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In the Netherlands, the word of the year (Dutch: woord van het jaar) is elected by different Dutch linguistic institutions. The word of the year refers to a new word selected through an election as the most distinctive or most important word characterizing the events of a year. The word swaffelen is perhaps one of the best known examples of a Dutch word of the year winner.

The first Dutch election for Word of the Year was set up in 2003 by Koen Gubbels of translation agency The Language Lab in Amsterdam. The Dutch version was inspired by existing American elections such as the Word of the Year election of the American Dialect Society and Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year. The intention was to use neologisms or old words that suddenly became popular again to provide an image of events that left their mark on a particular year. The website used user-generated content, where users could nominate words themselves.

In June 2006, the editorial staff of The Language Lab decided to close the website for financial and organizational reasons, after which Van Dale took over the election in 2007 in collaboration with the newspaper De Pers and Genootschap Onze Taal. For that election, a pre-selection was made of the nominated words from which a favorite was chosen by site visitors.

Since the 2010 edition, the results were now separated into a Dutch and a Flemish part, the results were limited to three words and it was also possible to vote in different categories. In 2018, Van Dale decided to stop with the secondary categories and limit the election to a general result of three words.

Election results The Language Lab: Word of the Year (2003—2005)

2003 result

The first Word of the Year election resulted in the following final list:

1. gamen
2. beurtbalkje
3. googelen
4. adoptiekip
5. vleesverlater
6. spammen
7. opleuken
8. kutmarokkaan
9. e-war
10. hobbykip

The winning word, gamen, was an unappealing winner. The word in second place, beurtbalkje, was the candidate of the action group Over de balk that tried to get the word into the Van Dale dictionary. The pejorative word kutmarokkaan originated from politician Rob Oudkerk who used the word during the evening of the 2002 municipal elections in which he he scolded people with a Moroccan background. Among all the nominations were many words related to the invasion of Iraq, such as e-war, shock-and-awe and bomschoenterrorist.

2004 result

In 2004, the editors of Word of the Year did not compile a final list due to manipulation of the voting results by various internet forum campaigns. The immediate reason for the decision was the massive vote for the word braatolizer by users of the internet forum Retecool.

The GeenStijl forum community nominated and voted for the word fotofuck in the first case. When the word was blacklisted by The Language Lab editors, GeenStijl users then began nominating alternative spellings of the word (photofuck, photophuck, photophuk, etc.), which led to all of these words being blacklisted as well as ruled out. Ultimately, the editors allowed the word feauteaufuck. The word remained in vogue for several years within the GeenStijl community.

To accommodate the internet forums, the Word of the Year editorial team had already set up a sister site in 2003, namely vetste.woordvanhetjaar.nl. The website served as an outlet for users who still wanted to vote for a word that had been blacklisted on the main site. The word haiduc topped the final rankings there in 2004, just ahead of braatolizer.

2005 result

For the 2005 election, stricter requirements were imposed so that a small group could not exert unilateral influence on the voting results:

1. genverbrander
2. bandstemmen
3. moslimmoeheid
4. tsunami
5. hangouderen
6. goededoelgevoel
7. troetelmarokkaan
8. rakeling
9. Livestrong
10. chasse patate

The winning word genverbrander ('gene burner') was introduced by medium Robbert van den Broeke. He had used the word incorrectly in his television program Er is zoveel meer ("There is so much more") because he had taken it from a genealogical website. The word he actually meant to say was geneverbrander, a 'jenever burner'. The word tsunami also scored high due to the devastating tsunami that occurred after the Indian seaquake of 2004. The word troetelmarokkaan ('cuddle Moroccan') refers to a hug between rapper Ali B and former queen Beatrix.

Election results Van Dale: Word of the Year Netherlands (2007–present)

2007 result

1. bokitoproof
2. comadrinken
3. klimaatneutraal
4. slurptaks
5. lokhomo
6. wilfen
7. formatiemoeheid
8. zelfbedieningskapitalisme
9. reltoerist
10. opacriminaliteit

The winner in 2007 was the word bokitoproof. It referred to an incident at Diergaarde Blijdorp, where on 18 May 2007, the gorilla Bokito escaped from his enclosure and subsequently seriously injured a visitor. After the zoo adapted the monkey enclosure, many declared it 'bokito-proof'. The word then further developed into a metaphor for resistance to vandalism, for example street furniture, in general.

2008 result

1. swaffelen (57%)
2. Wiiën (12%)
3. bankendomino (6%)
4. gastroseksueel (5%)
5. smirten (5%)
6. hufterindex (4%)
7. duyvendakken (3%)
8. horroropa (2%)
9. slaaprijden (2%)
10. zweef-tv (2%)

The big winner of 2008 was the word swaffelen with 57% of the votes. The word received a lot of media attention when a Dutch student posted a video on YouTube in which he tapped the Taj Mahal with his genitals. The GeenStijl community once again managed to influence the election with a campaign, and many viewers of the BNN television program Spuiten en Slikken voted for the word because the program had announced a national 'swaffel day'. The second word, Wiiën, received 12% of the votes, followed by bankendomino, which received 6%.

