User:Volcanoguy/sandbox
| Ice Peak | |
|---|---|
 Satellite image showing the locations of Ice Peak, Mount Edziza and the Snowshoe Lava Field | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,500 m (8,200 ft)[1] |
| Coordinates | 57°41′26″N 130°38′08″W / 57.69056°N 130.63556°W[2] |
| Naming | |
| Defining authority | BC Geographical Names office in Victoria, British Columbia[2][3] |
| Geography | |
  Ice Peak Location in British Columbia | |
 | |
| Location in Mount Edziza Provincial Park | |
| Country | Canada[4] |
| Province | British Columbia[4] |
| District | Cassiar Land District[2] |
| Protected area | Mount Edziza Provincial Park[2] |
| Parent range | Tahltan Highland[2][5] |
| Topo map | NTS 104G10 Mount Edziza[2] |
| Geology | |
| Rock age | c. 1 Ma to less than 20 ka[6][7] |
| Mountain type | Stratovolcano[1] |
| Rock type(s) | Hawaiite, tristanite, trachybasalt, alkali basalt, benmoreite, trachyte, mugearite[7] |
| Volcanic region | Northern Cordilleran Province[8] |
| Last eruption | Holocene age[9] |
Ice Peak is the south peak of Mount Edziza in Cassiar Land District of northwestern British Columbia, Canada.
Geography and geomorphology
[edit]Structure
[edit]Ice Peak is the prominent south peak of Mount Edziza, an ice-covered stratovolcano in Cassiar Land District of northwestern British Columbia, Canada.[1][2][10] It is a pyramid-shaped horn formed by glacial erosion and represents the western rim of a small caldera which formed on the summit of an older stratovolcano.[1][11] This stratovolcano is one of four felsic central volcanoes along the north–south axis of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, the other three being Armadillo Peak, the Spectrum Range and the 2,786-metre-high (9,140-foot) edifice of Mount Edziza.[1] The current, 2,500-metre-high (8,200-foot) horn of Ice Peak protrudes through the roughly 70-square-kilometre (27-square-mile) ice cap of Mount Edziza and is completely flanked by steep-walled, active cirques.[11] Tencho Glacier on the southern flank of Ice Peak is the largest outlet glacier of the ice cap, as well as the largest glacier of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.[7][12] Idiji Glacier occupies a cirque on the eastern flank of Ice Peak while Tennaya Glacier extends southeast from between Ice Peak and the summit of Mount Edziza.[7]
Four cirques on the eastern flank have exposed the internal structure of the Ice Peak stratovolcano whereas the western flank is completely obscured by glaciers.[13] The eastern cirques are at the head of Tennaya Creek which flows northeast into Nuttlude Lake, an expansion of Kakiddi Creek.[13][14][15] Between Tennaya, Nido and Tenchen creeks are pie-shaped, gently sloping interfluves which represent the remains of the eastern flank of the Ice Peak stratovolcano.[13] Although the eastern flank of the stratovolcano has been almost completely destroyed by erosion, the northern flank is obscured under the younger stratovolcano of Mount Edziza.[1][16] The southern and western flanks of Ice Peak are approximal to those of the original stratovolcano and merge with the Big Raven Plateau which is one of the main physiographic features of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.[7][16]
Satellitic features
[edit]On the southwestern flank of Ice Peak is a roughly 40-square-kilometre (15-square-mile) area of lava flows and at least 12 vents called the Snowshoe Lava Field.[17] Most of the vents in this lava field are at elevations above 1,800 metres (5,900 feet) near the terminus of outlet glaciers of the Mount Edziza ice cap, five of which named.[18] The highest of these vents, Tennena Cone, attains an elevation of 2,390 metres (7,840 feet) on the upper western flank of Ice Peak.[19][20] Cocoa Crater to the southwest has an elevation of 2,117 metres (6,946 feet), making it the second highest of the five named vents. The third highest vent, Coffee Crater, is 2,000 metres (6,600 feet) in elevation and lies northwest of Cocoa Crater.[4][21] Just south of Coffee Crater on the south side of upper Taweh Creek is Keda Cone, the fourth highest vent with an elevation of 1,980 metres (6,500 feet).[4][7][22] Between the heads of Taweh and Shaman creeks is The Saucer which, with an elevation of 1,920 metres (6,300 feet), is the lowest named vent in the Snowshoe Lava Field.[4][23]
Icefall Cone and Ridge Cone are two parasitic cones on the eastern rim of Ice Peak at an elevation of about 2,285 metres (7,497 feet). Both cones are younger than the main edifice of Ice Peak, but they have been greatly modified by glaciation, slumping and rockfalls due to their location near the steep headwalls of active cirques.[24] Punch Cone on the western flank of Ice Peak is a roughly 1-kilometre-long (0.62-mile), steep-sided ridge protruding through Mount Edziza's ice cap.[25] It is elliptical in structure and older than the Icefall and Ridge cones, although it is also younger than the main edifice of Ice Peak.[7][26] Also on the western flank of Ice Peak where it merges with the surrounding Big Raven Plateau are the Koosick and Ornostay bluffs which lie adjacent to the head of Sezill Creek.[7][27] The Neck is a circular, 300-metre-in diameter (980-foot) volcanic plug on the southeastern flank with an elevation of 1,830 metres (6,000 feet).[4][28]
