User:WUSTLWikiWarrior/Giuseppe Musolino/Bibliography

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Bibliography

Edit this section to compile the bibliography for your Wikipedia assignment. Add the name and/or notes about what each source covers, then use the "Cite" button to generate the citation for that source.

Musolino’s Actions in the Court Room. (1902, June 22). The New York Times, 31.

-How he carried himself in court

-History of epilepsy used as a defense

-Incredibly dramatic in court; did not wait for questions to tell stories

https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/06/22/101218690.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0

ITALIAN BRIGAND MUSOLINO CAPTURED; Accused of Having Committed Twenty-five Murders. (1901, October 17). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1901/10/17/archives/italian-brigand-musolino-captured-accused-of-having-committed.html

• "He claims to be the victim of a judicial conspiracy."
• "In October, 1898, Musolino, who is a man of good family and education, met Vincenzo Zoccoli, one of his political opponents. A quarrel arose, and Zoccoli stabbed Musolino over forty times in the hands and arms. Musolino was lying dangerously ill from his wounds when Zoccoli was shot from ambush. Musolino was accused of the crime, and dragged from his bed to prison. The presiding Justice was a notorious prosecutor of the opposing faction, and Musolino was convicted and sentenced to twenty-two years at hard labor."
• "His sole motive for leading the bloodthirsty life which has made him famous seems to have been vengeance. He is said to have killed twelve out of the fifteen men who appeared on the stand against him."

Ashley, S. A. (2017). “Misfits” in Fin-de-Siècle France and Italy: Anatomies of Difference. United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing.

• "On January 19, 1899, Musolino escaped from the prison of Gerace. Over the next three years, he killed seven people and wounded another eight, targeting those he felt responsible for his conviction or suspected of collaborating with the authorities to capture him."
• "Musolino's defiance won him increasing public sympathy, particularly in the South. Songs, newspaper articles, cards with his image turned him into a hero and his odyssey into legend. Local support, perhaps from fellow members of the recently formed piccotteria, a mafia-like secret organization, and certainly from sympathizers and friends, complicated authorities efforts to track him down"
• In October 1901, almost 3 years after his escape the police gave chase to a suspicious person in Acqualagno in Urbino... his foot caught in a rabbit trap... Although he gave them a false identity, they later recognized him as Musolino."
• "The judge called on medicolegal experts to assess Musolino's ability to stand trial. They ran tests and conducted observations according to protocols accepted by criminologists, psychiatrists, and forensic doctors."
• "the jury deliberated and ruled him guilty with extenuating circumstances on one charge and guilty on all the others. They found he acted with premeditation and without mental impairment of any kind."
• Famed Italian criminologist Cesare Lombardo noted Musolino's family history of criminality and epilepsy, which he felt potentially contributed to Giuseppe's behavior.

Sedgwick, H. D. “Musolino the Bandit.” Outlook (1893-1924), vol. 71, no. 18, American Periodicals Series III, 1902, p. 1057.

• Musolino's trial
• Life in mountains
• What he was charged with

• “as a boy the “Thousand and One Nights” was his favorite book”

• “asserted his innocence and vowed revenge on everybody concerned with his condemnation”
• “twenty-three counts, each averring a separate offense; of these twenty-three, seven were for murder and six for attempts to murder”
• “After his escape he lived for several years in the mountains of Calabria. The peasants were all friendly to him, they provided him with food”
• “The government put a price of $10,000 on his head; they sent altogether one thousand soldiers and carabinieri to hunt for him”
  • The people he got into a fight with were in carabinieri
• “Success welled his vanity to a monstrous extent, and he had what appears to have been a religious hallucination. He thought that St. Joseph appeared to him with promises of help. He drove his knife eight inches into one enemy, he blew out the brains of a second, shot and killed five others one after another, wounded several more, and blew up a house by dynamite. At last the Government succeeded in driving him out of his native haunts, and the carabinieri overtook him in a vineyard”
• “The trial was held in Lucca, in Tuscany, in order to secure an indifferent jury. Musolino admitted all the homicidal acts imputed to him, but he indignantly denied the charges of theft, and continued to assert that he was innocent of the attempt on the life of Vincenzo Zoccoli”
• "The truth of the charge seems to be that Musolino did shoot at Zoccoli, but he believes that the witnesses against him could not have seen or heard him, and that therefore they bore false witness."
• "Musolino had some ten lawyers, probably attracted by the notoriety of the case"
  • Significant turnover w/ legal team; conflict between the lawyers occurred and they all resigned, rejoined the case, then resigned again; eventually, Musolino was able to hire one 83 year-old to represent him
• "Musolino always denies shooting from ambush. He asserts that he shot openly"
• "His defense, in his eyes, seems to have been a moral one; he alleged that he shot his enemies because they had borne false witness or because they were spies."
• "the trial dragged on for two months"
• "The death penalty has been abolished in Italy, so he has been sentenced to imprisonment for life."
• "Professor [Cesare] Lombroso... says that in the southern part of Calabria, down towards the toe of Italy, in among a far more moral and intelligent people, are men of Greek and Albanian stock of inferior character. Musolino's family are of this stock. His uncle and three cousins are criminals, his grandfather and his mother's brother are apoplectic, another cousin is epileptic, and his other grandfather a drunkard."
• "The place of Musolino's birth is also propitious to certain kinds of lawlessness. The southern end of Calabria is naturally rich, but the land has been greatly neglected."
• "The peasants supplied him with food because they liked and admired him."

