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Warfare

The act of war can be defined as forcefully compelling one’s will to match the will of another with the use of violence. It is the collision between opposite forces or adversaries that lead to mass destruction when they encounter each other. There are the factors that contribute to beginning a war but those that feed the idea of adversarialism are seen as the only effective principle to resolve disputes. From the expansion of land and disputes over the rights of natural resources, political difference among individuals, religion, culture and even the desire of power over those who are seen as weak, war has been a key factor to decide who gets what and who should rule over others. From the early developing societies to the invention of gunpowder and throughout the never ending improvements of firearms that reflects the unyielding development of civilization, war is always a constant. Social evolution is composed of warfare which in turn compels groups to become internally more cohesive. Warfare drives innovation and technological progress but not only in military applications. It drives organizational efficiency and cohesive ideologies but most importantly, it creates intergroup competition.

Mobile Warfare

Complex societies are said to have risen as a result of warfare, and the most complex “multi-level” societies  are especially seen in large territories where warfare is most intense. Warfare’s intensity can then be measured by the scale of the opposing groups: as it’s known that intensity rises the bigger the population is and how different they are, warfare between civilizations are most intense when compared to those between smaller scale ethnic groups.The development of the military methods used between these large scale wars is what then led to the evolution of greater complex societies.

Medical Development

Before the development of technology and simple tools, people have known about the benefits or the detrimental effects of plants and other animal substances on the human body. Records found from early china and Egypt talk about remedies of several varieties, even some that are recognized by medical associations as still useful to this day. While there were many practices that were considered useless or harmful throughout history, it wasn’t until the 17^th century that “Materia Medica,” otherwise known as the science of drug preparation and medical use of drugs began to flourish. Practices in modern pharmacology then began to properly develop with Francois Magendie and Claude Bernard in the late 18^th century into the early 19^th century. This development in pharmacology then began to rise even more with the advancements in chemistry and human physiology through the 20^th century. These advances were what laid the foundation that was needed to understand how these drugs really interacted with the human body and how they potentially helped treat patients or how it caused harm to other organs.

United States Modern Medicine

Patients living in developed countries today have a much higher chance of survival than they did before modern technology began to rise. The way doctors of today practice medicine is parallel to the advances in modern technology and modern medicine is a direct product of those technological advances. Nowadays, children in moderately developed communities are much healthier and are expected to live well above the age of 70 years old. With the advancements in computer imaging, doctors can fully delve into places within the body without having to conduct invasive procedures. It is with this progress that survival rates have increased and staying healthy into old age solely depends on the patient’s ability to follow a doctor’s orders and living a healthy lifestyle such as eating healthy and exercising regularly. All patients need to do today is to make use of the resources provided by these advancements such as regular vaccinations and medical screenings to simply emailing your physician at the first sign of illness. However in the past decades medicine practices have continued to be adopted by conventional medical establishments in the U.S. and other Western nations

Spice

Global exportation of spices

The practice of global exportation during the seventeenth century was a significant cause to the growth of the economy and in the cultivation of spices within the Spanish Empire after Christopher Columbus who was in search of an easier route to India, end up into the Americas. Discovering numerous trees and spices that he has never seen before. This ends up on his first reports of his founding of this new commodity from the New World.  Spices were desired by Spaniard who amazed by the  variation of flavors and the rare qualities such as the medicinal properties, these new spices provided, creating spices into their allure. The factors that explain how species obtained such distinction and ultimately globally traded market which in turn created a well developed integrated economic networks.

The exportation of spices in the Spanish empire emphasizes the role of Extractivism of natural resources for profit and gain in power within the region not only trade-related globalization but also helped pave the way for colonialism and global empires. The attempts made by Columbus to transplant and implement Eastern societies' cultivation into the Americas led the introduction of new plants being traded and the practice of economic botany to make its way to Europe. The global discovery, exploration, and exportation of the western spice created a trade that reached well beyond the Spanish border. This, in turn, created a lot of competitors for the Spaniards who wanted a taste of the profits these spices were brought to the empire. Most spices collected in Indonesia and China still made their way to Western Europe along the routes of what it was known as the monsoon fleets. A route that runs from Macao to Goa, crossing the Indian Ocean and making a trek around the cape of good hope to the European destinations. Cultivating and trading spices is a global market that spread across the world. ^[1]

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Medicinal benefits

Spices were seen as much more than key ingredients to regional foods. The benefits of spices reached well into medicinal practice and were primarily used in the early modern European pharmacopeia. Spices such as cinnamon, cloves, cardamom, and nutmeg were medicinal staples and of utmost importance in the preparation of early medicine. Spanish pharmacy books include entire sections on what was termed the "aromatics." These aromatics were medical remedies mainly composed of ginger, cinnamon, aloe, sandalwood, nutmeg, cloves, and cardamom that were said to be able to cure a wide variety of common illnesses and other health conditions. For example, cinnamon water was said to be able to fortify the heart, stomach, and head and cured epilepsy and different forms of cerebral palsy.

In many indigenous communities, these medicinal plants were an essential part of their culture. Such a spice was the “Damiana,” known as the deer plant in the native Mixtec region of southern Mexico. It is said that this plant was only able to flourish in the center and southern region of the continent despite many efforts in making it grow in European countries. These communities used Damiana to treat hepatic ailments and other disorders such as depression and anxiety. To this day, these practices and use these varieties of spices to help mitigate the effects of mild illnesses and are commonly consumed by many cultures.