Geology
[edit]Background
[edit]Ice Peak is part of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, a broad area of shield volcanoes, lava domes, cinder cones and stratovolcanoes extending from northwestern British Columbia northwards through Yukon into easternmost Alaska.[8][29] The dominant rocks comprising these volcanoes are alkali basalts and hawaiites, but nephelinite, basanite and peralkaline phonolite, trachyte and comendite are locally abundant. These rocks were deposited by volcanic eruptions from 20 million years ago to as recently as a few hundred years ago. The cause of volcanic activity in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province is thought to be due to rifting of the North American Cordillera driven by changes in relative plate motion between the North American and Pacific plates.[30]
Stratigraphy
[edit]Ice Peak Formation
[edit]
Ice Peak Formation (upper and lower assemblages)
The Neck
Koosick Bluff
Ornostay Bluff
Kakiddi Formation
[edit]Kakiddi Formation
Punch Cone
Big Raven Formation
[edit]Big Raven Formation (Snowshoe Lava Field, Sheep Track Member, Icefall Cone, Ridge Cone)
Basement
[edit]Pyramid Formation
Nido Formation (Tenchen Member)
Armadillo Formation
Raspberry Formation
Stikinia
Name and etymology
[edit]Provincial park
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Wood, Charles A.; Kienle, Jürgen (1990). Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124, 125. ISBN 0-521-43811-X.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Ice Peak". BC Geographical Names. Archived from the original on 2024-06-09. Retrieved 2024-10-19.
- ^ "Geographical Names Board of Canada". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 2024-05-24. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
- ^ a b c d e f "Edziza: Synonyms & Subfeatures". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
- ^ "A 502" (Topographic map). Telegraph Creek, Cassiar Land District, British Columbia (3 ed.). 1:250,000. 104 G (in English and French). Department of Energy, Mines and Resources. 1989. Archived from the original on 2021-05-02. Retrieved 2021-09-25.
- ^ Souther 1992, p. 267.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Souther, J. G. (1988). "1623A" (Geologic map). Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia. 1:50,000. Cartography by M. Sigouin, Geological Survey of Canada. Energy, Mines and Resources Canada. doi:10.4095/133498.
- ^ a b "Stikine volcanic belt". Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Natural Resources Canada. 2008-02-13. Archived from the original on 2010-12-11. Retrieved 2024-10-22.
- ^ "Ice Peak". Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Natural Resources Canada. 2009-03-10. Archived from the original on 2010-12-11. Retrieved 2024-10-19.
- ^ "Cassiar Land District". BC Geographical Names. Archived from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2024-08-28.
- ^ a b Souther 1992, p. 32.
- ^ Souther 1992, p. 320.
- ^ a b c Souther 1992, p. 145.
- ^ "Tennaya Creek". BC Geographical Names. Archived from the original on 2021-09-30. Retrieved 2024-10-22.
- ^ "Nuttlude Lake". BC Geographical Names. Retrieved 2024-10-22.
- ^ a b Souther 1992, p. 33.
- ^ Souther 1992, pp. 27, 228.
- ^ Souther 1992, pp. 214, 228.
- ^ Souther 1992, pp. 26, 214.
- ^ Hungerford, Jefferson D. G.; Edwards, Benjamin R.; Skilling, Ian P.; Cameron, Barry I. (2014). "Evolution of a subglacial basaltic lava flow field: Tennena volcanic center, Mount Edziza volcanic complex, British Columbia, Canada". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 272. Elsevier: 41. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.09.012. ISSN 0377-0273.
- ^ Souther 1992, p. 214.
- ^ "Keda Cone". BC Geographical Names. Archived from the original on 2021-10-20. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
- ^ Souther 1992, pp. 27, 214.
- ^ Souther 1992, p. 228.
- ^ Souther 1992, pp. 24, 25, 210.
- ^ Souther 1992, p. 210.
- ^ Souther 1992, p. 155.
- ^ Souther 1992, pp. 154, 155.
- ^ Edwards & Russell 2000, pp. 1280, 1281, 1283, 1284.
- ^ Edwards & Russell 2000, p. 1280.
Sources
[edit]- Edwards, Benjamin R.; Russell, James K. (2000). "Distribution, nature, and origin of Neogene–Quaternary magmatism in the northern Cordilleran volcanic province, Canada". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 112 (8). Geological Society of America: 1280–1295. Bibcode:2000GSAB..112.1280E. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1280:dnaoon>2.0.co;2. ISSN 0016-7606.
- Souther, J. G. (1992). The Late Cenozoic Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada (Report). Memoir 420. Canada Communication Group. doi:10.4095/133497. ISBN 0-660-14407-7.