In 2008, discussion flared up about the undesirability of banal concepts in elections that are mainly used by younger audiences. Columnists in Elsevier and NRC Handelsblad in particular criticized this. Jan Kuitenbrouwer stated in a response in NRC that kredietcrisis was the word of 2008 and that Van Dale's preference for plain language expressions, partly as a result of the use of an internet election, resulted in the outcome being wobbly.

2009 result

1. ontvrienden (19%)
2. Mexicaanse griep (18%)
3. hypotheekleed (15%)
4. oeps-gebied (12%)
5. Tomtomburger (9%)
6. griepcommissaris (9%)
7. zeilmeisje (7%)
8. recessionista (6%)
9. Twitterazzo (4%)
10. spuugkit (1%)

In the 2009 Internet election, ontvrienden, dumping virtual friends by removing them from friends lists on social media, won with 19% of the votes, just ahead of Mexicaanse griep, the swine flu virus that caused a pandemic in 2009, which got 18% of the votes. Hypotheekleed ('mortgage sorrow') finished in third place with 15%.

2010 result

General election:

1. gedoogregering (21%)
2. daggeren (19%)
3. bestuursobesitas (15%)

Categories:

Youth language	Lifestyle	Sport/amusement	Economy	Politics
1. pino 2. chillaxen 3. balkonduiker	1. pinger 2. cougar 3. dakevangelist	1. dr. Bibberregel 2. oranjebabe 3. horrortackle	1. obesitaks 2. knoflookcrisis 3. siësta-economie	1. kamikazekabinet 2. abklinken 3. bestuursobesitas

The word gedoogregering, or a minority government that is supported by a confidence and supply party for decision-making in certain policy areas, was chosen as word of the year 2010. The word refers to the Rutte I Cabinet, which received support from the Party for Freedom. In second place was daggeren, referring to an erotic dance that was featured in the reality series Oh Oh Cherso. The word pino also referred to the series.

2011 results

General election:

1. tuigdorp (43%)
2. caviapolitie (16%)
3. occupyer (9%)

Categories:

Youth language	Lifestyle	Sport/amusement	Economy	Politics
1. planking 2. soggen 3. lokprofiel	1. vleeshufter 2. plaswinkel 3. wellnesssafari	1. wordfeuden 2. snikkelgoal 3. lustbaby	1. buffettbelasting 2. crisispapier 3. big bazooka	1. bedrijfspoedel 2. polentaks 3. halbeheffing

In 2011, the word tuigdorp ('scum village') won with 43% of the votes and refers to a statement by politician Geert Wilders. Wilders believed that repeat offenders should be banished to 'scum villages', where they would live isolated from society. In second place was caviapolitie ('guinea pig police') with 16% of the votes, followed by occupyer with 9%.

The word vleeshufter ('meat bastard') refers to an investigation declared to be falsified in connection with Diederik Stapel. Plaswinkel ('urine shop') became popular after a shop opened in the Kalverstraat where visitors could urinate for a fee. The word snikkelgoal ('penis goal') refers to footballer Sven Kums, who scored a goal with his private parts in a football match for FC Utrecht.

2012 result

Algemene verkiezing:

1. project X-feest (17%)
2. bangalijst (16%)
3. inbrekersrisico (15%)

Categorieën:

Youth language	Lifestyle	Sport/amusement	Economy	Politics
1. whappen 2. yolo 3. trollen	1. facebookrellen 2. wrijftelefoon 3. cupcakemama	1. gagnamstijl 2. dopingdomino 3. koefnoentype	1. onderwaterhypotheek 2. begrotingsravijn 3. geldmoord	1. weglooppoliticus 2. Kunduzakkoord 3. gluurverhoging

In the Netherlands, the winner with 17% of the approximately 22,000 votes cast was the word project X-feest. The word referred to the events surrounding Project X Haren. Bangalijst, a list of girls who are easily persuaded to have sex, finished second with 16%. Inbrekersrisico ('burglar risk'), a term used by former State Secretary Fred Teeven in response to the death of a burglar after a fight with householders in Diessen, was 15% out of three.[22]

References

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Liauckamastate
Liauckamastate
Alternative names	Liauckama State, Liauckemastate, Liauckema State
General information
Status	Partly demolished
Type	Stins
Address	Liauckamaleane 2, 8855 XJ
Town or city	Sexbierum, Friesland
Country	Netherlands
Coordinates	53°13′15″N 5°28′35″E
Named for	Liauckama family
Year(s) built	13th century
Demolished	1824
Designations	Rijksmonument (nr. 8651)

The Liauckamastate or Liauckama State (sometimes spelled as Liauckemastate or Liauckema State) is a former stins near the Dutch village of Sexbierum, Friesland. It was one of Friesland's biggest estates and was inhabited by members of the Liauckama family. Of the old stins, only the gatehouse, farmhouse, and day labourer's house still stand.

The stins is known for the Pipenpoyse bruiloft, a series of paintings that were moved to a safe haven as part of a large collection before the castle was demolished in 1824. The history of the estate and its residents could be partly reconstructed on the basis of this collection, which was transferred to the Fries Museum by the Van Grotenhuis family, descendants of the Liauckama family, in 1963.

