User:W. B. Wilson/sandbox/11ACR

11th Armored Cavalry Regiment
11th Armored Cavalry Regiment shoulder sleeve insignia
Active	11 March 1901-
Country	United States
Branch	Regular Army
Type	Cavalry Regiment
Role	Armored Cavalry
Size	3 Squadrons
Part of	National Training Center OPFOR
Garrison/HQ	Fort Irwin
Nickname(s)	The Black Horse Regiment
Motto(s)	Allons (Let's Go)
Colors	Yellow
Anniversaries	formed 2 February 1901
Engagements	Philippine Insurrection Mexican Expedition World War II Vietnam War in Southwest Asia Iraq Campaign
Commanders
Current commander	Colonel John Lanier Ward
Notable commanders	Andrew J. Bacevich Frederick M. Franks Leonard D. Holder George S. Patton IV Crosbie E. Saint Donn A. Starry Thomas E. White, Jr.
Insignia
Distinctive Unit Insignia

The 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment is a unit of the United States Army garrisoned at Fort Irwin, California. Although termed an armored cavalry regiment, it is currently being re-organized as a multi-component Heavy Brigade Combat Team. The regiment has served in the Philippine-American War, World War II, the Vietnam War, Cold War, Operation Desert Storm, and Operation Iraqi Freedom (Iraq War). The ACR was serving as the Opposing Force (OPFOR) for the Army, Marine, and National Guard task forces, and foreign military forces that train at the National Training Center. The OPFOR trained America's armed forces in mechanized desert warfare, and following a Soviet Era style threat until June 2002, when the OPFOR and the 11th ACR changed to portraying a modern urban/ asymmetrical warfare style of combat the soldiers are currently being faced with in operations abroad. From June to December 2003, members of the 11th ACR deployed to Afghanistan, where they helped to develop and train the armor and mechanized infantry battalions of the Afghan National Army. These specialized units would defend the Afghan capital during the country's constitutional convention. In January 2005, the 11th ACR deployed to Iraq. The 11th ACR was not reorganized under the CARS System, but has been reorganized under the USARS System.

11th Cavalry Regiment

The regiment was constituted on 2 February 1901 in the Regular Army as the 11th Cavalry Regiment, and was organized on 11 March 1901 at Fort Myer, Virginia, under the command of Colonel Francis Moore. 3rd Squadron and regimental headquarters were organized at Fort Myer, while the 1st Squadron stood up at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, and the 2nd Squadron was activated at Fort Ethan Allen, Vermont. With organization and training completed, the regiment was underway for the Philippine Islands within nine months to combat the Philippine Insurrection.

Philippines service

1st Squadron shipped out through San Francisco while the rest of the regiment departed New York and proceeded to the Philippines via the Suez Canal. On arrival in the Philippines, the regiment was deployed in three areas. 1st Squadron deployed to Samar, 2nd Squadron went to Batangas, and the 3rd Squadron operated in northern Luzon. While all elements combated the insurrection, the 1st Squadron in particular distinguished itself in combat against the forces of General Malvar. These actions resulted in 1st Squadron gaining a battle streamer embroidered Samar 1902. During the campaign, the regiment fought with Krag-Jorgensen rifles and Bolo knives. With the insurrection defeated, the 11th Cavalry returned to the United States in 1904, and by 1905, all units were stationed together at Fort Des Moines, Iowa.

Cuba service

Revolt broke out in Cuba in 1906 and Secretary of War William Howard Taft ordered the 11th Cavalry (minus the 1st Squadron) to the island in order to show the flag and restore order. While 1st Squadron remained at Fort Des Moines, the remainder of the regiment arrived and suffered the loss of some two hundred horses from a hurricane while still on their ships. Recovering, the regiment force-marched 110 miles and established its headquarters at Pinar del Rio. While under the command of Colonels Earl Thomas and James Parker in Cuba, the regiment often marched long distances through the countryside and demonstrated the U.S. Army's readiness to confront disorderly elements. In February 1909, the 11th Cavalry returned to the U.S. in time to take part in the inaugural parade of now-President Taft on 4 March 1909 in Washington D.C. The regiment's new station was now at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia.

11th Cavalry Group (Mechanized)

World War II

At the start of World War II, the 11th Cavalry was stationed at the Presidio of Monterey in California. They moved to Fort Ord in stages from 16 January to 27 January 1940 and again to Camp Clayton on 15 April to 15 May 1940 for temporary training. They participated in maneuvers at Fort Lewis in Washington from 4 August to 29 August 1940, and returned to the Presidio of Monterey on 31 August 1940, where they were relieved from assignment to 2nd Cavalry Division, and resumed its status as a separate regiment. They next moved to Camp Seeley in California on 7 November 1941, and again to Live Oak, California on 24 July 1941; they then returned to Camp Seeley on 17 September 1941, and to Camp Lockett on 10 December 1941. They were next assigned to the United States Army Armored Force on 12 June 1942, and relocated to Fort Benning in Georgia on 10 July 1942, where they prepared to be inactivated and reorganized.

The 11th Cavalry Regiment was inactivated on 15 July 1942 at Fort Benning, Georgia; personnel and equipment concurrently transferred to the 11th Armored Regiment, with concurrent development of the 11th Cavalry Group, and the 11th Tank Group. The remainder of 11th Cavalry was disbanded on 26 October 1944.

11th Armored Regiment

11th Armored Regiment was constituted on 11 July 1942 in the National Army, assigned to the 10th Armored Division, and organized at Fort Benning on 15 July 1942 from the personnel and equipment of the 11th Cavalry Regiment.

The motto on the unit insignia is "Allons", which means "Let's Go" in French.

The regiment moved to Murfreesboro, Tennessee on 22 June 1943, and then Fort Gordon on 5 September 1943.

