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Warfare

The act of war can be defined as forcefully compelling one’s will to match the will of another with the use of violence. It is the collision between opposite forces or adversaries that lead to mass destruction when they encounter each other. There are the factors that contribute to beginning a war but those that feed the idea of adversarialism are seen as the only effective principle to resolve disputes. From the expansion of land and disputes over the rights of natural resources, political difference among individuals, religion, culture and even the desire of power over those who are seen as weak, war has been a key factor to decide who gets what and who should rule over others. From the early developing societies to the invention of gunpowder and throughout the never ending improvements of firearms that reflects the unyielding development of civilization, war is always a constant. Social evolution is composed of warfare which in turn compels groups to become internally more cohesive. Warfare drives innovation and technological progress but not only in military applications. It drives organizational efficiency and cohesive ideologies but most importantly, it creates intergroup competition.

Mobile Warfare

Complex societies are said to have risen as a result of warfare, and the most complex “multi-level” societies  are especially seen in large territories where warfare is most intense. Warfare’s intensity can then be measured by the scale of the opposing groups: as it’s known that intensity rises the bigger the population is and how different they are, warfare between civilizations are most intense when compared to those between smaller scale ethnic groups.The development of the military methods used between these large scale wars is what then led to the evolution of greater complex societies.

Medical Development

Before the development of technology and simple tools, people have known about the benefits or the detrimental effects of plants and other animal substances on the human body. Records found from early china and Egypt talk about remedies of several varieties, even some that are recognized by medical associations as still useful to this day. While there were many practices that were considered useless or harmful throughout history, it wasn’t until the 17^th century that “Materia Medica,” otherwise known as the science of drug preparation and medical use of drugs began to flourish. Practices in modern pharmacology then began to properly develop with Francois Magendie and Claude Bernard in the late 18^th century into the early 19^th century. This development in pharmacology then began to rise even more with the advancements in chemistry and human physiology through the 20^th century. These advances were what laid the foundation that was needed to understand how these drugs really interacted with the human body and how they potentially helped treat patients or how it caused harm to other organs.

United States Modern Medicine

Patients living in developed countries today have a much higher chance of survival than they did before modern technology began to rise. The way doctors of today practice medicine is parallel to the advances in modern technology and modern medicine is a direct product of those technological advances. Nowadays, children in moderately developed communities are much healthier and are expected to live well above the age of 70 years old. With the advancements in computer imaging, doctors can fully delve into places within the body without having to conduct invasive procedures. It is with this progress that survival rates have increased and staying healthy into old age solely depends on the patient’s ability to follow a doctor’s orders and living a healthy lifestyle such as eating healthy and exercising regularly. All patients need to do today is to make use of the resources provided by these advancements such as regular vaccinations and medical screenings to simply emailing your physician at the first sign of illness. However in the past decades medicine practices have continued to be adopted by conventional medical establishments in the U.S. and other Western nations

Spice

Spices Medicinal Benefits

The quest for spices is known as one of the earliest factors that led to the establishment of globalization even before European explorers started to discover the variety of spices around the world. Spices were a globally well sought after product that created a global economic network in the Middle Ages. During those times, spices were seen as a sign of social status and wealth that represented royalty, where the greater the use of spices reflected how much wealthier the family was. Spices were so desired and in high demand that they were often presented as gifts. While most exported spices  were used for cooking, the benefits of spices reached well beyond the kitchen and into medicinal practice and were primarily used in the early modern European pharmacopeia. Spices were desired by Spaniards who were very amazed by the variety of flavors and the rare medicinal properties these new spices provided, adding spices into their allure. These medicinal were another properties were the reason why spices became so desired, becoming a staple product in merchant guilds and apothecaries.

The process of mixing spices involved the combination of medical and culinary lore to balance food's humeral properties and prevent disease; spices such as cinnamon, cloves, cardamom, and nutmeg were medicinal staples and of utmost importance in the preparation of early medicine. Spanish pharmacy books include entire sections on what was termed the "aromatics." These aromatics were medical remedies mainly composed of ginger, cinnamon, aloe, sandalwood, nutmeg, cloves, and cardamom that were said to be able to cure a wide variety of common illnesses and other health conditions.

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Spices have been used for medicinal purposes as well as culinary and were primarily used during the early modern European pharmacopeia. The process of the mixing of spices involved the combination of medical and culinary lore to balance food's humeral properties and prevent disease; spices such as cinnamon, cloves, cardamom, and nutmeg were medicinal staples and of utmost importance in the preparation of early medicine. Merchant guilds that supplied spices were variously known as "spicers," "apothecaries," or "pepperers." Books from the era that covered the pharmaceutical processes and inventories of tools used for the creation of medicines using spices show that culinary stalwarts as pepper, cinnamon and ginger were frequently sold and exported for their purported medicinal benefits.

In Spain spices were desired by its populace, who were enticed by the variety of flavors and the medical benefits that these new spices were said to provide, raising their allure. Spanish pharmacy books included entire sections on the "aromatics", or spices. These aromatics were medical remedies mainly composed of ginger, cinnamon, aloe, sandalwood, nutmeg, cloves, and cardamom. Physicians claimed that they could cure a wide variety of common illnesses and other health conditions. One pharmacy book stated that cinnamon water was capable of fortifying the heart, stomach, and head, and was also able to cure epilepsy and different forms of cerebral palsy.

Cinnamon

Cinnamon water was said to be able to fortify the heart, stomach, and head and cured epilepsy and different forms of cerebral palsy. It is also said to be an astringent.

Nutmeg

Nutmeg oil calmed the stomach, relieved colds, and helped eliminate "acrid humors," which could cause diarrhea and vomiting, It is known as an analgesic remedy.

Cardamom

Cardamom oil soothes intestinal pain and reduced flatulence by helping the body better digest food. Also contains aphrodisiac properties.

Clove

Known as an antiseptic and also used to treat certain intestinal disorders. Is said to ease child delivery.