History

Early history

Eelko Liauckama being knighted (1892, mural in the Provinciehuis)

A romanticized historiography from the 16th century assumes that the history of the Liauckama family begins with the crusaders Eelko and Sicko in 1096. These two cousins ​​belonged to the Frisian nobles who participated in the First Crusade and were knighted after the conquest of Jerusalem. Sicko died the following year during the siege of Nicaea. The historicity of these events is dubitable. The Liauckamastate's origin is probably in the 13th century.

Eelco Liauckama, abbot of Lidlum (Nicolaas Wieringa, 1633)

In Sexbierum, the Liauckama family is mentioned for the first time in 1315. This concerns Eelco Liauckama (c. 1270–1332), who was born on the estate, abbot of the Lidlum monastery, the later Klooster-Lidlum near Tzummarum. Because the Liauckama family had remained Roman Catholic throughout history, the abbot was held in honour by them. According to tradition, a portrait of him was painted around 1672 and was hung on Liauckamastate. This may be the painting that was identified on the estate in 1824.

Late Middle Ages

Only from the end of the 14th century is the estate mentioned by name and its written history begins with Schelte Liauckema. Schelte belonged to the party of the Vetkopers and was an important ally of Albert I, Duke of Bavaria. The latter granted him the feudal administration of Pietersbierum, Wijnaldum, Pietersbierum, Sexbierum, Minnertsga, Menaldum, De Rijp and Boksum. When the duke was driven out of the region, Schelte went into exile. He and his wife Ebel Hibbema were finally buried in Oosterbierum.

They had two children, namely Schelte (II), who was supposedly married to Tieth thoe Nijenhuisen and died in Sexbierum in 1479, and Trijn. Schelte II and Tieth had three sons, Schelte (III), Sicke, and Epo. The eldest inherited the stins and associated family possessions in the region from his father. When he died, the possessions would not pass to his wife, but directly to the eldest in line of the surviving Liauckama descendants. By the time Schelte III died, Sicke had also died and the possessions therefore passed to the third son, Epo.

Even though the Liauckamastate was equivalent to a castle in terms of defensibility and had thirty soldiers on duty, it was captured by gangs of the Vetkopers in 1498. This was the result of the fact that Schelte III started supporting Albert III, Duke of Saxony, for whom he was grietman of Wymbritseradeel. Albert III was able to take over parts of the region with help of the Schieringers, the rivals of the Vetkopers.

A few weeks later, these occupiers left the estate again, but not without setting it on fire. Despite this setback, the Liauckama's property had increased in the 15th century through strategic marriages with heiress. Around 1500, they were the local authority in the village of Sexbierum: they controlled the poor relief, water management, corn mill, and exercised swan rights. They also had rights to a prebend in the parish church.

Dutch Revolt

Liauckama family coat of arms (17th century)

Because the Catholic Liauckama family had chosen the side of the Spanish king during the Dutch Revolt, they lost their political power. However, they remained at the top of the Frisian nobility socially. Schelte van Liauckama (1521–1579) inherited his father's stins and settled at Liauckamastate in 1535, where he married Anna van Herema (†1537) the following year. She died in childbirth. Schelte then remarried to Sjouck van Martena (†1547), who also died in childbirth. Around 1555, Schelte married a third time, now to Jel van Dekema (†1583), who came from a family that was just as pro-royal and Catholic as the Liauckama family. As a pro-Spanish nobleman, Schelte was in favor of Caspar de Robles. In 1579 he had to leave Friesland for his service and died in Oldenzaal.

His wife later returned to the estate but did not have a peaceful time there as the stins was plundered twice. Because the Catholic Liauckema family was on the side of the Spanish, the estate was set on fire in 1580 by the Geuzen troops of Diederik Sonoy. Van Dekema and her family were in the stins and had to be rescued from their dire situation by friends. The building was badly damaged in the battle. Van Dekema eventually died in 1583 at Liauckamastate.

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Blok, P.J.; Molhuysen, P.C. (1924). Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek [New Dutch biographical dictionary] (in Dutch). Vol. 6. Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff.
• Boschma, C. (1966). "Liauckama State te Sexbierum" [Liackama State in Sexbierum] (PDF). De Vrije Fries (in Dutch). 47: 177–205.
• Broekhoven, Sabine; Ginkel-Meester, Saskia; Kolman van, Chris; Kuiper, Yme; Stenvert, Ronald (2000). Monumenten in Nederland. Fryslân [Monuments in the Netherlands. Friesland] (in Dutch). Zwolle: Waanders Uitgevers. ISBN 90-400-9476-4.
• Noomen, P.N. (1994). "Consolidatie van familiebezit en status in middeleeuws Friesland" [Consolidation of family property and status in medieval Friesland]. In Mol, J.A. (ed.). Zorgen voor zekerheid. Studies over Friese testamenten in de vijftiende en zestiende eeuw [Worries for security. Studies of Frisian wills in the fifteenth and sixteenth century] (PDF) (in Dutch). Leeuwarden: Fryske Akademy.