User:Vassyana/insanity/No original research 002

Changes made in sandbox for initial pare down

This page in a nutshell: Articles may not contain any new analysis or synthesis of published material that serves to advance a position not clearly advanced by the sources.

Wikipedia does not publish original research (OR) or original thought. This includes unpublished facts, arguments, speculation, and ideas; and any unpublished analysis or synthesis of published material that serves to advance a position. This means that Wikipedia is not the place to publish your own opinions or experiences. Citing sources and avoiding original research are inextricably linked: to demonstrate that you are not presenting original research, you must cite reliable sources that provide information directly related to the topic of the article, and that directly support the information as it is presented.

Wikipedia:No original research (NOR) is one of three content policies. The others are Wikipedia:Neutral point of view (NPOV) and Wikipedia:Verifiability (V). Jointly, these policies determine the type and quality of material that is acceptable in articles. Editors should consider them in the context of each other.

If you have questions about particular examples of OR, or you need help because someone has accused you of posting OR, please see the No original research noticeboard (WP:NORN).

Sources

Research that consists of collecting and organizing material from existing sources within the provisions of this and other content policies is encouraged: this is "source-based research," and it is fundamental to writing an encyclopedia. However, care should be taken not to go beyond what is expressed in the sources, or to use them in ways inconsistent with the intent of the source, such as using material out of context. In short, stick to the sources.

Reliable sources

Any material that is challenged or likely to be challenged must be supported by a reliable source. "Original research" is material for which no reliable source can be found. The only way you can show that your edit is not original research is to produce a reliable published source that contains that material.

Using sources

Information in an article must be verifiable in the references cited. Article statements generally should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages, nor on passing comments. Passages open to interpretation should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source's author(s). Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source. It is important that references be cited in context and on topic.

Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources

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WP:PSTS

For the purposes of Wikipedia policies and guidelines, primary, secondary, and tertiary sources are defined as follows:^[1]

Primary sources are sources very close to the origin of a particular topic.^[2] An eyewitness account of a traffic accident is an example of a primary source.^[3] Primary sources that have been published by a reliable source may be used in Wikipedia, but only with care, because it is easy to misuse them. Any analysis of primary source material requires a reliable secondary or tertiary source. To the extent that part of an article relies on a primary source, it should:

only make descriptive claims about the information found in the primary source, and
make no analytic, interpretive, or evaluative claims about the information found in the primary source.

Unsourced material obtained from a Wikipedian's personal experience, such as an unpublished eyewitness account, should not be added to articles. It would violate both this policy and Verifiability, and would cause Wikipedia (a tertiary source) to become a primary source for that material.

Secondary sources are accounts at least one step removed from an event.^[4] Secondary sources may draw on primary sources and other secondary sources to create a general overview; or to make analytic or synthetic claims.^[5]^[6] Wikipedia articles should generally cite reliable secondary sources.

Tertiary sources are publications such as encyclopedias or other compendia that sum up secondary and primary sources. For example, Wikipedia itself is a tertiary source. Many introductory textbooks may also be considered tertiary source, for example. Tertiary sources may be helpful in providing broad summaries of topics that involve many primary and secondary sources.

Appropriate sourcing can be a complicated issue, and these are general rules. Deciding whether primary, secondary or tertiary sources are more suitable on any given occasion is a matter of common sense and good editorial judgment, and should be discussed on article talk pages.

Synthesis of published material serving to advance a position

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WP:SYN

Best practice is to write Wikipedia articles by taking claims made by different reliable sources about a subject and putting those claims in our own words on an article page. Individual reliable facts and claims are sometime inappropriately put together in a way that constitutes original research. This "synthesis" occurs when conclusions are supported by citing sources to advance a position not explicitly supported by the sources and/or when the sources are not directly related to the subject. Summarizing source material without changing its meaning is not synthesis — it is good editing.

Editors should not make the mistake of thinking that if A is published by a reliable source, and B is published by a reliable source, then A and B can be joined together in an article to advance position C. "A and B, therefore C" is acceptable only if a reliable source has published this argument in relation to the topic of the article. Facts and conclusions not likely to be challenged^[7] are not prohibited by this policy.

Citing oneself

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WP:COS

This policy does not prohibit editors with specialist knowledge from adding their knowledge to Wikipedia, but it does prohibit them from drawing on their personal knowledge without citing their sources. If an editor has published the results of his or her research in a reliable publication, the editor may cite that source while writing in the third person and complying with NPOV.

Original images

Pictures have enjoyed a broad exception from this policy, in that Wikipedia editors are encouraged to upload photographs or other images they have made under the GFDL, or another free license, to illustrate articles. Images generally do not propose unpublished ideas or arguments. There is the possibility of editors using photo manipulation to distort the facts or position being illustrated by the photo. Manipulated images should be prominently noted as such. If an image is advancing an unpublished position, it is still impermissible original research. For example, a diagram of a hydrogen atom showing extra particles in the nucleus as theorized by the uploader is not allowed.

Related policies

Verifiability (V)

This policy and the verifiability policy reinforce each other by requiring that only assertions, theories, opinions, and arguments that have already been published in a reliable source may be used in Wikipedia.

Neutral point of view (NPOV)

Original research can violate NPOV by presenting positions not present in the body of reliable sources, as well as by minimizing or advancing a position out of proportion with the sources. Editors should not rely on their own conclusions about the importance of a particular position, which would be original research, but rather defer to reputable references. Emphasizing dependence on reliable references promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view and adherence to NPOV.

Notes

^ Various professional fields treat the distinction between primary and secondary sources in differing fashions. Some fields and references also further distinguish between secondary and tertiary sources. Primary, secondary and tertiary sources are broadly defined here for the purposes of Wikipedia.
^
Definitions of primary sources:
- The University of Nevada, Reno Libraries define primary sources as providing "an inside view of a particular event." They offer as examples: original documents, such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches; creative works, such as art, drama, films, music, novels, poetry; and relics or artifacts, such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, pottery.
- The University of California, Berkeley library offers this definition: "Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied, or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs) and they reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer."
^ Examples of primary sources include archeological artifacts; photographs; historical documents such as diaries, census results, video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, trials, or interviews; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; written or recorded notes of laboratory and field research, experiments or observations, published experimental results by the person(s) actually involved in the research; autobiographies, original philosophical works, religious scripture, administrative documents, and artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs.
^ University of California, Berkeley library defines "secondary source" as "a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event."
^ Borough of Manhattan Community College, A. Philip Randolph Memorial Library, "Research Help:Primary vs. Secondary Sources" notes that a secondary source "analyzes and interprets primary sources", is a "second-hand account of an historical event" or "interprets creative work". It also states that a secondary source "analyzes and interprets research results" or "analyzes and interprets scientific discoveries".
^ The National History Day website states simply that: "Secondary sources are works of synthesis and interpretation based upon primary sources and the work of other authors."
^ Such as: "Stephen Harper is the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada."

User:Vassyana/insanity/No original research 002

Sources

Reliable sources

Using sources

Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources

Synthesis of published material serving to advance a position

Citing oneself

Original images

Related policies

Verifiability (V)

Neutral point of view (NPOV)

See also

Notes

Further reading