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Ancient civilizations

Main article: Ancient civilizations of Peru

The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been found at Amotape and Paiján sites in the northern coast; they date to between 9,000 and 8,200 years BCE. Faced with diverse geographic conditions these first settlers developed divergent adaptations each related to a particular type of stone tool assemblages. Groups from the Northwestern Tradition used unifacial tools to adapt to the mangrove swamps and woodlands that covered the extreme northern coast of Peru at the end of the Pleistocene. Paijan sites reveal a foraging adaptation that included fishing, hunting and gathering wild plants in the the grassy coastal plains and adjacent foothills of the north central coast. The Central Andean Tradition comprised populations adapted to different environments all of which used leaf–shaped stone projectiles; they included foragers of the Andean valleys, camelid hunters of the Puna region and hunter–gatherers of the Altiplano. In the southernmost coast of Peru and the northern Chilean coast, Atacama Tradition sites reveal an adaptation to the exploitation of maritime resources using fishhooks and nets.

Spanish rule

Main article: Viceroyalty of Peru

Independence

Main article: Peruvian War of Independence

Guano Era

Main article: Guano Era

References

• Dillehay, Tom. The Settlement of the Americas: a new prehistory. New York: Basic Books, 2000.
• Dillehay, Tom, Duccio Bonavia and Peter Kaulicke. "The first settlers". In Helaine Silverman (ed.), Andean archaeology. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004, pp. 16–34.
• Moseley, Michael. The Incas and their ancestors: the archaeology of Peru. London: Thames and Hudson, 2004.