User:Vewalke/sandbox

Plan for Edits on Working Memory:(SEE BELOW FOR UPDATED EDITS)

-enhance the Genetics section through adding more content on specific genes that could play a role on Working Memory as well as which pathways these genes are involved in. I have identified three sources so far that could enhance this section.

-add more content to the section on the effects of alcohol on Working Memory. I have identified three sources so far that discuss how alcohol could affect brain activity involved with working memory as well as how varying levels of alcohol from moderate to heavy consumption could affect working memory.

Sample Bibliography for edits to Working Memory Page:

Boha, R., Molnár, M., Gaál, Z. A., Czigler, B., Róna, K., Kass, K., & Klausz, G. (2009). The acute effect of low-dose alcohol on working memory during mental arithmetic: I. Behavioral measures and EEG theta band spectral characteristics. International Journal Of Psychophysiology, 73(2), 133-137. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.02.006

Boissoneault, J., Sklar, A., Prather, R., & Nixon, S. J. (2014). Acute effects of moderate alcohol on psychomotor, set shifting, and working memory function in older and younger social drinkers. Journal Of Studies On Alcohol And Drugs, 75(5), 870-879. doi:10.15288/jsad.2014.75.870

Karlsgodt, K. H., Kochunov, P., Winkler, A. M., Laird, A. R., Almasy, L., Duggirala, R., & ... Glahn, D. C. (2010). A multimodal assessment of the genetic control over working memory. The Journal Of Neuroscience, 30(24), 8197-8202. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0359-10.2010

Roussotte, F. F., Bramen, J. E., Nunez, S. C., Quandt, L. C., Smith, L., O'Connor, M. J., & ... Sowell, E. R. (2011). Abnormal brain activation during working memory in children with prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse: The effects of methamphetamine, alcohol, and polydrug exposure. Neuroimage,54(4), 3067-3075. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.072

Sannino, S., Gozzi, A., Cerasa, A., Piras, F., Scheggia, D., Managò, F., & ... Papaleo, F. (2015). COMT genetic reduction produces sexually divergent effects on cortical anatomy and working memory in mice and humans. Cerebral Cortex, 25(9), 2529-2541. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu053

Störmer, V. S., Passow, S., Biesenack, J., & Li, S. (2012). Dopaminergic and cholinergic modulations of visual-spatial attention and working memory: Insights from molecular genetic research and implications for adult cognitive development. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 875-889. doi:10.1037/a0026198

UPDATE (9/14/16): My new plan for editing this article is to hone in on one particular section. The section I think I can add the most specific and relevant information to is the section on The Effects of Alcohol on Working Memory. I will use the three sources that are above in my bibliography that are pertinent to the topic and find a few more that can aid my research.

Wikipedia Project Effect of Alcohol:

UPDATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Boha, R., Molnár, M., Gaál, Z. A., Czigler, B., Róna, K., Kass, K., & Klausz, G. (2009). The acute effect of low-dose alcohol on working memory during mental arithmetic: I. Behavioral measures and EEG theta band spectral characteristics. International Journal Of Psychophysiology, 73(2), 133-137. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.02.006

Boissoneault, J., Sklar, A., Prather, R., & Nixon, S. J. (2014). Acute effects of moderate alcohol on psychomotor, set shifting, and working memory function in older and younger social drinkers. Journal Of Studies On Alcohol And Drugs, 75(5), 870-879. doi:10.15288/jsad.2014.75.870

Crego A, Holguin SR, Parada M, Mota N, Corral M, Cadaveira F. 2009. Binge drinking affects attentional and visual working memory processing in young university students. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.33(11):1870–79

Cservenka A, Herting MM, Nagel BJ. 2012. Atypical frontal lobe activity during verbal working memory in youth with a family history of alcoholism. Drug Alcohol Depend. 123(1–3):98–104

Donald, K. A., Eastman, E., Howells, F. M., Adnams, C., Riley, E. P., Woods, R. P., & ... Stein, D. J. (2015). Neuroimaging effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the developing human brain: A magnetic resonance imaging review. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 27(5), 251-269. doi:10.1017/neu.2015.12

Ferrett HL, Carey PD, Thomas KG, Tapert SF, Fein G. 2010. Neuropsychological performance of South African treatment-naive adolescents with alcohol dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 110(1–2):8–14

Greenstein, J. E., Kassel, J. D., Wardle, M. C., Veilleux, J. C., Evatt, D. P., Heinz, A. J., & ... Yates, M. C. (2010). The separate and combined effects of nicotine and alcohol on working memory capacity in nonabstinent smokers. Experimental And Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18(2), 120-128. doi:10.1037/a0018782