11th Armored Regiment was broken up on 20 September 1943, and its elements were distributed as follows:

• HHC-11th Armored Regiment, and 1st and 2nd Battalions were reorganized as the 11th Tank Battalion in the 10th AD.
• 3rd Battalion, 11th Armored Regiment was reorganized and redesignated as the 712th Tank Battalion, and relieved from assignment to the 10th AD.

712th Tank Battalion was inactivated at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey on 27 October 1945, and redesignated the 525th Medium Tank Battalion on 1 September 1948. It was activated on 10 September 1948 at Fort Lewis, Washington.

525th Medium Tank Battalion was redesignated as 95th Tank Battalion on 4 February 1950, assigned to 7th Armored Division, and activated at Camp Roberts, California on 24 November 1950, and inactivated there on 15 November 1953.

Reconnaissance Company was reorganized and redesignated as Troop E, 90th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, which maintained a separate history thereafter.

Maintenance and Service Companies were disbanded.

11th Tank Battalion

As part of the 10th Armored Division, 11th Tank Battalion shipped out from the New York Port of Embarkation on 13 September 1944, and landed in France on 23 September 1944.

The battalion participated in the Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, and Central Europe Campaigns, and was located at Schongau, Bavaria, Germany on 14 August 1945.

The battalion returned to the Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation on 13 October 1945, was inactivated at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia on the same day, and was relieved from assignment to the 10th AD.

11th Cavalry Group (Mechanized)

HHT, 11th Cavalry Regiment was redesignated on 19 April 1943 as HHT, 11th Cavalry Group, and was activated at Camp Anza, California on 5 May 1943. At that time, the 36th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron and 44th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron were attached. The group was then moved to Fort Bragg on 31 January 1944, and again to Atlantic Beach, Florida on 15 March 1944 for amphibious training. They then moved to Camp Gordon on 1 June 1944 and then departed the New York Port of Embarkation on 29 September 1944, and arrived in England on 10 October 1944, and landed in France on 26 November 1944. They moved to the Netherlands on 8 December 1944, went into the line in Germany on 12 December 1944, and protected the Roer River sector; they recrossed into the Netherlands on 3 February 1945, and re-entered Germany on 27 February 1945 on the left flank of the U.S. 84th Infantry Division. The group then held a defensive line along the Rhine River near Düsseldorf on 12 March 1945 under the U.S. XIII Corps, and crossed the Rhine at Wesel on 1 April 1945, screened XIII Corps' northern flank, and saw action during the Battle of Munster and the seizure of the Ricklingen Bridge over the Leine River. During the campaign in northwestern Europe, Troop B of the 44th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron served as a mechanized escort and security force for the headquarters of General Dwight D. Eisenhower, supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces. In August 1945, 11th Cavalry Group headquarters was located at Gross Ilsede, Germany.

HHT, 11th Cavalry Group was converted and reorganized as HHT, 11th Constabulary Regiment on 1 May 1946. HHT 11th Constabulary Regiment was further reorganized and redesignated at HHC, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment on 30 November 1948.

11th Tank Group

HHT, 11th Tank Group was constituted on 19 July 1943 in the National Army. It was activated at Camp Campbell, Kentucky on 28 July 1943 as a separate group. It was reorganized and redesignated as HHC, 11th Armored Group on 5 December 1943. During the war, armored groups such as the 11th were used as administrative headquarters for the numerous independent tank battalions fielded in the European Theater of Operations. HHC, 11th Armored Group was converted and redesignated HHT, 1st Constabulary Regiment on 1 May 1946. HHT, 1st Constabulary Regiment was inactivated on 20 September 1947 in Germany.

11th Armored Cavalry Regiment

Reassembly and organizing of 11th ACR was completed on 30 November 1948 by reconstitution and reorganization of elements of the 11th Cavalry Regiment and HHT, 1st Constabulary Regiment. HHT-1st Constabulary Regiment was converted, redesignated and consolidated into 11th ACR as HHT, 3rd Battalion, 11th ACR on 30 November 1948. 11th Tank Battalion was consolidated into 11th ACR on 8 January 1951. 95th Tank Battalion was consolidated into 3rd Battalion, 11th ACR on 1 October 1958. Air Troop inactivated 20 March 1972 in Vietnam; 2d Squadron inactivated 6 April 1972 in Vietnam; Air Troop and 2d Squadron activated 17 May 1972 in Germany. Around 1984, Air Troop was enlarged and became the 4th Squadron (Thunderhorse), also known as the Combat Aviation Squadron.

Placed 17 June 1986 under the United States Army Regimental System

Inactivated 15 October 1993 - 15 March 1994 in Germany

Activated 16 October 1994 (less 3d and 4th Squadrons; the Air Defense Artillery Battery; and the Howitzer Batteries, 1st and 2d Squadrons) at Fort Irwin, California

Vietnam 1966 - 1972

11th ACR Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle in Vietnam.

Home now for the Regiment was Fort Meade, Maryland where the "Blackhorse" engaged in operational training and support activities like participation in the Presidential Inauguration and support for ROTC summer training.

With the conflict in Vietnam escalating, the Blackhorse Regiment was alerted for assignment to Southeast Asia on 11 March 1966. The Regiment began specialized training for combat in a counterinsurgency environment. Modifications were made to the organization and equipment (MTOE) with emphasis on the use of modified M113 armored personnel carriers (APCs). Two M-60 machineguns with protective gun shield were mounted at the rear of the vehicle and a gun shield was added around the .50 caliber machine gun located at the commander's hatch. This lethal combination produced a deadly M-113 that was swiftly maneuverable and armor protected. Its nickname was ACAV (Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle).

The Regiment's modifications emphasized the use of ACAVs instead of the main battle tanks and the M-114s that were found in reconnaissance platoons. The tank companies, with their M-48A3 main battle tanks, remained the same in each squadron.

