User:Wasechun tashunka/sandbox/Canis arnensis
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| Canis arnensis Temporal range:
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| Canis arnensis reconstruction from bone fragments | |
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| Species: | †C. arnensis
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| †Canis arnensis Del Campana 1913
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Canis arnensis (also named Arno Dog[3] or Arno River Dog[4], named after the River Arno near where the first identified fossil was found) is an extinct species of Canidae which was endemic to Europe and lived during the Early Pleistocene epoch.[3]
Distribution
[edit]The first identification of C. arnensis followed the discovery of a fossil in the Upper Valdarno. Fossils of the species have only been found in the Tasso Faunal Unit.[4]
It is believed that C. arnensis spread across Europe as the result of a dispersal event which populated the continent with the first modern canids. The species arrived in Italy around 1.9 Ma[4] and was homogenized across southern Europe during the late Villafranchian.[5]
Description
[edit]C. arnensis was a medium-sized canid, with a close affinity to modern canids.[4] It had a slightly smaller cranial length than both C. etruscus and the extant C. lupus. C. arnensis featured a lower and more pronounced forehead, with less-developed sagittal and nuchal crests and a bulkier braincase than C. etruscus; in addition, the nasal bones were found to be shorter, stopping short of the maxillofrontal suture.[2]
Relation to other canidae
[edit]C. arnensis is often described as being coyote-like[6] or jackal-like[7], with one analysis suggesting that the species is representative, along with the American C. lepophagus, of a single holarctic "coyote-like dog population".[4] Later analysis, however, suggests that the species is better described as being intermediate between extant jackal and wolf species.[4]
C. arnensis was once considered a synonym of C. etruscus and C. mosbachensis, but this was later rejected based on dental differences; however C. senezensis and C. accitanus were later suggested as synonyms.[2] Morphological similarities also suggest a relation to Canis aureus.[8] One study suggests that C. arnensis may be a basal canid to the group of all derived extant and extinct canids, based on cranial structure.[9]
C. arnensis and C. etruscus have been compared, as they are morphologically similar and are believed to have spread to Western Europe together during the so-called "Canis Event".[4] Morphometric analysis of the cranium and upper teeth show that both C. arnensis and C. etruscus showed characteristics of an intermediate between extant Wolves and Jackal species, with C. arnensis being slightly more jackal-like and C. etruscus slightly more wolf-like; however, in some cranial characteristics, C. arnensis is more wolf-like.[2]
References
[edit]- ^ Martin, R. (1973). "Trois nouvelles espèces de Caninae (Canidae, Carnivora) des gisements plio-villafranchiens d'Europe". Documents des Laboratoires de Géologie de Lyon. 57 (8).
- ^ a b c d Cherin, Marco; Bertè, Davide F.; Rook, Lorenzo; Sardella, Raffaele (16 February 2013). "Re-Defining Canis etruscus (Canidae, Mammalia): A New Look into the Evolutionary History of Early Pleistocene Dogs Resulting from the Outstanding Fossil Record from Pantalla (Italy)". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 21 (1): 95–110. doi:10.1007/s10914-013-9227-4. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
- ^ a b Hall, Roberta L.; Sharp, Henry S. (10 May 2014). Wolf and Man: Evolution in Parallel. Academic Press. p. 155. ISBN 9781483267838. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g Bartolini Lucenti, Saverio; Rook, Lorenzo (November 2016). "A review on the Late Villafranchian medium-sized canid Canis arnensis based on the evidence from Poggio Rosso (Tuscany, Italy)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 151: 58–71. Bibcode:2016QSRv..151...58B. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.09.005. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
- ^ Koufos, George D. (1981). "Canis arnensis DEL CAMPANA, 1913 from the Villafranchian (Villanyian) of Macedonia (Greece)". Paleontologia I Evolucio. 21: 3–10. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
- ^ Lindsay, edited by Everett H.; Fahlbusch, Volker; Mein, Pierre (1989). European Neogene mammal chronology. New York: Plenum Press. p. 135. ISBN 9781489925138. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
{{cite book}}:|first1=has generic name (help) - ^ Miklósi, Adam (2008). "4.2.1". Dog behaviour : evolution and cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199545667. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
- ^ Jalvo, Yolanda Fernandez; King, Tania; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Andrews, Peter (2016). Azokh Cave and the Transcaucasian Corridor. Springer. p. 131. ISBN 9783319249247. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
- ^ Bartolini Lucenti, Saverio; Rook, Lorenzo (November 2016). "A review on the Late Villafranchian medium-sized canid Canis arnensis based on the evidence from Poggio Rosso (Tuscany, Italy)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 151: 58–71. Bibcode:2016QSRv..151...58B. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.09.005. Retrieved 27 May 2017. In turn, references: Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (3 September 2009). "Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 325: 1–218. doi:10.1206/574.1. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
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