Jacobus, J., & Tapert, S. F. (2013). Neurotoxic Effects of Alcohol in Adolescence. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol., 9(1), 703-721. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185610

Park MS, Sohn S, Park JE, Kim SH, Yu IK, Sohn JH. 2011. Brain functions associated with verbal working memory tasks among young males with alcohol use disorders. Scand. J. Psychol. 52(1):1–7

Roussotte, F. F., Bramen, J. E., Nunez, S. C., Quandt, L. C., Smith, L., O'Connor, M. J., & ... Sowell, E. R. (2011). Abnormal brain activation during working memory in children with prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse: The effects of methamphetamine, alcohol, and polydrug exposure. Neuroimage,54(4), 3067-3075. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.072

Squeglia, L. M., Schweinsburg, A. D., Pulido, C., & Tapert, S. F. (2011). Adolescent binge drinking linked to abnormal spatial working memory brain activation: Differential gender effects. Alcoholism: Clinical And Experimental Research, 35(10), 1831-1841. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01527.x

Tapert SF, Brown GG, Kindermann SS, Cheung EH, Frank LR, Brown SA. 2001. fMRI measurement of brain dysfunction in alcohol-dependent young women. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 25(2):236–45

Weiland BJ, Nigg JT, Welsh RC, Yau WY, Zubieta JK, et al. 2012. Resiliency in adolescents at high risk for substance abuse: flexible adaptation via subthalamic nucleus and linkage to drinking and drug use in early adulthood. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 36:1355–64

Start Drafting Article:

Notes on article (Cservenka article)

·     BOLD-Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent

·     Those suffering from alcohol use disorders show decreased ability to perform Verbal Working Memory tasks.

·     Individuals with a family history of alcoholism show unexpected levels of frontal lobe activity. These abnormalities could be one contributor to the development of Alcohol Use Disorders in adolescents with a family history of alcohol abuse.

Notes on Article: (Weiland article)

·     BOLD response has been associated with the basal ganglia and thalamus in adolescents with lower resiliency during a working memory task. Resiliency being defined as adaptive behavioral responses. Those with higher resiliency started drinking alcohol later in life than those with low levels of resiliency.

Notes on Article: (Tapert article)

·     Alcohol affects the ability of young adult women to perform spatial memory tasks as exhibited by decreased BOLD response in their parietal and frontal cortices.

·     Similar trend was seen in younger adolescents (15-17). There was decreased brain activation in response to a spatial working memory task compared to lighter drinkers. The specific brain regions affected were: precentral gyrus, precuneus, occipital, and cerebellar regions.

Notes on Article: (Squeglia)

·     Binge drinking affects the BOLD response in males and females in different ways. Females appear to be more susceptible to the effects of binge drinking as they showed less activation in response to a spatial working memory task which lead to poorer performance. Men, however, showed increased BOLD response when performing a spatial working memory task.

Notes on Article: (Park)

·     Heavy drinking affects verbal working memory as exhibited by less brain activity when performing a verbal working memory task. The brain regions affected were: frontal, temporal, cerebellar and parietal cortex.

Notes on Article: (Crego)

·     There were ERP differences between binge drinkers and controls when asked to perform a visual working memory task. Electrophsyiological abnormalities for processing information.

Notes on Article: (Ferret)

·     Young adults who binge drink do not perform as well on working memory tasks due to the effects of alcohol on executive functioning and other neurocognitive abilities 

Notes on Article: (Greenstein)

·     Alcohol did not seem to have an effect on Verbal Working Memory tasks, however, found that gender was one aspect where the results differed. Women performed better on the WM task after consuming alcohol, however, men performed better after consuming the placebo.

Notes on Article: (Boissoneault)

First Draft of Article:

Alcohol has an effect on the Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent(BOLD) response. The BOLD response correlates increased blood oxygenation with brain activity, which makes this response a useful tool for measuring neuronal activity. The BOLD response affects regions of the brain such as the basal ganglia and thalamus when performing a working memory task. Adolescents who start drinking at a young age show a decreased BOLD response in these brain regions. Alcohol dependent young women in particular exhibit less of a BOLD response in parietal and frontal cortices when performing a spatial working memory task. Binge drinking, specifically, can also affect one’s performance on working memory tasks, particularly visual working memory. Additionally, there seems to be a gender difference in regards to how alcohol affects working memory. While women perform better on verbal working memory tasks after consuming alcohol compared to men, they appear to perform worse on spatial working memory tasks as indicated by less brain activity.  Finally, age seems to be an additional factor. Older adults are more susceptible than others to the effects of alcohol on working memory.