The Blackhorse Regiment arrived in Vung Tau, South Vietnam on 7 September 1966 and was commanded by Col. William W. Cobb. "Operation Hickory" (7 Oct. 1966 to Oct. 15,1966) produced the first enemy casualties inflicted by the 3rd Squadron and elements of the 919th Engineer Company in the vicinity of Phu Hoa.

Blackhorse Base Camp

"Atlanta" was the code name for the establishment of Blackhorse Base Camp - the new home of the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment in Vietnam. Blackhorse Base Camp was located approximately 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) south of the village of Xuan Loc on Route 2 and approximately 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southeast of the village of Long Goia. Saigon lie approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) to the west along Rt. 1. The operation began on 20 Oct. and concluded on 3 Nov. 1966.

Stanton's Vietnam Order Of Battle lists the following locations for the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment's Headquarters in Vietnam:

Bien Hoa Sept. 66 - Nov. 66 Long Binh Dec. 66 - Feb. 67 Xuan Loc March 67 - Jan. 69 Lai Khe Feb. 69 Long Giao March 69 - Sept. 69 Bien Hoa Oct. 69 - June 70 Di An July 70 - March 71

"Operation Cedar Falls"

From January until 18 May 1967 the Regiment conducted three major search and destroy operations. These operations would later be known as reconnaissance in force (RIF) operations. The first of these operations commence on 8 Jan. 1967 and was known as "Operation Cedar Falls". It continued until 24 Jan. 1967. The 1st and 2nd Squadrons operated in the infamous "Iron Triangle" region near Ben Cat employing search and destroy tactics, screening and blocking, and security in attacks on successive objectives.

"Operation Junction City"

"Operation Junction City" I and II involved the 1st and 3rd Squadrons. It began on 18 Feb. 1967 and ran through 15 April 1967. This operation took these squadrons to the headquarters of the Central Office South Vietnam (COSVN) believed to be located in Bihn Duong Province with the objective of destroying this important headquarters. This joint mission conducted with the 1st Australian Task Force secured lines of communication and fire support bases (FSB). Extensive RIF operations were conducted as well.

"Operation Manhattan"

Commencing on 23 April 1967 the third operation titled "Operation Manhattan" was a thrust into the Long Nguyen Secret Zone by the 1st and 2nd Squadrons. This zone was a long suspected regional headquarter of the Viet Cong. 60 tunnel complexes were uncovered. 1884 fortifications were destroyed. 621 tons of rice was evacuated during these operations. The 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment was building a solid reputation for carrying out effective reconnaissance in force operations. "Operation Manhattan" ended on 11 May 1967.

"Operation Kittyhawk"

Beginning on April 1967 and running through 21 March 1968, the Regiment was tasked to secure and pacify Long Khánh District. This year long mission was called "Operation Kittyhawk". It achieved three objectives: Viet Cong (VC) were kept from interfering with travel on the main roads, Vietnamese were provided medical treatment in civic action programs like MEDCAP and DENTCAP and finally, RIF operations were employed to keep the VC off balance, making it impossible for them to mount offensive operations.

1967

From the summer of 1967 until the winter the Regiment was led by Col. Roy W. Farley. "Operation Emporia I & II was a road clearing operation with limited RIF missions by the 1st and 3rd Squadrons in Long Khánh District. "Operation Valdosta I & II was a regimental size operation. Its purpose was to provide security at polling places during elections and to maintain reaction forces to counter VC agitation. So successful was this operation that 84.7 % of eligible voters cast ballots in Long Khánh District in the first general election and 78 % in the second.

"Operation Quicksilver"

involved the 1st and 2nd Squadrons of the 11th Armored Cavalry. Its purpose was to secure routes that moved logistical personnel of the 101st Airborne Division between Bihn Long and Tay Ninh Provinces. Cordon, search and RIF missions were also performed.

"Operation Fargo"

"Operation Fargo" ran from 21 Dec. 1967 until 21 Jan 1968. This regimental size operation conducted RIFs in Bihn Long and Tay Ninh Provinces and opened Route 13 to military traffic for the very first time.

The Tet Offensive

The early part of 1968 was marked by the most ambitious and embolden offensive attack coordinated by the VC and NVA in the history of the war. It was known as "The Tet Offensive" designed to coincide with the Vietnamese New Year known as Tet.

"Operation Adairsville"

This operation began on 31 Jan. 1968. Word was received by the II Field Force HQs to immediately re-deploy to the Long Binh/Bien Hoa area to relieve installations threatened by the TET Offensive. At 1400 hours (2:00 PM) the 1st Squadron was called to move from their position south of the Michelin Rubber Plantation to the II Field Force Headquarters. The 2nd Squadron moved from north of the plantation to III Corps POW Compound were enemy soldiers were sure to attempt to liberate the camp. The 3rd Squadron moved from An Loc to III Corps Army, Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) Headquarters. It took only 14 hours and 80 miles to arrive in position after first being alerted.

"Operation Alcorn Cove"

A Troop veterans are honored for their heroism in Vietnam, October 2009.

The security operation in the Long Bihn/Bien Hoa area and the area around Blackhorse Base Camp by the 1st and 2nd Squadrons is continue under "Operation Alcorn Cove" which began on 22 March 1968. This joint mission with the 18th and 25th ARVN Infantry Divisions was a twofold operation of security and RIFs. "Operation Toan Thang was an extension of "Alcorn Cove". That joint operation involved the 1st and 25th Infantry Divisions.

"Workhorse" The 3rd Squadron

K Troop was part of the 3rd Squadron and known as "Killing K Troop". 3rd Squadron's nickname was, fittingly, "Workhorse". Shortly after its arrival in Vietnam, the 3rd Squadron engaged the Viet Cong for the first time. 3rd Squadron's inflicted such devastating casualties on the enemy tht was awarded a Meritorious Unit Citation for this period.

The Tet Offensive of 1968 gave the squadron a chance to fight the enemy's troop formations in open combat. In Bien Hoa the 3rd Squadron drove the enemy forces from the area near III Corps Headquarters. Its action was crucial in smashing the enemy's offensive.

