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Week 9

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Lead Section-

The Digital Revolution (also known as the Third Industrial Revolution) is the shift from mechanical and analogue electronic technology to digital electronics. It began in the latter half of the 20th century, with the adoption and proliferation of digital computers and digital record-keeping, that continues to the present day. Implicitly, the term also refers to the sweeping changes brought about by digital computing and communication technologies during this period. From Analogous to the Agricultural Revolution and Industrial Revolution, the Digital Revolution marked the beginning of the Information Age.

Central to this revolution is the mass production and widespread use of digital logic, MOSFETs (MOS transistors), and(Delete this word) integrated circuit (IC) chips, and their derived technologies, including computers, microprocessors, digital cellular phones, and the Internet. These technological innovations have transformed traditional production and business techniques.

The Digital transformation allowed technology to continuously adapt which resulted in a boost in the economy with an increase of productivity. With the increase of technical advances, digital revolution has created a demand for new job skills. Economically, retailers, trucking companies and banks have transitioned into digital format. In addition, the introduction of cryptocurrency like Bitcoin creates faster and secure transactions.

Concerns:

The introduction of Cryptocurrency, opens possibility for illegal trade, such as the sale of drugs, guns and black market transaction.

Copyright and trademark issues :With the advancement of digital technology Copyright infringements will become difficult to detect. They will occur more frequently, will be difficult to prove and the public will continue to find loopholes around the law.

Digital recorders for example, can be used personally and private use making the distributions of copywritten material discreet.

Digitization has become imbedding into our society, creating a necessity of its use over a span of 50 years.

Week 5 Edit Paragraph-

Positive aspects include greater interconnectedness, easier communication, and the exposure of information that in the past could have more easily been suppressed by totalitarian regimes. Michio Kaku wrote in his books Physics of the Future, that the failure of the Soviet coup of 1991 was due largely to the existence of technology such as the fax machine and computers that exposed classified information.

From the historian's perspective, a large part of human history is known through the discovery of physical objects from the past that have been preserved, particularly, written documents. Digital records are easy to create but also easy to delete and modify. Changes in storage formats makes it difficult to recover data. In addition, the storage, reproduction , identification and of data would be near impossible on large files . Information passed off as authentic research or study must be scrutinized and verified.^{[citation needed]}

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Socio-economic impact[edit]

The progression of digital influences stems from the ability to evolve through adaptation, while effectively producing structural changes across a wide variety of entities. Positive aspects include greater interconnectedness, easier communication, and the exposure of information that in the past could have more easily been suppressed by totalitarian regimes. Michio Kaku wrote in his books Physics of the Future that the failure of the Soviet coup of 1991 was due largely to the existence of technology such as the fax machine and computers that exposed classified information.

The Revolutions of 2011 were enabled by social networking and smartphone technology; however these revolutions in hindsight largely failed to reach their goals as hardcore Islamist governments and in Syria a civil war have formed in the absence of the dictatorships that were toppled.

The economic impact of the digital revolution has been wide-ranging. Without the World Wide Web (WWW), for example, globalization and outsourcing would not be nearly as feasible as they are today. The digital revolution radically changed the way individuals and companies interact. Small regional companies were suddenly given access to much larger markets. Concepts such as on-demand software services and manufacturing and rapidly dropping technology costs made possible innovations in all aspects of industry and everyday life. The impact on the US workforce would change significantly due to the digitization job description and the replacement of human worker with robots.

After initial concerns of an IT productivity paradox, evidence is mounting that digital technologies have significantly increased the productivity and performance of businesses.

Negative effects include information overload, Internet predators, forms of social isolation, and media saturation. In a poll of prominent members of the national news media, 65 percent said the Internet is hurting journalism more than it is helping by allowing anyone no matter how amateur and unskilled to become a journalist; causing information to be muddier and the rise of conspiracy theory in a way it didn't exist in the past.

In some cases, company employees' pervasive use of portable digital devices and work related computers for personal use—email, instant messaging, computer games—were often found to, or perceived to, reduce those companies' productivity. Personal computing and other non-work related digital activities in the workplace thus helped lead to stronger forms of privacy invasion, such as keystroke recording and information filtering applications (spyware and content-control software).

Week 8

Converted technologies[edit]

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Image of Compact Disk

Conversion of below analog technologies to digital. (The decade indicated is the period when digital became dominant form.)

• Analog computer to digital computer (1950s)
• Telex to fax (1980s)
• Phonograph cylinder, gramophone record and compact cassette to compact disc (1980s and 1990s, although sales of vinyl records have increased again in the 2010s among antique collectors)
• VHS to DVD (2000s)
• Analog photography (photographic plate and photographic film) to digital photography (2000s)
• Analog cinematography (film stock) to digital cinematography (2010s)
• Analog television to digital television (2010s)
• Analog radio to digital radio (2020s (expected))
• Analog mobile phone (1G) to digital mobile phone (2G) (1990s)
• Analog watch and clock to digital watch and clock (not yet predictable)
• Analog thermometer to digital thermometer (2010s)
• Offset printing to digital printing (2020s (expected))

Decline or disappearance of below analog technologies:

• Mail (parcel to continue, others to be discontinued) (2020s (expected))
• Telegram (2010s)
• Typewriter (2010s)

Disappearance of other technologies also attributed to digital revolution. (Analog–digital classification doesn't apply to these.)

• CRT (2010s)
• Plasma display (2010s)
• CCFL backlit LCDs (2010s)

Improvements in digital technologies.

• Desktop computer to laptop to tablet computer
• DVD to Blu-ray Disc to 4K Blu-ray Disc
• 2G to 3G to 4G to 5G (expected 2020)
• Mobile phone to smartphone (2010s)
• Digital watch to smartwatch
• Analog weighing scale to digital weighing scale

Week 8 Linking

While there have been huge benefits to society from the digital revolution, especially in terms of the accessibility of information, there are a number of concerns. Expanded powers of communication and information sharing, increased capabilities for existing technologies, and the advent of new technology brought with it many potential opportunities for exploitation. The digital revolution helped usher in a new age of mass surveillance, generating a range of new civil and human rights issues. Reliability of data became an issue as information could easily be replicated, but not easily verified. The digital revolution made it possible to store and track facts, articles, statistics, as well as minutiae hitherto unfeasible.

From the perspective of the historian, a large part of human history is known through physical objects from the past that have been found or preserved, particularly in written documents. Digital records are easy to create but also easy to delete and modify. Changes in storage formats can make recovery of data difficult or near impossible, as can the storage of information on obsolete media for which reproduction equipment is unavailable, and even identifying what such data is and whether it is of interest can be near impossible if it is no longer easily readable, or if there is a large number of such files to identify. Information passed off as authentic research or study must be scrutinized and verified.^{[citation needed]}

These problems are further compounded by the use of digital rights management and other copy prevention technologies which, being designed to only allow the data to be read on specific machines, may well make future data recovery impossible. The Voyager Golden Record, which is intended to be read by an intelligent extraterrestrial (perhaps a suitable parallel to a human from the distant future), is recorded in analog rather than digital format specifically for easy interpretation and analysis.