Possumato, Dan (2023). King of the Mountains: The Remarkable Story of Giuseppe Musolino, Italy's Most Famous Outlaw. Smoky City Press. ISBN 9780991616923.

• Fight at his father's tavern (Osteria della Frasca) on October 27th, 1897 with Stefano and Vincenzo Zoccoli over a hazelnut delivery
• Stefano and Vincenzo were in the picciotteria and political rivals of Musolino
• Musolino shot at Zoccoli two days later, and was arrested (along with his cousin and alleged co-conspirator, Antonio Filastò) after being on the run for 6 months

MUSSOLINO’S LIFE SENTENCE. (1902, June 12). The New York Times, 1.

Result of second trial

My words: "The jury determined that Musolino had acted out of vengeance, finding that he had murdered 12 of the 15 witnesses who had testified against him in the Zoccali trial."

25 total murders

Trial of Musolino. , Trial of Musolino. (1902, June 21). Auckland Star, XXXIII(146), 5.

• Invoked his "sacred right" to get revenge on his enemies
• Refused to participate in the trial until he could dress formally; initially forced to go to trial dressed as a typical convict
• Public sympathies were noted as lying with Musolino, not his victims
• Frequently interrupted the judge and witnesses, often to great applause (and even crying)
• Rarely answered questions directly during trial; instead went on long rants recounting his life and his crimes, again to applause and tears
• Claimed he never killed anyone, except for traitors, unless they'd attacked him first
• Attempted to strangle a female witness
• "Musolino has received thousands of letters and telegrams and addresses expressing sympathy, of which he is monstrously proud--and he also boasts that a number of women have written him throwing themselves at his feet. One letter has been published in the newspapers signed by "a hundred women in decent position in Florence," saying that they pray for his acquittal, and look forward with pleasure to his personal acquaintance. They conclude by declaring him to be the chevalier of humanity."

GMusolinoBrigand1901. (1901, October 26). The Times, 15.

https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-gmusolinobrigand1901/42501014/

• “In districts like Sicily and Calabria, where vendetta is still considered by the common people to be the ideal form of social justice, it is easy to understand that a character like Musolino should be surrounded by popular affection and his bloodthirsty ferocity forgotten in admiration for his barihood [?] and prowess”
• “he might never have been caught, had not the police adopted the drastic system of arresting every man, woman, or child suspected of favoreggiamento. Thus Calabria gradually ceased to afford the brigand sufficient “cover” and he was obliged to slip through the cordons of troops and make his way northwards”
• “Aided by the peasants, from whom he obtained arms and food, he discovered the whereabouts of his “enemies” and proceeded to murder or severely wound them one by one”

Lombroso, C. (1902). L’ultimo Brigante. Nuova Antologia  1902-02: Vol 181, 181, 508–516.

https://archive.org/details/sim_nuova-antologia-revista-di-lettere-scienze-ed-arti_1902-02_181/page/508/mode/2up?view=theater

• Greek and Albanian heritage contributed to criminality
• "Born criminal" due to epilepsy
  • Family history as well
• Highly-intelligent megalomaniac

Outline of proposed changes

My words: "Musolino was captured in a vineyard by Carabinieri, who had been sent along with one thousand soldiers by the government to search for him, while heading to seek pardon from Victor Emmanuel III of Italy on 22 October 1901 in Acqualagna, near Urbino. He had been accused of 25 murders."

25 murders:

• Already published to main article. I added the parts about the vineyard, government involvement, and murder accusations
• Part about pardon was not written by me. Do research to clarify!
• Citations included in actual article

My words: "The jury determined that Musolino had acted out of vengeance, finding that he had murdered 12 of the 15 witnesses who had testified against him in the Zoccali trial."

• Citations included in actual article
• Published to the main article about findings of second trial