On October 20, 2009 President Barack Obama presented a Presidential Unit Citation to veterans of Troop A of the regiment for their heroism along the Cambodian border on March 26, 1970.

Guardians of the Fulda Gap

Further information: Fulda Gap

Memorial stone to the 11th ACR at the former Downs Barracks, Fulda, Germany.

11th ACR trooper on duty in the Fulda Gap during the Cold War.

The 11th Cavalry Group Mechanized was redesignated as the 11th Constabulary Regiment on 3 May 1946 in order that the regiment could fulfill its occupational duties, and was restored as the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment and inactivated in November 1948. Blackhorse was brought back into active status 1 April 1951 at Camp Carson, Colorado. In 1954, the Regiment transferred to Fort Knox, Kentucky to complete its training in fully armored tactics.

The Blackhorse Regiment rotated to Southern Germany in May 1957, relieving the 6th ACR, and assumed the mission of patrolling the German-Czechoslovak border until its return to the United States in 1964.

The Blackhorse arrived in Vietnam on 7 September 1966. Second Squadron spearheaded Operation Fish Hook into Cambodia on 1 May 1970, surrounding a North Vietnamese logistics center.

In 1972 the 14th Armored Cavalry Regiment, which had the mission of patrolling the East-West German border, was redesignated the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment at Downs Barracks. During the late 1980s the 11th had the distinction of operating the first Air Assault School in Europe, known as the Blackhorse Air Assault School, based in Fulda.

The East-West German border fell on 9 November 1989, and the Soviet Union dissolved in December 1991. The Regiment's seventeen-year vigil along the Iron Curtain was over.

The Blackhorse Regiment deployed an aviation task force on 10 April 1991 to Turkey for Operation Provide Comfort, an operation to support the Kurdish relief effort. One month later, the three maneuver squadrons (1st, 2d and 3d) along with the regiment's support squadron, deployed to Kuwait for Operation Positive Force, an operation to secure Kuwait so it could rebuild from the war. By October, the Regiment had completed its missions in Turkey and Kuwait and returned to Fulda. As the need for US Forces in Europe decreased, the Blackhorse Regiment was inactivated in a ceremony on 15 March 1994.

Training the Force

Reactivated again on 26 October 1994, the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment now serves as the Army's Opposing Force at the National Training Center. The regiment portrays a determined opposing force that trains US forces in the basic principles of army operations and challenges all the battlefield operating systems. As the 2nd Brigade Tactical Group, the Squadron trains brigade and battalion task forces during ten rotations a year at the National Training Center.

Current Organization

1st Squadron

The 1st Squadron is organized as an armor battalion, and comprises one of the two maneuver elements of the 11th ACR. It is organized around a Headquarters and Headquarters Troop (HHT), four companies (A, B, C flagged as Cavalry Troops, D flagged as an armor company) and an air defense troop, with a total authorized strength of 587 soldiers. It is equipped with the OPFOR Surrogate Vehicle, an M901 ITV highly modified with an M2/M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle turret to represent the BMP-2 armored personnel carrier, and was recently equipped with the new OSTS-MBT (OPFOR Surrogate Training System-Main Battle Tank) a vehicle similar to the OPFOR Surrogate Vehicle which can simulate a wide spectrum of threat tanks. Using this equipment and configuration, the squadron performs the first of its two primary missions, acting as an non-permissive opposing force (OPFOR) during ten FORSCOM combat training rotations each year. The squadron’s second mission is to deploy and fight as a tank battalion for various contingency operations throughout the world. In order to support this mission, the squadron must also maintain, operate and remain proficient on the M1A1 Abrams Tank.

First Squadron, 11th Armored Cavalry, "Ironhorse," has a history that spans three-quarters of a century and includes military campaigns in the Philippines, Mexico, Europe, and Vietnam. The regimental motto, "Allons," means "Let's Go," and the 1st Squadron has been on the go since 1901 when it was activated as a horse squadron at Fort Myer, Virginia.

Commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Hennisse, the approximately 400 men of the squadron trained nine months before becoming the first squadron to leave for the Regiment's inaugural deployment, to the Philippines.

Arriving in January 1902, Troops A and D patrolled Samar, where they fought the regiment's first engagement.

In 1905, the regiment relocated to Fort Des Moines, Iowa. In 1906, the 1st Squadron remained in Des Moines while the rest of the regiment deployed to Cuba as part of President Theodore Roosevelt's Army of Pacification. In 1909, the 1st Squadron rejoined the rest of the regiment in Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia.

On 12 March 1916, the men of the regiment received orders to join General John J. Pershing as part of the Mexican Punitive Expedition to pursue Pancho Villa. Nine days later, the 1st Squadron led the way, arriving in Mexico on 21 March. Later, the 1st Squadron rode 22 hours straight to the rescue of United States forces besieged in Parral.

The 11th ACR was not deployed during World War I. During this period, 1st Squadron conducted port operations in Newport News, Virginia. After the Armistice, the regiment, with its predominantly black horses, was stationed at the Presidio of Monterey, in California. The Army reorganizations for World War II eliminated the horse cavalry in 1940 and 1st Squadron traded in "saddles and hooves" for "tracks and steel". The Regiment was inactivated 15 July 1942. The personnel and equipment of the former 1st and 2nd Squadrons was combined to form the newly designated 11th Tank Battalion, which later fought at the Battle of the Bulge.

On 1 April 1951, the regiment was reactivated as the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, as part of the build-up for the Korean War. The regiment served in Fort Carson, Colorado and Fort Knox, Kentucky until deploying to Germany to replace the 6th ACR along the Czechoslovakian border.

1st Squadron soldiers training at Fort Irwin.

