot-strut split.
^ ^a ^b In some articles /ɜr/ is transcribed as /ɝː/, and /ər/ as /ɚ/, when not followed by a vowel.
^ Pronounced [ə] in Australian and many US dialects, and [ɪ] in Received Pronunciation. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced [ɪ̈] and a reduced [ə]. Many phoneticians (vd. Olive & Greenwood 1993:322) and the OED uses the pseudo-IPA symbol ɪ [1], and Merriam–Webster uses ə̇.
^ Pronounced [ə] in many dialects, and [ɵw] or [əw] before another vowel, as in cooperate. Sometimes pronounced as a full /oʊ/, especially in careful speech. (Bolinger 1989) Usually transcribed as /ə(ʊ)/ (or similar ways of showing variation between /əʊ/ and /ə/) in British dictionaries.
^ Pronounced [ʊ] in many dialects, [ə] in others. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced [ʊ̈] and a reduced [ə]. The OED uses the pseudo-IPA symbol ʊ [2].
^ Pronounced /iː/ in dialects with the happy tensing, /ɪ/ in other dialects. British convention used to transcribe it with /ɪ/, but the OED and other influential dictionaries recently converted to /i/.
^ It is arguable that there is no phonemic distinction in English between primary and secondary stress (vd. Ladefoged 1993), but it is conventional to notate them as here.
^ Full vowels following a stressed syllable, such as the ship in battleship, are marked with secondary stress in some dictionaries (Merriam-Webster), but not in others (the OED). Such syllables are not actually stressed.
^ Syllables are indicated sparingly, where necessary to avoid confusion, for example to break up sequences of vowels (moai) or consonant clusters which an English speaker might misread as a digraph (Vancouveria, Windhoek).

[1] If the two characters ‹ɡ› and ‹› do not match and if the first looks like a ‹γ›, then you have an issue with your default font. See Rendering issues.

[2] Although the IPA symbol [r] represents a trill, /r/ is widely used instead of /ɹ/ in broad transcriptions of English.

[3] /hw/ is not distinguished from /w/ in dialects with the wine-whine merger, such as RP and most varieties of GenAm.

[4] A number of English words, such as genre and garage, are pronounced with either /ʒ/ or /dʒ/.

[5] In most dialects, /x/ is replaced by /k/ in loch and by /h/ in Chanukah.

[6] In non-rhotic accents such as RP, /r/ is not pronounced unless followed by a vowel. In some Wikipedia articles, /ɪər/ etc. may not be distinguished from /ɪr/ etc. When they are distinguished, the long vowels may be transcribed /iːr/ etc. by analogy with vowels not followed by /r/. If you notify us of this on the talk page, we will correct it.

[triphthong-7] Note that many speakers distinguish these rhotic vowels from non-rhotic vowels followed by an R: our /ˈaʊər/ from plougher /ˈplaʊ.ər/, hire /ˈhaɪər/ from higher /ˈhaɪ.ər/, loir /ˈlɔɪər/ from employer /ɨmˈplɔɪ.ər/, mare /ˈmɛər/ from mayor /ˈmeɪ.ər/.

[8] /ɒ/ is not distinguished from /ɑː/ in dialects with the father-bother merger such as GenAm.

[9] /ɔː/ is not distinguished from /ɑː/ (except before /r/) in dialects with the cot-caught merger such as some varieties of GenAm.

[10] Commonly transcribed /əʊ/ or /oː/.

[11] /ɔər/ is not distinguished from /ɔr/ in dialects with the horse-hoarse merger, which include most dialects of modern English.

[12] /ʊər/ is not distinguished from /ɔr/ in dialects with the pour-poor merger, including many younger speakers.

[13] In dialects with yod-dropping, /juː/ is pronounced the same as /uː/ after coronal consonants (/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /θ/, and /l/) in the same syllable, so that dew /djuː/ is pronounced the same as do /duː/. In dialects with yod-coalescence, /tj/, /dj/, /sj/ and /zj/ are pronounced /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, so that the first syllable in Tuesday is pronounced the same as choose.

[14] This phoneme is not used in the northern half of England and some bordering parts of Wales. These words would take the ʊ vowel: there is no foot-strut split.

[rhoticschwa-15] In some articles /ɜr/ is transcribed as /ɝː/, and /ər/ as /ɚ/, when not followed by a vowel.

[16] Pronounced [ə] in Australian and many US dialects, and [ɪ] in Received Pronunciation. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced [ɪ̈] and a reduced [ə]. Many phoneticians (vd. Olive & Greenwood 1993:322) and the OED uses the pseudo-IPA symbol ɪ [1], and Merriam–Webster uses ə̇.

[17] Pronounced [ə] in many dialects, and [ɵw] or [əw] before another vowel, as in cooperate. Sometimes pronounced as a full /oʊ/, especially in careful speech. (Bolinger 1989) Usually transcribed as /ə(ʊ)/ (or similar ways of showing variation between /əʊ/ and /ə/) in British dictionaries.

[18] Pronounced [ʊ] in many dialects, [ə] in others. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced [ʊ̈] and a reduced [ə]. The OED uses the pseudo-IPA symbol ʊ [2].

[19] Pronounced /iː/ in dialects with the happy tensing, /ɪ/ in other dialects. British convention used to transcribe it with /ɪ/, but the OED and other influential dictionaries recently converted to /i/.

[20] It is arguable that there is no phonemic distinction in English between primary and secondary stress (vd. Ladefoged 1993), but it is conventional to notate them as here.

[21] Full vowels following a stressed syllable, such as the ship in battleship, are marked with secondary stress in some dictionaries (Merriam-Webster), but not in others (the OED). Such syllables are not actually stressed.

[22] Syllables are indicated sparingly, where necessary to avoid confusion, for example to break up sequences of vowels (moai) or consonant clusters which an English speaker might misread as a digraph (Vancouveria, Windhoek).

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