In July 1964, 1st Squadron, along with the regiment, transferred to Fort Meade, Maryland. In 1966, the regiment deployed to Vietnam. The 1st Squadron's fighting spirit reflected great credit on the Blackhorse Regiment by earning the Valorous Unit Awards (twice), the Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry (three times), and the Presidential Unit Citation. It was during the Vietnam Conflict that the 11th ACR was granted authorization to wear its distinctive unit patch.

President Barack Obama awarded Alpha Troop of the 1st Squadron the Presidential Unit Citation on 20 October 2009, in recognition of a rescue mission 26 March 1970.

In February 1971, 1st Squadron was inactivated, then reactivated in May 1972, at Downs Barracks in Fulda, Germany.

During the Southwest Asia Campaign, Ironhorse operated Camp Colt, a scout training camp for reservists reporting to active duty. Following Desert Storm, the regiment deployed to Kuwait in support of Operation Positive Force from June 1991 to September 1991. 1st Squadron, along with the rest of the regiment, was inactivated at Fulda, Germany in March 1994.

The 1/63rd Armored Regiment, Fort Irwin, California was reflagged 1st Squadron, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment in October 1994 with the mission of Opposing Forces for the National Training Center and continues to do so today.

M88 of the 11th ACR in Iraq, 2005

On 30 January 2005, 1st Squadron left Fort Irwin for Iraq. After spending about three weeks in Kuwait, the Squadron moved to Camp Taji on the outskirts of Baghdad. The Squadron was assigned the task of patrolling the Adhamiyah sector of Baghdad, a suburb of Baghdad just north of Sadr City. The Squadron was also assigned the task of training Iraqi Army units to ultimately take over control of the sector.

On 21 May 2005, the Squadron left Camp Taji for Camp Liberty, one of the many camps that encircle Baghdad International Airport. Their new task was to patrol the Abu Ghraib sector just west of Baghdad and to provide perimeter security for Abu Ghraib prison.

While in the Abu Ghraib sector, 1/11 ACR participated in Operation Thunder Cat along with the 256th Infantry Brigade of the Louisiana Army National Guard. The operation focused on disrupting IED cells in and around the Abu Ghraib sector, west of Baghdad. During this operation, 1/11 ACR uncovered five separate weapons caches, detained four suspected insurgents and uncovered $2,200 in US Currency.

The Squadron redeployed to Fort Irwin on 22 January 2006 where it resumed its Opposing Forces mission for the National Training Center.

The Squadron is currently deployed to Afghanistan as apart of the Provencial Reconstruction Team program.

2nd Squadron

2nd Squadron troopers advance during a March 2005 raid in Babil, Iraq.

The 2nd Squadron is part of the Army's Opposing Force at the National Training Center, conducting battle operations in accordance with published doctrine and combat instructions. While in its role as the 2nd Brigade Tactical Group, The Eaglehorse Squadron portrays a robust and determined opposing force (OPFOR) that trains US forces in the basic principles of Air-Land battle doctrines and challenges all Battlefield Operating Systems (BOS). The 2nd Squadron, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment is widely considered to be one of the best trained mechanized forces in the world. Currently, the regiment trains brigade and battalion task forces during ten rotations a year at the National Training Center, Ft. Irwin, California. Additionally between rotation commitments, the Squadron conducts tough, realistic, live-fire based training focused at the platoon and Bradley crew level. The Eaglehorse continues the tradition of Lead, Train, Win while serving as the Army's premier training force, the NTC's Opposing Force."

Introduction

The 2nd Squadron, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment or "Blackhorse", has a history that spans nearly three quarters of a century. Second Squadron military campaign geographic areas include the Philippines, Mexico, Europe, Vietnam, and support in Southwest Asia.

Formation of the Squadron

The 2nd Squadron was activated on 2 February 1901 at Fort Myer, Virginia. 2nd Squadron deployed with the Regiment to the Philippines to suppress insurgent forces during November 1901. This deployment was commemorated by the bolos becoming part of the Blackhorse crest. The Blackhorse Regiment settled in Fort Des Moines, Iowa in 1905.

Early History

The 2nd Squadron deployed to Cuba, 16 October 1906, as part of President Theodore Roosevelt's Army of Pacification. Their mission was to patrol and be a show of force. Eaglehorse joined with the General J. Pershing Pancho Villa Expedition in a punitive action against Mexico, with orders to pursue Pancho Villa, on 12 March 1916. Major Robert L. Howze, Commander, 2nd Squadron, led the "last mounted charge" on 5 May 1916, placing the Eaglehorse Squadron action as a milestone in military history.

The Blackhorse Regiment patrolled the U.S.-Mexican border from 1919 through 1942. The Regiment received the name "Blackhorse" and a distinctive coat of arms while stationed at the Presidio of Monterey.

The Squadron Comes of Age

The Regiment inactivated as a "horse regiment" on 15 July 1942 at Fort Benning, Georgia. The Headquarters and Headquarters Troop was redesignated on 19 April 1943 as the Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 11th Cavalry Group Mechanized. The former squadrons of the 11th Cavalry were sent to fight with the 10th Armored Division and the 90th Infantry Division overseas. The new HHT, 11th Cavalry Group Mechanized drew new squadrons, the 36th and 44th, and also received an Assault Gun Troop (Howitzer Battery).

After guarding the US southeastern coast from March 1944 until 1 June 1944, the Group moved to Camp Gordon, Georgia to begin training for overseas deployment, The regiment arrived in the United Kingdom on 10 October 1944. The Regiment entered France on 23 November 1944. Moving through France and Germany, the Blackhorse was assigned to the Ninth US Army and attached to XIII Corps, whose flank the Blackhorse screened during the Corps' sweep from the Roer to the Rhine.

3rd Squadron

Post-Vietnam, the 3rd Squadron ("Workhorse") was based at McPheeters Barracks in Bad Hersfeld, Germany, about 40 kilometers north of Fulda. The 3rd Squadron was organized as an armored cavalry squadron like the 1st and 2nd Squadrons. HHT and I, K, and L Troops, Howitzer Battery, as well as M Company were organic to the squadron. Attached was the 58th Engineer Company. In the field, the attached units of the regiment like the 58th Engineer Company usually operated over a wide area, with smaller detachments dedicated to supporting the armored cavalry squadrons of the regiment.

4th Squadron

Formed in 1984 by combining the aviation units of the regiment, the "Thunderhorse" Squadron's peacetime mission was aerial surveillance of the Inter-zonal German border. During wartime, the 4th Squadron's primary mission was antitank warfare, using TOW missile-launching AH-1 Cobra helicopters. 4th Squadron was also capable of troop airlift, medical evacuation, and electronic warfare. The 4th Squadron operated out of Sickels Army Airfield just to the southwest of Downs Barracks, near Fulda. The squadron consisted of HHT, N, O, P, Q, R, and S Troops, plus AVUM Troop. The squadron operated AH-1, UH-1, and OH-58 helicopters. Attached to the 4th Squadron was the 511th Military Intelligence Company. The 4th Squadron was inactivated at Fulda with the rest of the regiment in 1994.

Support Squadron

Support Squadron, 11th ACR provides combat support / combat service support to the 11th ACR and NTC Opposing Force and conducts deployment, survivability and MOS sustainment training IOT ensure the success of the regiment, OPFOR, and squadron.

"Packhorse", was activated in Germany under the command of LTC Ronald Kelly on 17 September 1985 to support the Blackhorse as it patrolled the East-West German border along the Fulda Gap. The squadron's official name at that time was Combat Support Squadron (CSS). The nickname "Packhorse" is derived from the early days of the U.S. Cavalry, when soldiers went on campaigns accompanied by packhorses, additional horses and/or mules that carried all their essential supplies. Everything from food to gunpowder to horseshoes were transported in this manner.

Initial organization included five units - Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, Maintenance Troop, Supply and Transportation Troop, Medical Troop, and the attached 54th Chemical Detachment. The squadron also operated the Regimental Material Management Center which had the responsibility for the overall logistics state of the regiment. Elements of the squadron were based at both Fulda and Wildflecken. The squadron was large for a battalion-sized unit, as the Maintenance Troop alone had some 400 soldiers assigned. The Packhorse provided logistical support during both the frequent regimental maneuvers of the Cold War and at gunnery exercises at Grafenwoehr, where the squadron operated for weeks at a time while the cavalry troops and tank companies rotated through the firing ranges.

Squadron vehicles during the Cold War included 3/4-ton M1009 CUCV's, 1&1/4-ton M1008 and M1010 pickup trucks that often carried special-purpose shelters mounting communications, medical, or maintenance equipment, HEMTT's, M88's, tanker trucks, and trucks carrying chemical decontamination equipment. A pair of M934 5-ton Expansible Vans ("Expando-vans") housed the squadron headquarters in the field. The squadron was also capable of highly specialized functions such as the provision of potable water by filtering fresh water sources through purification units.

On 9 November 1989, the East-West German border fell. By December 1991 the Soviet Union dissolved. The Squadron’s six-year presence as the supporters of the "Eyes and Ears" of the U.S. Army along the Iron Curtain was over. In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, prompting the United States to respond.

On 16 May 1991, the Packhorse received orders to deploy to Kuwait to support the Regiment as it secured the country while it struggled to rebuild after the war. By October, the Regiment had completed its mission and the Packhorse returned to Fulda. As the need for U.S. forces in Europe decreased, the Packhorse was inactivated on 15 February 1994, followed by the Blackhorse on 15 March 1994.

Reactivated on 15 October 1994, the Packhorse once again had postured itself to provide world class logistical support to the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment as it defended the sovereign land of Mother Krasnovia as the U.S. Army’s Opposing Forces at the National Training Center.

Since its reactivation the Support Squadron’s accomplishments are many. The Support Squadron has been the Forces Command (FORSCOM) winner of the Philip A. Connelly award for garrison food service excellence in FY 1992, 1993 and 1994. The squadron also won this same competition at the Department of the Army (DA) level in FY 1993. The squadron was a major player in the regiment’s selection as the only Army unit in the Department of Defense for the Phoenix award for Maintenance Excellence in FY 1995, FY 1999 and FY 2000. Headquarters and Headquarters Troop was the winner of the DA Award for Maintenance Excellence for FY 1995 and FY 1996 in the Intermediate Equipment Density Category, the only unit to do so in the 16-year history of the program.

Maintenance Troop was recognized as the Salute Magazine Unit of the Year for 1995; this competition included units from all branches of the service. The 58th Engineer Company placed 4th in FORSCOM in the DA Award for Maintenance Excellence in the Heavy Equipment Density Category in FY 1995, and were 3rd place winners in FY 1996 and FY 1997. The 511th Military Intelligence Company placed 3rd in FORSCOM in the separate Company category for the Army Supply Excellence Award and was the Starry Award winner for being the best company in the Regiment during 2000.

The Squadron also won the FY 2002 FORSCOM Competition for both the Supply Support Activity (SSA) and Squadron Supply Operations, the SSA also subsequently received Runner-up at DA Level for FY 2002. Currently, the Squadron participated and won the FORSCOM level in the Philip A. Connelly competition for best Field Feeding Crew of FY 2003. Supply/Trans and Maintenance Troops competed and won the Army Award for Maintenance Excellence in FORSCOM for FY 2003; both are currently competing at the DA level. The squadron also placed first in the FORSCOM level of Army Supply Excellence for FY 2004 in Squadron Supply Operations and the SSA; both are also currently competing at the DA level.

Headquarters and Headquarters Troop

Mission

Provide personnel, administrative, and logistical support to the Regimental Support Squadron. Provide food service support to all NTC units in both the field and garrison. While providing this support, HHT will protect the force and provide superb quality of life for its troopers and families.

Headquarters Platoon

Headquarters Platoon's mission is to support the troop administration, logistics, and preparation for war. The platoon consists of the troop commander's staff. They are the orderly and training room, communications section, motor pool, NBC room, unit supply, and arms room. The orderly room supports the troop in administration. The training room schedules training and maintains the troop readiness status. The motor pool supports the troop in organizational level maintenance. The NBC room supports the troop in nuclear, biological, and chemical training, and the unit supply supports the troop in organizational supply and arms room.

Also attached to the Headquarters Platoon are the cavalry scouts and mortar platoons. The cavalry scouts use high speed maneuvering and advanced optical equipment to identify targets. The mortar platoon uses the heavy 120 MM mortar system to provide long range indirect fire.

Field regimental dining facility

The Field Regimental Dining Facility (FRDF) Platoon supports 10 rotations per year. The mission is to provide Class I in the field for the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment Opposing Force (OPFOR) during all force-on-force rotations.

Horse Detachment

Mission

The Fort Irwin 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment Mounted Color Guard performs at official ceremonies, unofficial functions and regional community events, is a living and historically accurate depiction of the mounted cavalry soldier and preserves the Regiment’s heritage in order to provide a regional representation of the 11th ACR, Fort Irwin, and the United States Army, promote goodwill in community relations, support Army recruiting and community outreach objectives.

Maintenance Troop

Mission

Provide class IX support and conduct direct support maintenance for the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment to ensure the Regiment's success on the NTC battlefield. While providing this support, Maintenance Troop will protect the force and provide improved quality of life for its troopers and families.

MT 1st Platoon

Headquarters Platoon consists of the commander’s staff, motor pool, shop office, NBC room, orderly room, technical supply and unit supply. This is the largest platoon in the troop. The main mission of this platoon is to keep the troop ready for war at all times.

The shop office is the backbone of direct support maintenance. The shop officer and the repair control sergeant direct all the maintenance support for the regiment. They order repair parts and track the parts from the time it is ordered, to the time the part is received. They also track all maintenance jobs from initial inspection to actual repair to final inspection and pick-up by the customer.

Technical supply work 24 hour days, 7 days a week, providing Class IX repair parts to the OPFOR. They provide serviceable assets which include major assemblies, DLRs (Depot Level Reparables), Repairable Exchange Items and ASL stockage.

The mission of NBC room is to provide nuclear, biological and chemical training to the troop. The training room is in charge of planning and executing training for the entire troop. The orderly room provides administrative support to the whole troop. The supply room provides organizational supply. The motor pool’s mission is to provide organizational maintenance for all vehicles and commo equipment for the entire troop.

MT 2nd Platoon

Second Platoon is divided in 2 sections: Automotive, Armament, and Fuel & Electrical, which include 41C, 44B, 44E, 45B, 45E, 45G, 63G, 63H, and 63W MOSs. The mission of the above mentioned personnel is to provide quality direct support in the areas of repair parts (generators, alternators and starters), recovery assistance, welding and machine shop assistance, and automotive repair.

The Automotive section provides direct support maintenance to the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment and Allied units in support of the OPFOR’s daily mission. This entails repairing and replacing transmissions, steering gears, transfers, fuel injector pumps, differentials, engines, axles and necessary gaskets and seals for various types of wheel vehicles. The above jobs are just a few of the tasks that the automotive section does to ensure that the OPFOR equipment returns to the battlefield as quickly as possible.

The Fuel & Electric section provides support in the areas of repairing and replacing wiring harnesses, generators, alternators, starters, brake shoe linings and the resurfacing of brake drums. In addition the F&E section repairs and replaces fan towers, gear assemblies and shocks for the M551 tank.

The Armament section provides support for the main turret, ballistic computers, laser ranger finders, and other armament controls for the M1A1 Abrams, main battle field tank, as well as the various small arms repair and aiming devices.

MT 3rd Platoon

Third platoon consists of Ground Support Equipment repair, Service and Recovery, and the Communications / Electronics shop, which include 35C, 35E, 35F, 35N, 52C, 52D, 63B and 63J MOSs. This platoon is usually referred to as ‘3rd shift, 3rd shop’, because when mission calls they often work around the clock.

The GSE section is tasked with the mission of repairing engineer equipment. GSE repairs and returns the equipment to the NTC battlefield.

The Communication / Electronics shop works around the clock to repair the regiment's radios. The special electronics devices section of the 3rd platoon tirelessly maintains NVGs for the regiment. They also ensure that all chemical agent monitors and navigational satellite systems are maintained.

The Service and Recovery section has a continuous mission of providing recovery to disabled vehicles for the post. They are trained to inspect a vehicle and if possible fix the vehicle on the spot so that it can continue its mission, but if that is not possible then they are trained to recover the vehicle with any available means. Their job is the most difficult of all. There are no manuals written on how to recover a damaged vehicle, the manuals that exist only talk about the principles of recovery and the capabilities of each recovery vehicle. It is only by experience on the job that the soldier decides on how a vehicle will be recovered.

The section is composed of 44E and 44B MOSs, welders and machinists. They can manufacture a functional part from a piece of metal or they can fabricate anything within the limitation of the equipment they have.

MT 4th Platoon

Maintenance Support Team (MST) Platoon's mission is to provide dedicated direct support maintenance. The MST platoon is made up of 2 different MOSs.

The 63 MOS's, both Hotels and Whiskeys, are the ones that can fix almost every vehicle that the Army has in its inventory, whether wheel or track.

Supply and Transportation Troop

Mission

The Supply & Transportation Troop, Regimental Support Squadron, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Fort Irwin, California, provides support to the Opposing Force (OPFOR) soldiers of the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment. While supporting the soldiers of the OPFOR with Class I (food), II (heaters, chemlights), III (fuel), and IV (construction material) as well as all the transportation requirements needed on the NTC battlefield, S&T Troop will also provide a better quality of living for its soldiers and their families. There are four platoons (Headquarters/Supply, Maintenance, Petroleum, and Transportation). The unit is responsible for the direct support of Class I (Ration Break Point), Class III (Bulk and Aviation fuel), Class IV (lumber), Class VII (major items), field services, and direct transportation support with light, medium, and heavy capability assets. Also, it is responsible for maintaining and issuing civilian vehicles in support of the OPFOR to replicate the presence of Civilians on a Battlefield (COBs).

Supply Platoon

S&T's Supply Platoon mission includes the CL I breakdown for each rotation, the issuing of COB-Vs prior to rotations and the issuing of Allied Fleet Vehicle prior to rotation. The Supply Platoon consists of four 6K forklifts, over 50 COB-Vs and over 25 Allied Fleet vehicles. In addition to all this the Supply Platoon is the housing and issuing point for all regimental CL IV.

Transportation Platoon

The S&T Transportation Platoon missions consist of transporting CL I, II, IV, V, and CL IX. In addition to hauling that the Transportation Platoon is often tasked to haul tracked vehicles with there 8 Heavy Equipment Transport Systems. Along with the 8 HET systems the Transportation Platoon has 4 PLS systems, 14 M931 tractors, 5 XM 1098 3000 gallon water tankers and 22 M871 flat bed trailers.

POL Platoon

S&T’s POL platoon mission consists of providing CL III (B) support for the Regiment. This includes Forward Area Resupply Point (FARP) and Refuel on the Move (ROM) capabilities in order to support rotational CL III requirements. The platoon consists of 2xM978 HEMTT Fuelers, 8x M969 5K Fuel trucks, 10x M9315 ton bobtail trucks and a 300K FARP System.

Maintenance Platoon

S&T's Maintenance Platoon's mission is to ensure that all of S&T's vehicles are FMC and able to be utilized to execute all missions tasked down to S&T. This means that the Maintenance Platoon must maintain the operational readiness of 8 Heavy Equipment Transport systems (M1070/M1000 HET), 25 5-Ton bobtail trucks (M931s), 22 M871 trailers, 5 XM1098 3000 gal water tankers, 8 M969 5000 gal fuel tankers, 4 Palletized Loading Systems (M1074/1075), 4 6K forklifts, as well as numerous other vehicles in the S&T fleet.

Current Order of Battle

OrBat 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment

11th Armored Cavalry Regiment

• 1st Squadron, 11th Cavalry Regiment
• 2nd Squadron, 11th Cavalry Regiment
• Support Squadron, 11th Cavalry Regiment
• 1st Squadron 221st Cavalry Regiment (ARS) (NV NG)
• 1st Battalion 144th Field Artillery (CA NG)
• 11th BSTB

Unit honors

Regimental campaign participation credit

• Philippine-American War:

1. Samar 1902

• Mexican Expedition:

1. Mexico 1916-1917

• World War II:

1. Normandy;
2. Northern France;
3. Rhineland;
4. Ardennes-Alsace;
5. Central Europe

• Vietnam:

1. Counteroffensive, Phase II;
2. Counteroffensive, Phase III;
3. Tet Counteroffensive;
4. Counteroffensive, Phase IV;
5. Counteroffensive, Phase V;
6. Counteroffensive, Phase VI;
7. Tet 69/Counteroffensive;
8. Summer-Fall 1969;
9. Winter-Spring 1970;
10. Sanctuary Counteroffensive;
11. Counteroffensive, Phase VII

• Southwest Asia:

1. Cease-Fire

• Operation Iraqi Freedom

1. Phase III; January 2005 - December 2006

Gallery

• 
  M114 scout vehicle, used by cavalry platoons in the 1960's and 1970's.
• 
  Advancing into Snuol, Cambodia, May 1970.
• 
  Working with German border police, 1979.
• 
  Memorial stone to 3rd Squadron in Bad Hersfeld.
• 
  McPheeters Barracks, Bad Hersfeld, home of the 3rd Squadron from 1972 until 1994.
• 
  Acting as OPFOR at Fort Irwin.
• 
  Soldiers of the 2nd Squadron training at Fort Irwin.

References

Bibliography

1. Bonsteel, F. T. The Eleventh Cavalry, 1901 to 1923. Monterey, California: 1923
2. Cobb, William W. 11th U.S. Cavalry Report; Armor, LXXXVI, #2 (March-April 1967).
3. Fitfield, Robert W., et al. 11th U.S. Cavalry, California-Mexican Border, 1941. Los Angeles, California: 1941.
4. Haynes, George L., Jr. and James C. Williams. The Eleventh Cavalry From the Roer to the Elbe, 1944-1945. Nurnberg, Germany.
5. Herr, John K., and Edward S. Wallace. The Story of the U.S. Cavalry. Boston, Massachusetts:1953.
6. Tricoche, George Nestler. La vie militaire a l’etranger. Notes d’un engage voluntaire au 11th United States Cavalry. Paris, France: 1897.
7. Unit Members. 11th Armored Cavalry. Fort Knox, Kentucky: 1956.
8. ____________. 11th Armored Cavalry, Germany, 1958. Germany: 1958.
9. Blumenson, Martin. Breakout and Pursuit. 1961.
10. http://www.calguard.ca.gov/1-144fa/Pages/default.aspx

John Albright, "Convoy Ambush on Highway 1, 21 November 1966," in John A. Cash et al. Seven Firefights in Vietnam. Reprint. New York: Dover, 2007, pages 49–70.

External links

• 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment Home Page - official site.
• GlobalSecurity.org: 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment
• 2nd Squadron, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment in Cold War Germany
• 11th Cavalry in Vietnam
• 11th US Cavalry {Commemorative}, A Troop
• K Troop, 3rd. Sqd. 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment Vietnam 1966-1972
• Photo gallery of M Troop / Company